二尖瓣再次手术患者临床特征分析

目的：探讨二尖瓣手术后再次行瓣膜手术的病因和治疗方式。方法：分析2006年1月—2009年12月28例接受再次二尖瓣置换术患者的临床资料。再次手术的病因：二尖瓣成形术后瓣膜进行性病变10例,瓣膜置换术后瓣周漏7例,生物瓣置换术后瓣膜衰败6例,二尖瓣置换术后瓣膜狭窄5例。其中合并人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎4例,3例血培养阳性,1例瓣膜培养阳性,血栓形成致人工二尖瓣瓣下狭窄1例。结果：术后死亡2例,手术病死率为7.14%。2例死亡患者的死因皆为人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎。患者随访5个月~5年,随访中2例患者出现严重的房室传导阻滞,行永久起搏器置入术。所有患者术后超声心动图示人工二尖瓣无明显异常,心功能恢复至美国纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）分级I~II级。结论：二尖瓣成形术后瓣膜进行性病变已逐渐成为二尖瓣再次手术的主要原因之一,而术前严格把握二尖瓣成形术的适应证能减少患者再手术的风险。而人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎作为瓣膜手术严重和高致死率的并发症,应对其有充分的认识,应早发现、早检查、早治疗,为手术争取足够的时间。     

心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉搭桥术19例报告

目的探讨如何降低心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉搭桥术的死亡率和并发症。方法对行心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉搭桥术的19例患者的临床资料作总结分析。结果单纯二尖瓣成形术6例,黏液瘤摘除＋二尖瓣成形术1例,二尖瓣置换术5例,主动脉瓣置换2例,主动脉瓣置换＋二尖瓣成形术2例,双瓣置换术3例（同期行三尖瓣成形术2例）;同时行冠状动脉搭桥共39根,每例平均（1.9±1）根。术后早期死亡4例（占21.1%）,死因为左室破裂2例,低心排致多器官功能衰竭1例,进食中呛咳窒息致室颤1例。随访3～16个月,心功能均得到改善,无严重心绞痛发作。结论瓣膜病特别是年龄超过50岁者同时患有冠心病并不少见,而冠心病也可能同时伴有瓣膜损害,风湿性瓣膜病患者有冠心病高危因素者,应常规行冠状动脉造影检查。缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全者估计瓣膜成形效果难以确定时,应直接选择保留瓣下结构的瓣膜置换,防止增加术后死亡率和并发症。     

单纯先天性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗效果分析

目的 探讨单纯先天性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析15例行二尖瓣成形术单纯先天性二尖瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料,术前检查提示中度反流8例,重度反流7例;超声心动图检查提示瓣环有不同程度扩大.结果 术中证实15例二尖瓣瓣环均有扩大,11例存在瓣裂,其中前瓣瓣裂4例,后瓣瓣裂3例,4例前、后瓣均存在瓣裂,余4例中1例为瓣叶增厚瓣膜发育短小并脱垂致对合不良,1例存在副瓣致关闭不全,2例A2区无腱索附着致前瓣脱垂.15例均行瓣环环缩术,其中加用成形环2例,缝合瓣裂11例,2例行腱索转移,1例将副瓣与前瓣缝合折叠并环缩相应瓣环.无手术死亡病例;体外循环时间(80.3±19.7)min,主动脉阻断时间(50.9±16.6)min,ICU住院时间(10.5±192.0)h,术后住院时间(8.5±3.2)d;术后并发心包积液、一过性结性心律及低心排血量综合征各1例,均治愈;出院时超声提示二尖瓣无反流5例,轻微反流6例,轻度反流3例,中度反流1例;随访1.7～49.4个月,二尖瓣无反流6例,轻微反流6例,轻度反流2例,中度反流1例.结论 单纯先天性二尖瓣关闭不全多为二尖瓣瓣膜发育异常,及时行手术治疗效果良好;手术应根据病理改变采用个体化治疗方案.     

心脏瓣膜置换术267例临床分析

目的:总结人工心脏瓣膜置换手术经验及围术期处理原则.方法:回顾分析2004年6月至2009年7月267例人工心脏瓣膜置换术患者临床资料.男145例,女122例,年龄20～74岁(50.8±11.1)岁.单纯二尖瓣机械瓣置换术(MVR)96例、生物瓣置换术1例;主动脉辩机械瓣置换术(AVR)69例、生物瓣置换术1例;二尖瓣主动脉瓣联合机械瓣置换术(BVR)91例;二尖瓣三尖瓣联合机械瓣置换术(MVR+TVR)2例:三尖瓣置换术(TVR)1例;带瓣升主动脉置换加冠状动脉移植术(Bentall)6例.同期三尖瓣成形术(TVP)45例,左心房血栓清除术(LAT)34例,左心房折叠术(LAP)16例,冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)10例.结果:围术期主要并发症发生率9.36%:严重心律失常10例(3.75%)、严重低心排出量综合征7例(2.62%)、低氧血症3例(1.12%)、肺部感染2例(0.75%)、肾功能不全2例(0.75%)、肝功能不全1例(0.38%).早期死亡5例(1.87%),死亡原因为严重低心排出量综合征2例、肾功能衰竭1例、左心室后壁破裂1例、心肌风湿复发并瓣周漏1例.电话、门诊随访235例,随访时间1～54个月,心功能(NYHA)Ⅰ级51例、Ⅱ级164例、Ⅲ级19例、Ⅳ级1例.结论:加强围术期处理,选择适当手术时机,良好术中心肌保护,改进手术方法是提高人工瓣膜置换术疗效的重要因素.     

人工机械瓣替换术后再次手术的病例分析

目的：探讨人工机械瓣替换术后再次瓣膜手术的病因、诊断和手术方式。方法：复旦大学附属中山医院在1998年1月～2003年8月，对19例曾接受人工机械瓣替换术的病人行再次瓣膜手术。再次手术的病因为瓣周漏(13／19)、血栓形成致人工瓣膜或瓣下狭窄(6／19)以及原手术中保留二尖瓣瓣下结构致主动脉瓣(1／19)或二尖瓣瓣下狭窄(1／19)。再次手术的方式包括瓣周漏修补(9例)、左室流出道疏通(3例)和再换瓣(9例)。再换瓣的病例中，1例主动脉瓣小瓣环者置换无支架生物瓣，其余均再换机械瓣。结果：术后19d死亡1例，住院死亡率5．26％。随访2个月～5年，共24．3病人年，随访中晚期死亡3例。其余病人心功能恢复到1～2级。结论：人工机械瓣替换术后可出现瓣周漏、血栓形成致左室流出道狭窄和人工瓣膜狭窄等而需再次手术。再手术方式包括瓣周漏修补、左室流出道疏通和再换瓣。手术效果满意。     

全胸腔镜二尖瓣置换术46例经验总结

目的对全胸腔镜下二尖瓣置换手术进行进一步评价。方法 2009年6月至2013年6月共对46例二尖瓣狭窄伴/或关闭不全患者行全胸腔镜下二尖瓣机械瓣置换术。手术采用双腔气管插管,单肺通气。股动、静脉插管,进行体外循环。右侧胸壁打3个孔,完全在胸腔镜直视下进行二尖瓣置换手术。结果全组病例无死亡。手术体外循环时间87~186(117±35)min;升主动脉阻断57~127(86±38)min;术后呼吸机辅助6.3~38.2(13.5±5.8)h;患者术后住院6~14(9.1±3.1)d;术后胸液引流量50~1 260(420±65)ml。术后因胸腔引流较多行二次胸腔镜探查止血2例。股动脉插管处脂肪液化2例,经换药后治愈;瓣周漏1例,瓣周漏约2 mm,术后半年随访患者无明显症状。出院后随访3~6个月,成功随访39例,经彩超检查瓣膜功能均良好。5例术后有轻度心功能不全症状,经药物治疗后好转。结论全胸腔镜下二尖瓣置换术安全可行,创伤小。     

浅低温体外循环心脏跳动中二尖瓣置换术166例

目的:了解浅低温(31～33℃)体外循环心脏跳动中二尖瓣置换术的治疗效果.方法:回顾分析2007年6月至2010年4月166例浅低温体外循环心脏跳动中二尖瓣置换术患者的临床资料.结果:术后早期死于急性肾功能衰竭1例;低心排综合征1例,肺部感染2例,均治愈.无人工瓣膜功能障碍、瓣周漏、左室破裂.112例随访6个月～2年,无近期死亡,无抗凝相关并发症,心功能恢复至Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论:浅低温体外循环(CPB)心脏跳动中二尖瓣置换术手术并发症少,术中心肌保护好,术后心功能恢复快.     

感染性心内膜炎瓣膜损害的外科治疗

目的 总结43例感染性心内膜炎瓣膜损害的外科治疗经验。方法 43例中累及主动脉瓣35例次 ,二尖瓣16例次。术前心功能Ⅱ级11例 ,Ⅲ级23例 ,Ⅳ级9例。均在体外循环下清除赘生物、感染瓣膜及组织 ,选用机械瓣行AVR26例 ,AVR +MVR8例 ,MVR8例 ,AVR +TVR1例 ,合并畸形同期矫治。其中3例紧急手术 ,28例亚急症手术。 结果 本组无手术死亡 ,术后随访率100% ,平均随访 (27.4±22.1)个月 ,心内膜炎复发率4.7 % ,晚期死亡率1.75%病人年。结论 感染性心内膜炎瓣膜损害应积极手术治疗。只要术中彻底清除感染组织 ,选用人工机械瓣膜替换 ,合理应用抗菌素 ,手术疗效令人满意     

冠状动脉旁路移植并同期心脏瓣膜的手术治疗

目的总结同期实施冠状动脉旁路移植与心脏瓣膜手术的治疗效果和临床经验。方法 2004年5月至2010年10月同期行冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜手术49例,其中冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病变14例,风湿性心脏病合并冠状动脉病变35例,合并左心房血栓5例。行单纯二尖瓣置换术26例,单纯主动脉瓣置换11例,双瓣膜置换10例,二尖瓣成形2例;移植旁路血管99支,平均2.02支。结果无手术死亡病例,术后再次开胸止血1例;发生低心排出量2例,肺不张1例,心包积液3例。49例患者心脏功能明显改善,临床治愈出院;术后随访3～24个月,1例生物瓣置换术后半年再次出现左房血栓,无死亡事件,患者生活质量明显改善。结论同期行冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜手术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全35例临床分析

目的:总结二尖瓣关闭不全的外科成形矫治经验。方法:回顾分析近10年采用二尖瓣成形术治疗的35例二尖瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料。其中男16例,女19例,年龄8～65岁,平均34.6岁。手术在中度低温体外循环下施行,根据不同的二尖瓣病变形态,采用交界环缩、后瓣叶矩形切除、腱索转移、前瓣叶腱索短缩、缘对缘技术、Carpentier环、自体心包片二尖瓣前叶徙前等不同技术,同期治疗部分合并的心内病变。结果:全组无手术死亡。完全矫正二尖瓣关闭不全29例(82.9%),残留轻度反流4例(11.4%),中度反流2例(5.7%),1例术后轻度狭窄。出院前左房、左室直径均显著减小(P<0.01)。术后随访2个月～9年(平均5.2年),1例扩张型心肌病患者术后2个月再次出现心力衰竭死亡,其余32例(91.4%)心功能Ⅰ级,2例(5.7%)心功能Ⅱ级。结论:在合理把握手术适应证的情况下,施行二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全,可取得良好的效果。前叶瓣膜病变不论采用何种技术,均应同时行交界环缩。成形过程中可根据需要多次行左室注水观察瓣膜关闭情况及测瓣器评估二尖瓣开口面积。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。