基于空间变迹滤波旁瓣抑制与有序统计恒虚警率的舰船检测算法

由于合成孔径雷达(SAR)特殊的成像机制,导致了SAR图像上出现了旁瓣效应(SVA)。针对舰船目标检测过程中,旁瓣效应改变了强反射目标的形状导致的定位困难与定位错误问题,该文提出了一种基于空间变迹滤波与有序统计恒虚警率(OS-CFAR)的舰船检测算法。该算法将空间变迹滤波算法运用到复图像数据中,针对目标检测要求的实时性问题进行算法改进,通过全局CFAR只对潜在目标点进行旁瓣抑制而忽略对舰船检测无意义的大量背景点,在抑制旁瓣的同时减少了算法运算量。然后采用非线性的OS-CAFR算法对旁瓣抑制后的图像进行目标检测,并且采用形态学膨胀运算,弥补SVA算法可能造成的像素点幅值错误降低的问题。最后利用高分三号(GF-3)的实测数据进行验证,通过对比有无使用该文算法的结果的图像对比度与检查目标个数,体现了算法的有效性。      

Spatially variant apodization for image reconstruction from partialFourier data

Sidelobe artifacts are a common problem in image reconstruction from finite-extent Fourier data. Conventional shift-invariant windows reduce sidelobe artifacts only at the expense of worsened mainlobe resolution. Spatially variant apodization (SVA) was previously introduced as a means of reducing sidelobe artifacts, while preserving mainlobe resolution. Although the algorithm has been shown to be effective in synthetic aperture radar (SAR), it is heuristically motivated and it has received somewhat limited analysis. In this paper, we show that SVA is a version of minimum-variance spectral estimation (MVSE). We then present a complete development of the four types of two-dimensional SVA for image reconstruction from partial Fourier data. We provide simulation results for various real-valued and complex-valued targets and point out some of the limitations of SVA. Performance measures are presented to help further evaluate the effectiveness of SVA.     

SAR imaging via modern 2-D spectral estimation methods

Discusses the use of modern 2D spectral estimation algorithms for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. The motivation for applying power spectrum estimation methods to SAR imaging is to improve resolution, remove sidelobe artifacts, and reduce speckle compared to what is possible with conventional Fourier transform SAR imaging techniques. This paper makes two principal contributions to the field of adaptive SAR imaging. First, it is a comprehensive comparison of 2D spectral estimation methods for SAR imaging. It provides a synopsis of the algorithms available, discusses their relative merits for SAR imaging, and illustrates their performance on simulated and collected SAR imagery. Some of the algorithms presented or their derivations are new, as are some of the insights into or analyses of the algorithms. Second, this work develops multichannel variants of four related algorithms, minimum variance method (MVM), reduced-rank MVM (RRMVM), adaptive sidelobe reduction (ASR) and space variant apodization (SVA) to estimate both reflectivity intensity and interferometric height from polarimetric displaced-aperture interferometric data. All of these interferometric variants are new. In the interferometric contest, adaptive spectral estimation can improve the height estimates through a combination of adaptive nulling and averaging. Examples illustrate that MVM, ASR, and SVA offer significant advantages over Fourier methods for estimating both scattering intensity and interferometric height, and allow empirical comparison of the accuracies of Fourier, MVM, ASR, and SVA interferometric height estimates.     

Enhanced resolution in Sar/ISAR imaging using iterative sidelobe apodization.

Resolution enhancement techniques in radar imaging have attracted considerable interest in recent years. In this work, we develop an iterative sidelobe apodization technique and investigate its applications to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse SAR (ISAR) image processing. A modified noninteger Nyquist spatially variant apodization (SVA) formulation is proposed, which is applicable to direct iterative image sidelobe apodization without using computationally intensive upsampling interpolation. A refined iterative sidelobe apodization procedure is then developed for image-resolution enhancement. Examples using this technique demonstrate enhanced image resolution in various applications, including airborne SAR imaging, image processing for three-dimensional interferometric ISAR imaging, and foliage-penetration ultrawideband SAR image processing.     

Generalization of spatially variant apodization to nonintegerNyquist sampling rates

Spatially variant apodization (SVA) is reformulated for use on synthetic aperture radar imagery with an arbitrary sampling rate. The algorithm is implemented as a spatially varying three-point finite impulse response filter, and constraints on the filter parameters are developed from physically motivated concepts. By varying the parameters of the filter, the sidelobe energy is reduced with no effective loss of resolution. The procedure produces an output comparable to that of the integer Nyquist version of SVA, and effectively eliminates sidelobe artifacts with no loss of mainlobe resolution.     

基于改进SVA和压缩感知的SAL旁瓣抑制算法

针对机载合成孔径激光雷达实测数据成像中旁瓣较高的问题,提出一种新旁瓣抑制算法。压缩感知理论表明,稀疏信号恢复重构过程的同时,信号旁瓣会被压低,但合成孔径激光雷达图像不是稀疏的。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于改进SVA（Spatially Variant Apodization）和压缩感知重构SAL图像的旁瓣抑制算法。首先,利用改进SVA算法将SAL图像变稀疏,然后再利用压缩感知算法对稀疏图像进行恢复。分别对SAL仿真数据和实际高旁瓣SAL复图像进行抑制旁瓣处理。仿真结果表明:该算法能够在保证主瓣不被展宽的前提下有效抑制SAL旁瓣。     

空间变迹法在合成孔径声呐成像处理中的应用

空间变迹法（SVA）作为一种超分辨率图像处理技术,能在抑制旁瓣的同时保持良好的主瓣分辨率。将空间变迹法引入合成孔径声呐（SAS）成像,比传统的加窗处理能获得更好的成像效果。对标准空间变迹法进行了推广,得到非标准奈奎斯特采样率下的通用算法,并应用于SAS成像处理。仿真结果表明,二维通用算法在任意奈奎斯特采样倍数时．均能在不增加主瓣宽度的同时得到良好的旁瓣抑制效果,提升了SAS成像分辨率。     

An evident sidelobe control method based on NSCT for ship target in SAR images

Evident sidelobe on faint ship target seriously affects the accuracy of the target segmentation in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. To avoid this problem, a novel sidelobe control method based on NonSubsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) for ship targets in SAR images is presented in this paper. This method enhances the SAR images in NSCT domain based on target azimuth estimation and then inhibits the sidelobe directionally in NSCT high-pass frequency subbands. Experimental results on RADARSAT-2 images demonstrate that the proposed method can not only reduce the strong sidelobes effectively, but also enhance the intensity of the objects successfully. Therefore, it gives a good segmentation result on the dark ship images with strong sidelobe, and enhances the detection rate on these targets.     

基于编码项补偿的OFDM信号SAR成像

该文探讨了正交频分复用(OFDM)波形在SAR中可能的应用,重点讨论了基于该信号体制的SAR成像。OFDM波形改变了传统线性调频信号平坦的频谱,给高分辨成像带来了新的问题。该文深入分析了OFDM波形的信号特点,推导了其2维频谱,提出了一种适合OFDM SAR精确成像的方法。该成像算法利用对编码项的补偿,实现了OFDM波形下的距离迁徙校正,有效降低了编码信号对旁瓣的影响,充分提高了OFDM波形的成像性能。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

切趾滤波旁瓣抑制技术在合成孔径雷达中的应用

线性调频SAR回波信号经过二维匹配滤波,所得到二维像具有较高的旁瓣电平,虽然通过幅度加权处理可以降低旁瓣电平,但是主瓣的分辨率会降低。该文针对这一问题,探讨了应用切趾滤波技术来抑制线性调频SAR图像的旁瓣电平的优点,并给出了具体的实现步骤。理论分析和仿真表明,在获得相同的峰值旁瓣电平下,与幅度加权旁瓣技术相比,切趾滤波技术可以保持原SAR图像的分辨率。最后,多目标SAR图像的仿真结果验证了切趾滤波技术的优越性。     

电离层闪烁对星载P波段SAR的影响分析

电离层闪烁会破坏星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)回波信号之间的相关性,使其成像性能下降。已有的工作都是假设已知电离层电子密度的扰动开展的,但是目前的测量手段无法直接获取该参量。该文利用海口观测站超高频(UHF)频段太阳活动高年和中等年份的实测数据,分析电离层闪烁的变化特征,并基于相位屏理论,给出一种利用闪烁指数评估电离层闪烁对星载P波段SAR系统影响效应的方法。结果表明:电离层闪烁在低纬地区主要发生在夜间,且在两分季高发;太阳活动高年,全年约有3.8%的时间会发生电离层闪烁现象;对于P波段SAR系统来说,弱闪烁使得方位向冲激响应函数(IRF)的主瓣宽度和副瓣增益增大,分辨率下降;中等强度闪烁使得方位向冲激响应函数发生严重的扰动,副瓣增益增大到主瓣的水平,主瓣中心也发生平移,可能使得系统无法直接成像。     

SAR图像舰船目标去旁瓣处理

准确分割出SAR图像舰船成像区域是舰船目标几何参数提取、目标分类识别的基础。受SAR成像机理影响,图像不可避免地存在旁瓣效应,严重影响目标特征提取精度。提出一种舰船目标去旁瓣方法：首先确定目标区域及强散射区域最小外接矩形,在两个外接矩形区域内,根据旁瓣自身特征进行统计分析,删除疑似旁瓣区域,最后对剩余区域重新计算区域参数,获取更准确成像区域。通过对高分辨率机载SAR图像实验验证,该算法能有效去除旁瓣对SAR舰船目标影响,更精确分割出目标真实成像区域。     

Integrated sidelobe energy reduction technique using optimalpolyphase codes

For the distributed targets arising in most synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, it is the integrated sidelobe (ISL) energy rather than the peak sidelobe level (PSL) that governs the performance of the pulse compression processing. A sidelobe cancellation technique is suggested which reduces the ISL energy by eliminating a significant portion of the sidelobe pattern of the pulse compression output, while the PSL is presented at the optimal Barker-code level. The efficiency of this ISL reduction is proportional to the signal code length     

频谱外推技术在毫米波CSAR 成像中的应用

近年来圆轨迹合成孔径成像(CSAR)成为SAR 成像领域的一个研究热点,同时超分辨频谱外推技术能够有效改善SAR 图像的聚焦质量。针对频谱外推技术在近场毫米波CSAR柱面成像中的应用进行了研究,将频谱外推算法与传统的波数域算法相结合,旨在提升SAR 图像的聚焦效果;仿真点目标结果表明基于频谱外推技术的改进算法可以明显改善点目标的分辨率、峰值旁瓣比、积分旁瓣比指标;在室内基于矢量网络分析仪与高精度转台搭建了近场测量系统获得实测回波数据,通过雷尼熵评价指标衡量成像结果,结果表明基于频谱外推技术的改进算法成像结果优于传统成像算法的结果。     

星载SAR方位模糊研究

本文根据方位模糊产生机理详细分析了方位向成像处理参数、波长、方位方向图副瓣对方位模糊的影响.通过分析可知:方位分辨率相同时,低频段SAR系统模糊问题更严重,但可通过提高重频、压低方向图副瓣电平等方法可改善方位模糊,最后仿真验证了上述结论并给出改善方位模糊的设计考虑.     

基于旁瓣光束衍射反演的远场测量旁瓣波峰参数检测方法

针对强激光远场测量不能有效识别旁瓣光束任意方向各个旁瓣波峰参数的问题,提出了基于旁瓣光束衍射反演的远场测量旁瓣波峰参数的检测方法。对旁瓣光束图像按照选定的角度采样间隔进行量化,使用角度变换将二维旁瓣光束图像转化为全方向的一维旁瓣光束曲线集合,检测每一个角度的一维旁瓣光束曲线的各个旁瓣波峰参数,从而获得旁瓣光束任意方向各个旁瓣波峰的参数。主要优化措施为：(1)使用角度变换将二维旁瓣光束图像转化为全方向的一维旁瓣光束曲线集合;(2)检测每一个角度的一维旁瓣光束曲线的各个旁瓣波峰的参数,统计所有方向的各个旁瓣峰值,生成每个旁瓣波峰的极大值圆环;(3)统计每个旁瓣波峰极大值圆环的灰度均值,将各个旁瓣波峰极大值圆环的灰度均值与本底噪声进行比较,选择大于本底噪声1.5倍的最小波峰均值为整个旁瓣光束的最小可测旁瓣波峰信号。实验结果表明：该方法能够有效检测旁瓣光束任意方向各个旁瓣波峰的参数,任意方向上灰度极大值均值与理论值灰度极大值误差为0.477,5个波峰的极大值圆环半径均值与理论值半径之间误差小于1个像素。该方法提高了基于旁瓣光束衍射反演的远场测量的实验精度和可信度,为将来大科学装置强激光远场的精...     

在振动环境下相位噪声对星机BiSAR的影响

振荡器的相位噪声是影响BiSAR获得高分辨率图像的重要因素之一。振荡器是一种对振动极为敏感的器件。因此,在振动环境下,定量分析相位噪声对BiSAR的影响是十分必要的。文中基于两个独立非同分布的振荡器,机载SAR在静态条件和随机振动环境下,推导了星载一机栽混合BiSAR（SA-BiSAR）积分旁瓣比的计算公式。仿真结果表明,在静态条件下,SA—BiSAR仍然具有很低的相噪谱;机载SAR在振动环境下,对于L波段,可以满足成像的基本要求;对于X波段,需采取必要的隔振措施提高系统的抗振性能来满足成像的条件。     

Analysis of Random Step Frequency Radar and Comparison With Experiments

Linear stepped frequency radar is used in wide-band radar applications, such as airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), turntable inverse SAR, and ground penetration radar. The frequency is stepped linearly with a constant frequency change, and range cells are formed by fast Fourier transform processing. The covered bandwidth defines the range resolution, and the length of the frequency step restricts the nonambiguous range interval. A random choice of the transmitted frequencies suppresses the range ambiguity, improves covert detection, and reduces the signal interference between adjacent sensors. As a result of the random modulation, however, a noise component is added to the range/Doppler sidelobes. In this paper, relationships of random step frequency radar are compared with frequency-modulated continuous wave noise radar and the statistical characteristics of the ambiguity function and the sidelobe noise floor are analyzed. Algorithms are investigated, which reduce the sidelobes and the noise-floor contribution from strong dominating reflectors in the scene. Theoretical predictions are compared with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental data     

基于SVA算法和时频分析的ISAR成像

研究了时频分析在ISAR成像中的运用,论述了一维SVA算法和改进的二维SVA算法在提高图像分辨率、降低信号自身旁瓣电平方面的优势。在此基础上,提出将两者联合运用到机动目标的逆合成孔径雷达成像中,改善了传统的距离-多普勒算法对机动目标成像的模糊现象。实验结果证明了此方法的正确性和有效性。     

一种改进的机载前斜视SAR二次距离压缩成像算法

该文基于斜视距离模型,直接推导了适用于大斜视合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像的二次距离压缩(SRC)算法,在此基础上提出了一种改进的机载前斜视SAR的SRC成像算法。通过补偿距离频率的三次相位项,有效改善了大斜视SAR成像距离压缩旁瓣非对称畸变的问题,通过补偿波束前视引入的平动相位项,解决了图像位置在方位向发生偏移的问题。给出了实现步骤和算法流程,对比了不同斜视角情况下算法改进前后的成像效果。仿真表明,该算法能有效改善大斜视SAR的成像质量,适合于大斜视机载SAR成像。