Surface plasmon polariton based band-pass and stop-band filters in symmetric double ring resonators

We carried out the numerical simulations on plasmonic filters composed by a Metal–Insulator–Metal (MIM) waveguide and a resonator of double rings. Both the band-pass filter and stop-band filters are discussed. The results show that the characteristic wavelengths of the band-pass or stop-band filter have red shift when the size of the resonator increases. The filters of double-ring resonator show better sensitivity on the wavelength than the one for the single ring. The simulations are based on the two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The introduced filters have potential applications on optical integrated circuits.     

Notch filters with novel microstrip, triangle-type resonators

A novel notch filter is designed and fabricated using novel microstrip, triangle-type resonators. The main advantage of the new notch filter is superior microwave characteristics in increasing the frequency of the third harmonic response, as demonstrated in simulations using fullwave electromagnetic (EM) simulators. The novel notch filter is demonstrated using the following frequency characteristics: central frequency f/sub 0/ = 1.975 GHz, a 3 dB bandwidth of 39.5%, and an insertion loss S/sub 21/ of -54.273 dB. The experimental and simulation results closely correspond to each other. The superior features of the proposed filter make it suitable for use in microwave communication systems and other applications.     

Modeling and experimental investigation of microstrip resonators and filters based on High-Temperature Superconductor films

Complex approach to the investigation of microstrip resonators and filters based on High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) films is described, which includes modeling of the electrodynamic parameters of HTS films, designing of microstrip resonators and filters, their manufacturing, and testing. Test samples were prepared using YBCO films on 0.5-mm-thick lanthanum aluminate substrates. The resonators and filter structures were patterned using ion-beam photolithography. Experimental data were used to determine the parameters of the model of surface impedance of the YBCO film and the film thickness and permittivity. Adequacy of the model and reliability of the model parameters, which were used for the synthesis and design of a 4th-order filter, were confirmed by coincidence of the experimental and calculated characteristics.     

A microstrip diplexer based on dual-mode resonators

A miniature third-order microstrip diplexer comprising a traditional T-shaped dual-mode resonator at the input and one dual-mode resonator of original design, with regular strip conductors split from one end, at the output of each channel. The passband formation in each channel of the diplexer involves two resonances of the lowest modes of one split microstrip resonator and the resonance of one of the two modes of the T-shaped microstrip resonator. The proposed device is simple to manufacture and allows the central frequencies and bandwidths in each channel to be varied within broad limits. The good prospects of the proposed microstrip diplexer are confirmed by the high characteristics of its working prototype.     

A miniature dual-band filter based on microstrip dual-mode resonators

A microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (DBF) with an original miniature design is described. The filter consists of thee microstrip dual-mode resonators, which are rendered dual-mode by splitting their regular strip conductors from one end by longitudinal slots. The formation of one passband of the DBF involves the resonances of even modes of each microstrip double-mode resonator, while the other passband is formed by the resonances of odd modes. The proposed device is simple to manufacture and allows the central frequencies and widths of each passband to be tuned within broad limits. A method of DBF tuning has been developed. Good prospects of the proposed microstrip DBF are confirmed by the high characteristics of its working prototype.     

Microstrip bandpass filters based on zeroth-order resonators with complementary split ring resonators

The zeroth-order resonant (ZOR) properties of the left-handed material (LHM) unit cells composed of complementary split ring resonators and series gaps are analysed. The method to determine the resonant frequency and susceptance slope parameter is proposed. A bandpass filter (BPF) is designed by connecting the ZORs with admittance inverters. Experimental verification is provided and a good agreement has been found between the simulation and measurement. Compared with the bandpass structure fabricated by simply cascading the same amount of LHM unit cells, the proposed BPF has much better selectivity, more symmetrical responses and controllable bandwidth.     

Modal analysis of ultra-compact channel filters based on race-track photonic crystal ring resonators

A new channel drop filter (CDF) is proposed based on a race-track photonic crystal ring resonator composed of square-lattice cylindrical silicon rods in air. By using a two-dimensional finite-difference, time-domain numerical technique, the modal behavior of two representative CDFs, parallel and perpendicular, has been analyzed. The analyses include the impact of additional scatterer size, scatterer amount and their position on the performance of proposed CDFs, such as drop efficiency and quality factor (Q). For the parallel CDF, about 130 spectral Q and 99% drop efficiency can be optimally achieved at 1363?nm channel with 0.145 periodicity scatterer size, whereas for the perpendicular one, about 180 spectral Q and 99% drop efficiency can be optimally obtained at 1366?nm channel with 0.165 periodicity scatterer size. By increasing the number of scatterers, the efficiency of both configurations can be enhanced. No obvious variation is obtained by changing the scatterer position.     

Narrowband filters with tightly coupled resonators

The design of narrowband combline filters implemented in double-layered microstrip is presented. The filters realise finite-frequency transmission zeros located within close proximity with respect to their passband edges. This is achieved by tightly coupling the resonators of the filters. Experimental evaluation of several fabricated filters demonstrates the principle.     

Novel compact microstrip interdigital bandstop filters

A novel compact microstrip interdigital band-stop filter is designed and implemented. The structure is similar to that of an interdigital capacitor. The input port and output ports are connected to form the bandstop characteristic. This proposed filter with microstrip interdigital geometry not only exhibits good bandstop characteristics and a tunable central frequency, but it also is easy to fabricate and integrate. The features of this microstrip interdigital bandstop filter are smaller than those of the conventional bandstop filter. Simulation results closely correspond to the experiments.     

Phase noise in surface-acoustic-wave filters and resonators

Measurements of the phase noise modulation imparted on UHF carriers by surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) filters and resonators have been made using an HP 3047 spectrum analyzer. Three different types of SAW phase noise were observed. One type can be explained by temperature fluctuations. It is characterized by a spectral density of phase fluctuations which decreases as 1/f(2). The predominant noise mechanism in most SAW devices has a 1/f spectral density. The source of this noise is unknown, but it appears to be associated with both acoustic propagation and transduction. In filters fabricated on lithium niobate substrates, a third noise mechanism is evidenced. This mechanism produces nonstationary noise bursts that appear to originate in the transducer region. Experiments have been carried out on substrate materials, transducer metallizations, and over acoustic path lengths. The means by which low-frequency fluctuations are mixed to the carrier frequency have been studied.     

Dual-mode microstrip filters with adjustable transmission zeros

A new type of dual-mode microstrip square-loop resonator that produces asymmetrical frequency responses is proposed. The coupling between degenerate modes of the proposed dual-mode resonator is discussed depending on the perturbation size. The effect of non-orthogonal input/output feed lines located along a straight line on the frequency response is investigated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Two second-order bandpass filters using this type of dual-mode microstrip resonator are designed, fabricated and measured to demonstrate the dual-mode microstrip filters exhibiting transmission zero (TZ) shifting property. The one of the second-order filters produces a filter characteristic with two TZs in the upper stopband, whereas the other one has two TZs in the lower and upper stopbands. The shifting property of one of the TZs from one side of the passband to the other side is realised by only changing the perturbation size. The fourth-order filters of this type are also investigated. Both simulated and measured results are presented.     

Compact CMOS current conveyor for integrated NEMS resonators

A fully integrated nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) resonator together with a compact built-in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) interfacing circuitry is presented. The proposed low-power second generation current conveyor circuit allows measuring the mechanical frequency response of the nanocantilever structure in the megahertz range. Detailed experimental results at different DC biasing conditions and pressure levels are presented for a real mixed electromechanical system integrated through a combination of in-house standard CMOS technology and nanodevice post-processing based on nanostencil lithography. The proposed readout circuit can be adapted to operate the nanocantilever in closed loop as a stand-alone oscillator.     

Longitudinal leaky SAW resonators and filters on YZ-LiNbO3.

The high-phase velocity (above 6100 m/s in an aluminum (Al) grating on lithium niobate (LiNbOs)) of the longitudinal leaky surface acoustic wave (SAW) (LLSAW) mode makes it attractive for application in high-frequency SAW ladder filters in the 2-5 GHz range. We investigate the dependence of one-port synchronous LLSAW resonator performance on YZ-LiNbO3 on the metallization thickness and metallization ratio, both experimentally and theoretically. Our results indicate a strong dependence of the Q factor and resonance frequency on the aluminum thickness, with the optimal thickness that produces the highest Q values being about 8%. The optimal thickness increases with the metallization ratio. The observed behavior is interpreted with the help of simulations using a combined finite element method (FEM)/boundary element method (BEM) technique. As an application, bandpass filters have been fabricated in the 2.8 GHz frequency regime, based on LLSAWs. The synchronous resonators constituting the ladder filters operate in the fundamental mode. The filters feature low insertion losses below 3 dB and wide relative passbands of 4.5-5%.     

具有介质腔与金属腔体混合的新型带通滤波器的设计

设计了一种新型的滤波器,就是在传统的腔体滤波器中加入介质谐振腔,即金属腔体和介质腔体混合的一种结构.这种混合结构有着介质腔体的高介电常数,很小的频率温度系数以及极高的Q值的优点,同时也有着金属腔体易调试、结构稳定、体积小等好处.为了使滤波器拥有更好的带外抑制,我们还加入了较多的传输零点.通过仿真软件Genesys对滤波器电路模型进行设计,用HFSS对滤波器的单腔以及双腔进行仿真,从而确定了滤波器的尺寸.最后两种仿真结果基本一致,证明该设计的可行性.     

Compact bandpass filters in coplanar strip lines

The authors describe a compact bandpass filter design implemented in asymmetric coplanar strip lines. For initial demonstration, it was built on print circuit boards using modified two-pole Butterworth bandpass filter topology. The novel filter design does not use bonding wires, vias or any interconnecting structure. It is not based on quarter wavelength sections either. It uses the creation of an electrode pattern on the coplanar strip electrodes to emulate an equivalent circuit. The pattern is fine-tuned using full-wave simulations. Bandpass filters for 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) and 5.15-5.85 GHz UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) bands were designed, fabricated and measured. Measurement responses agree well with full-wave simulation results. The electrode pattern can be scaled for different centre frequency and improved with fine-tuning procedure. For chip-level implementation, the filter size can be greatly reduced because of much smaller minimum electrode width     

Compact quasi-elliptic microstrip bandpass filter using terminated anti-parallel coupled-line

A compact quasi-elliptic microstrip bandpass filter with lower and upper stopband zeros is presented. The bandpass filter consists of terminated anti-parallel coupled-line and the stopband zero is generated and controlled by the reactive termination. In comparison to the traditional parallel coupled-line bandpass filter, the proposed filter achieves simultaneous size reduction and sharp filter skirt. The usefulness of the proposed filter is validated by a simultaneously miniature and selective quasi-elliptic bandpass filter centred at 2.4 GHz with 4.6% fractional bandwidth as well as two transmission zeros at 2 and 3.2 GHz.     

Compact active integrated microstrip antennas with circular polarisation diversity

A compact active integrated microstrip antenna with circular polarisation (CP) diversity for a global positioning system (GPS) receiver is presented. As a radiator, a diamond-shaped micro- strip ring patch with four embedded slots has been newly proposed to realise wide impedance bandwidth, compact size and dual CP. The active circuitry, consisting of both switching circuits and a small signal amplifier, is placed at the square opening inside the radiator. Thus, all electrical parts are mounted on the top layer of the circuit board. CP diversity is achieved by the switching circuit, and its output signal is amplified. The proposed antenna has been simulated and fabricated on the FR-4 PCB board. The size of the fabricated active antenna, including the radiator and active circuitry, is only about 57% of a conventional square-microstrip antenna with a side of half wavelength. From the measured radiation patterns and CP bandwidth for either polarisation selection, it is proven that this antenna has successfully performed the polarisation diversity. In addition, the measured minimum antenna gain of 12 dBi is estimated to be good enough to improve the GPS receiver performance.     

High Q printed helical resonators for oscillators and filters

High Q compact printed helical resonators which operate from around 1.8 to 2 GHz are described. These consist of a multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) incorporating a printed helical transmission line. Loss in the via hole is reduced by ensuring that the standing wave current at this point is near zero. This ensures a significant increase in Q. Further increased energy storage per unit volume is achieved due to the 3-D helical nature of the resonator. Unloaded Qs of 235 and 195 have been obtained on low loss PCBs with dielectric constants of 2.2 and 10.5, respectively. Two applications for these resonators are described in this paper. The first is the design of a compact low noise oscillator where the ratio of QL/Q0, and hence insertion loss, is adjusted for low noise. The 2-GHz oscillator demonstrates a phase noise of -120 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz which is predicted exactly by the theory. The second is a three-section filter designed to offer the response required by the front end filter of a modern GSM mobile telephone. In the filter design three helical resonators are coupled together to produce a completely printed triplate bandpass filter.     

Miniaturised dual-mode microstrip bandpass filters with wide upper stopband

Dual-mode bandpass filters with miniaturised size and wide upper stopband are presented here. The miniaturisation is realised by resorting to the proposed unilateral and bilateral stepped-impedance open stubs. With adequate design, the loaded capacitance values of a stepped-impedance open stub can achieve 3.2 times the counterpart of a uniform impedance resonator. In addition, the proposed resonator is featured of an additional transmission zero in the upper stopband. To establish the necessary capacitive input/output couplings, filters with only one coupling arm is demonstrated and an enhanced rejection level of the upper stopband is obtained. Results show that the proposed filters cannot only reduce the circuit size up to 68%, but also achieve wide upper stopband as well.     

Longitudinal leaky SAW resonators and filters on YZ-LiNbO/sub 3/

The high-phase velocity (above 6100 m/s in and aluminum (Al) grating on lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/)) of the longitudinal leaky surface acoustic wave (SAW) (LLSAW) mode makes it attractive for application in high-frequency SAW ladder filters in the 2-5 GHz range. We investigate the dependence of one-port synchronous LLSAW resonator performance or YZ-LiNbO/sub 3/ on the metallization thickness and metallization ratio, both experimentally and theoretically. Our results indicate a strong dependence of the Q factor and resonance frequency on the aluminum thickness, with the optimal thickness that produces the highest Q values being about 8%. The optimal thickness increases with the metallization ratio. The observed behavior is interpreted with the help of simulations using a combined finite element method (FEM)/boundary element method (BEM) technique. As an application, bandpass filters have been fabricated in the 2.8 GHz frequency regime, based on LL-SAWs. The synchronous resonators constituting the ladder filters operate in the fundamental mode. The filters feature low insertion losses below 3 dB and wide relative passbands of 4.5-5%.