基于坐姿行为的办公椅设计与创新

以人机工程学原理与方法为依据,系统分析了人体骨骼结构及现代办公状态下的静态坐姿和动态行为,论述了现代办公椅设计的基本原则和定位。在此基础上,探讨了静态坐姿对现代办公椅尺度的限定及人体动态行为对现代办公椅功能性的界定,提出了符合现代办公实际需要的办公椅设计的新思路和新方法,以期为具体的办公家具设计提供参考。     

基于人机工程学理念的新型座椅设计

针对人的工作特点与休闲要求的功能转换进行的座椅设计，展现了一种新的人机互动关系，新型的结构形式。根据坐姿的生理形态和体压分布，对座椅的设计采用了人机工程学的方法进行分析，提出更符合人体生态曲线的座椅结构尺寸，以提高乘座的舒适性，适应人体的健康需要。设计适用对象：在电脑前长时间工作的设计总监或打字秘书。设计使用场合：电子办公工作室。     

人机工程学在设计实践中的应用——以座便器为例

座便器是人们日常生活中必不可少的器具,座便器设计的科学与否将直接影响人们的日常生活,影响使用者的身体健康,同时还会影响卫生间的整体协调性。座便器的设计要让使用者感到舒适方便,应该符合人体的基本尺寸,尤其是人在坐姿状态下的尺寸。文章主要对人机工程学中人体坐姿尺寸和坐便器尺寸的关系进行分析,阐述座便器中的人机工程学理论,为座便器的设计者提供尺寸依据。     

基于坐姿分析的座椅舒适度测试与评价

人们的很多生产生活活动是在坐姿下完成的,因此研究坐姿舒适度有很重要的意义。坐姿舒适度在座椅的设计中扮演着越来越重要的角色,而对座椅舒适度的研究也逐渐偏重对坐姿舒适度的评价。人性化座椅的设计必须满足舒适度高的要求,以达到人体舒适坐姿的需求。针对坐姿舒适度评价,采用经典的光学动作捕捉技术和问卷调查相结合的方法对坐姿舒适度进行科学评价。实验选用美国Motion Analysis光学动作捕捉系统,设置11个Eagle数字捕捉镜头,用EVaRT软件获取了40名志愿者人体关键点在空间中的点位数据,采用PCA主成分分析提取特征点的方法提取关键点,用MATLAB软件自主编程对关键点数据进行处理和计算,比较测试者坐在2种不同座椅上的关节角度和力矩数据差异。统计结果表明,志愿者采用不同的姿势坐在不同的座椅上时,躯干、大腿、膝盖部位的角度和力矩数据差异较为明显。结合人机工程理论,利用这些数据差异对坐姿进行分析,为座椅设计提供理论依据。这种人机工程学理论分析评价和问卷调查相结合的方法,为座椅的舒适度评价提供了有效的依据。     

办公家具的尺寸与工作效率的关系研究

目的根据办公桌椅的尺寸与人体尺寸特征,结合座椅不同高度的体压分布状态,探讨办公家具桌椅设计与人体形态相对应的规律。方法体压分布实验采用tekscan设备,并对压力分布数据进行采集处理,共选20名被试者,分别对一款办公椅的两种坐姿状态进行实验,并结合面部表情分析软件进行比对分析。结果实验统计得出两种坐姿的一面接触面积,平均压强、峰值、压强等值,以及两种坐姿下,操作不同任务时的面部表情数据进行分析,显示出不同坐姿下人们的办公舒适度及效率是不同的。结论办公桌椅的尺寸对人们的办公舒适度及效率有着至关重要的影响。     

面向座椅舒适性分析的三维人体参数化建模

应用三维坐姿人体模型可在座椅的设计阶段高效精确地进行座椅几何舒适性分析。参照二维坐姿人体模板拟定三维坐姿人体模型的结构要素,采用基于特征造型的方法构建三维人体模型。采用基于原型模型的参数化建模方法,实现对三维坐姿人体模型的参数化驱动。通过＂人—椅＂模型的几何匹配,自动精确提取坐姿人体模型的姿态角度,对比人体坐姿标准舒适角度范围,实现座椅舒适性的评价和分析。     

坐姿与座椅设计的人机工程学探讨

运用人体解剖学原理，结合坐姿行为分析，探讨坐姿理论，认为坐姿变化是人体在稳定和变动之间寻求平衡，以取得折衷的过程。提出了座椅设计的基本原则，以及座椅设计中重要参数的参考数据，据此对优秀座椅设计范例进行了解析，并说明其各自特色，从而进一步验证了座椅设计的科学依据。     

基于人机工程的踏板电动车儿童安全座椅设计

目的 针对近年来儿童乘坐电动自行车频发伤亡事故的现状,研究现有电动车儿童安全座椅不合理的人机关系;从安全性、易用性的角度出发,为儿童安全座椅提供设计依据。方法 采用人机工程学理论,综合分析了儿童安全座椅的人机工程学因素;运用产品设计中人体尺寸的应用原则,对儿童安全座椅进行了安全、合理的人机尺寸设计;使用调查法对儿童安全座椅的使用场景与使用方式进行了调研,得出了儿童安全座椅须符合人机工程学的功能与结构设计要求;依据儿童的生理和心理特征,对造型要素进行了分析。结果 从可调节性、便携性、安全性等方面展开了研究,得出了儿童安全座椅的合理尺寸与结构设计要求,基于儿童的心理与生理特征,得出了安全座椅的造型设计要求。结论 以踏板电动车为例,进行儿童安全座椅的创新设计实践,实现以人为中心,安全、舒适、便携的人机关系。     

人车结合应用的探析

人机工程学,是把人的因素作为产品设计的重要参数,为产品设计提供一种新的理论依据和方法,从而优化人机关系。随着社会的进步,汽车逐步成为人们的代步工具。在汽车的结构设计中,充分考虑了人-车-环境三者之间的关系,改善了驾驶员的操作环境,劳动强度以及安全性、舒适性。本文应用人体测量学、人体力学、劳动生理学等学科的研究方法,对人体机构进行研究,通过驾驶员作业空间布置,汽车安全性、驾驶员坐姿等方面分析人机工程学在汽车设计中的应用。     

汽车座椅的人机工程学分析

目的研究汽车座椅人机工程的舒适性。方法从汽车座椅的人机工程学设计进行探讨,找到目前汽车座椅设计中的问题,并解决问题,促进我国的汽车工业不断向前发展。结论汽车座椅的设计从人们的实际需求入手,进行人性化的设计。满足人们心理需求的汽车座椅,才可以被消费者和市场所接受,从而创造更大的价值,除了座椅的造型之外,座椅的人机工程学设计,成为了汽车座椅设计的关键要素。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.