Selective chlorination of 4-chlorotoluene to 2,4-dichlorotoluene over zeolite catalysts

The performance of various zeolites in the liquid phase chlorination of 4-chlorotoluene (4-CT) with gaseous chlorine at a moderate temperature and normal pressure has been examined. A comparison under the same conditions with Lewis acid catalyst FeCl₃, is also carried out. It is found that zeolite K-L exhibits higher selectivity for 2,4-dichlorotoluene (2,4-DCT/3,4-DCT = 3.54) compared to the other zeolites studied and also FeCl₃ catalyst (2,4-DCT/3,4-DCT = 3.18), while the rate of 4-CT conversion (75.8 mmol g^–1 h^–1) is found to be comparable on K-L and FeCl₃ catalysts. The highest rate of 4-CT conversion, among the catalysts studied is obtained over K-beta (101.4 mmol g^–1 h^–1). FeCl₃ catalyst produces higher amounts of tri- and tetra-substituted products due to its non-shape-selective character. Mainly the side-chain chlorinated product (,4-dichlorotoluene) is obtained over K-X, amorphous SiO₂ and in the absence of catalyst. Solvents influence the rate of 4-CT conversion as well as the 2,4-DCT/3,4-DCT isomer ratio. 1,2-dichloroethane appears to be the best solvent in enhancing the 2,4-DCT/3,4-DCT isomer ratio when the reaction temperature is raised from 313 to 353 K.     

The methylation of benzene with methane over zeolite catalysts: effect of hydrocarbon impurities

Trace amounts of ethylene impurities in the methane used for benzene methylation over ZSM-5 and H-beta catalysts are found to enhance benzene conversions and selectivity to ethylbenzene. However, methane containing ethane impurities yielded negligible benzene conversion in the absence of oxygen over CoZSM-5 while a much higher conversion is obtained over H-beta due to cracking of benzene as previously reported.     

分子筛催化剂上二异丙苯异构化反应

通过筛选5种不同的催化剂，最终确定β沸石分子筛对二异丙苯异构化反应有良好的催化性能。考察了反应温度和空速对异构化反应转化率及选择性的影响，结果表明，170 ℃、3.5 MPa、空速2 h^－1下，β沸石上对二异丙苯的转化率45%，间二异丙苯的选择性69%。对催化剂的稳定性进行了考察，结果表明，在二异丙苯异构化反应中该催化剂表现出良好的稳定性。     

SRM分子筛上液相烷基化合成异丙苯工艺研究

分别用强化失活和寿命试验方法研究了丙烯和苯的液相烷基化反应。考察了工艺条件对反应的影响，提出了合适的工艺条件。     

USY分子筛上苯与多仲丁苯烷基转移反应

在微型固定床反应器上研究USY分子筛对苯与多仲丁苯烷基转移反应的催化性能,考察反应温度、原料配比和空速等工艺条件对反应的影响。采用NH₃-TPD、吡啶IR吸附和N2吸附-脱附等手段对USY分子筛酸性质和孔结构进行表征。结果表明,USY分子筛在烷基转移反应中具有较好的催化性能,二仲丁苯转化率为87.7%,三仲丁苯转化率为19.3%,仲丁苯选择性为91.38%,与USY分子筛的多级孔道和较多B酸位有关。多仲丁苯转化率和仲丁苯选择性随反应温度的提高而增大,原料中苯的增加可提高仲丁苯选择性,空速对二仲丁苯转化率影响较小,但对仲丁苯选择性和三仲丁苯转化率影响显著。USY分子筛上反应较适宜的工艺条件为：反应温度240 ℃,反应压力3 MPa,苯与二仲丁苯物质的量比16,二仲丁苯空速1.4 h^-1。     

苯与合成气烷基化催化剂的研究进展

对二甲苯（PX）是制备聚酯材料的重要原料,随着我国经济快速发展,对二甲苯的需求日益增长。目前PX主要通过石化路线生产,由于我国石油资源短缺,迫切需要开发基于煤化工路线的PX生产技术。通过苯与合成气烷基化制备PX是一条新的煤化工路线,近年来受到关注。本文综述了苯与合成气烷基化的最新进展,讨论了贵金属（Pt）、铜基氧化物、锌基氧化物（ZnZr、ZnCr）与沸石的复合以及负载和机械混合两类复合方式对催化效果的影响,分析了甲醇合成与烷基化反应的耦合机制以及反应条件的匹配关系;并与其他三种煤制芳烃技术,即合成气制芳烃、甲醇制芳烃以及苯与甲醇烷基化制烷基苯做了对比分析,表明该技术路线具有成本较低和工艺路线短的优势。     

不同沸石分子筛催化剂上萘与异丙醇的烷基化反应

考察了USY、Hβ、HMCM-22、HM、HZSM-5等5种沸石分子筛在萘与异丙醇烷基化反应中的催化性能,并用XRD和NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂的物化性质进行了表征。实验结果发现,沸石分子筛的酸性质和孔结构是影响其活性和选择性的主要因素,以弱酸和中强酸为主的酸性中心以及十二元环开放的孔道有利于提高催化剂活性,而与目标产物2,6-二异丙基萘的分子直径接近的一维孔道有利于其选择性的提高。     

钌催化剂上苯加氢制环己烯的影响因素

综述了钌催化剂上苯选择性加氢的反应机理、催化剂制备过程中前躯体、制备方法、载体、添加剂(水,有机添加剂,无机添加剂)对催化剂催化性能的影响和反应过程中温度、压力、搅拌速率、催化剂用量及反应时间等对苯转化率、环己烯选择性和环己烯收率的影响。     

苯分子在Y沸石中跳跃扩散机制的动力学Monte Carlo模拟

利用动力学Monte Carlo （KMC）模拟方法计算了苯在Y沸石中扩散的自扩散系数,并考察了3种不同W-W位间跳跃扩散机制下的自扩散系数及其对温度和浓度的依赖关系.实验测量结果表明,苯在Y沸石中的长程运动主要是经S_Ⅱ-W-S_Ⅱ笼间的跳跃,基本不发生W-W之间的跳跃.相应得到的自扩散系数对温度的依赖关系较接近实验值;自扩散系数浓度依赖变化趋势为：先随覆盖量的增加而减小,到覆盖量大于S位的饱和覆盖量（每个超笼中4个分子）后,则随覆盖量增加先增后减,但也不会大于零覆盖量时扩散系数值,该情形与考虑W-W之间跳跃时完全不同.此外,模拟结果表明,使用正确的跳跃机制是KMC方法能正确模拟客体分子在沸石内扩散行为的关键.     

Monte Carlo simulation of xylene isomerization over zeolite catalysts

The isomerization reaction of xylene was simulated by means of the Monte Carlo method based on the experimentally observed parameters, including the diffusivity, equilibrium adsorption constant and intrinsic rate constant. The dependence of the product selectivity upon the Thiele modulus was examined and the results were satisfactorily consistent with those of the continuous model as well as the experiments. This suggests that the Monte Carlo method is helpful for investigating the nature of shape selectivity in zeolite-catalyzed reactions.     

分子筛催化C_9芳烃脱烷基的研究

将Bi、Ni、Mo、Pt分别负载在氢型ZSM-5、MOR、Y分子筛上,以异丙苯为模型化合物对分子筛催化加氢脱烷基性能进行评价,考察了不同金属的活性和分子筛结构。结果表明,不同分子筛载体上,不同金属脱烷基活性大小次序为:Pt>Mo>Ni>Bi;分子筛的孔结构可限制产物的形成,从而影响烷基转移反应和脱烷基反应二者的活性。此外,酸强度和密度的分布与金属同样重要,它们之间的平衡协同作用对催化剂的活性有着至关重要的作用。     

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over copper-pyrochlore/zeolite composite catalysts

The hydrogenation of CO₂ was studied over composite catalysts obtained by mixing Cu-based methanol synthesis catalyst and HY zeolite. A mechanism associating methanol synthesis and MTG (methanol to gasoline) reaction allowed the formation of C₁-C₄ hydrocarbons. It was found that the catalytic behaviors of the composite catalysts were favorably influenced by the characteristics of the methanol synthesis catalysts. The Cu-La₂Zr₂O₇ catalyst we recently developed associated with HY zeolite exhibited interesting performances in hydrocarbon synthesis. The addition of ZrO₂ to Cu---La₂Zr₂O₇/HY enhanced the ability to produce hydrocarbons. Comparing composite catalyst systems prepared with different Cu-based methanol synthesis catalysts, the effect of Na contamination on methanol and hydrocarbon formation over composite catalysts were also discussed.     

Cyclodimerisation and Cyclotrimerisation During the Ring-Opening Reactions of Ethylene Sulfide (Thiirane) over Acidic Molecular Sieves and Alumina

Liquid phase benzylation (by benzyl chloride) and acylation (by benzoyl chloride) of benzene and toluene over a Ga–Mg hydrotalcite (which is a basic anionic clay) with or without HCl gas pretreatment and also over the hydrotalcite used earlier in the toluene benzylation (at 110°C) have been investigated. The fresh, used and HCl-gas-pretreated hydrotalcite catalysts were characterized for their surface area, basicity, crystalline structure and phases and also for their surface composition. The fresh hydrotalcite showed no catalytic activity for both the benzylation and benzoylation reactions for a long period. However, after a long induction period (2.7 h), the catalyst showed a very high activity in the toluene benzylation (at 110°C). Whereas, the catalyst after its use in the toluene benzylation or after its HCl gas pretreatment showed very high activity for both the reactions with a much shorter induction period. The hydrotalcite-derived catalyst consists essentially highly dispersed gallium and magnesium chlorides on MgO. The presence of moisture in the reaction mixture has beneficial effects on the acylation reactions over the used catalyst.     

Solvent effects in liquid phase Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate over a HBEA zeolite

A kinetic study of phenyl acetate transformation was carried out in a batch reactor over a HBEA zeolite (framework Si/Al ratio of 11) at 160°C, sulfolane orn-dodecane being used as solvents. Whatever the solvent, phenyl acetate undergoes a monomolecular rearrangement intoo-hydroxyacetophenone, an autoacylation intop-acetoxyacetophenone plus phenol and a hydrolysis into phenol.p-hydroxyacetophenone which appears as a secondary product results from the acylation of phenol with phenyl acetate. The initial reaction rates and the product distribution depend very much on the solvent. This can be explained by the large difference in the strength of adsorption between the polar sulfolane and the non-polar dodecane solvents on the active acid sites.     

A study on the dimerization of 1-butene over Beta zeolite

New restrictions on gasoline in some part of the world implies that oxygenates such as MTBE and aromatics should be replaced by other high-octane components. The dimerization of 1-butene, which is a step in the production of “Green” gasoline, is evaluated under liquid phase reaction conditions over acidic Beta zeolites synthesized with different synthesis time. There are substantial differences between Beta zeolites obtained at synthesis times 96 and 240 h leading to different physico-chemical properties and, furthermore, catalytic performances. More acidic Beta zeolites lead to higher yields to light olefins while less acidic samples produce more oligomers, i.e. C₁₂–C₁₄ fraction. Interestingly, it was also observed that strong acid sites catalyze cracking reactions, while the weak ones, oligomerization.     

Benzylation of benzene to diphenylmethane using zeolite catalysts

The catalytic liquid phase benzylation of benzene to diphenylmethane (DPM) with benzyl chloride (BC) is investigated over a number of zeolite catalysts at 358 K and under atmospheric pressure. Conventional homogeneous Lewis acid catalyst, AlCl₃, is also included for comparison. Zeolite H-β is found to be more selective but less active compared to HY and H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the benzylation of benzene. The conversion of BC, rate of BC conversion and selectivity to DPM over H-β after 6 h of reaction time are 33.3 wt%, 4.7 × 10⁻³ mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 89.1 wt%, respectively. For comparison, the conversion of BC, rate of BC conversion and selectivity to DPM over AlCl₃, under identical reaction condition, are found to be 100 wt%, 170 × 10⁻³ mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 58 wt%, respectively. Higher amounts of consecutive products are obtained over AlCl₃ due to its non shape selectivity. The acidity of the zeolite catalysts is measured by temperature programmed desorption method. The effect of the duration of the run, SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of H-β, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and benzene to BC molar ratio on the catalyst performance is also investigated in order to optimize the conversion of BC and selectivity for DPM. The conversion of BC using H-β is increased with the increase in the reaction time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and molar ratios whereas it decreases with the increase in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of H-β. H-β is recycled two times and a slight decrease in BC conversion is observed after each cycle, which is related to the minor dealumination of the zeolite catalyst by HCl, which is produced during the reaction as by product. The formation of DPM is explained by an electrophilic attack of the benzyl cation (C₆H₅CH₂⁺) on the benzene ring, which is produced by the polarization of BC over acidic sites of the zeolite catalysts.     

ZSM-22分子筛催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的研究

通过浸渍法对ZSM-22分子筛进行SiO₂和La₂O₃改性,制备了一系列催化剂。采用固定床微型连续流反应器对催化剂的反应性能进行了评价。考察了ZSM-22、SiO₂和La₂O₃改性ZSM-22对甲苯甲醇烷基化反应性能的影响。实验发现,ZSM-22催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的产物中,对二甲苯的选择性远高于间位和邻位异构体的选择性,而改性后的催化剂上目标产物对二甲苯的选择性得到提高,但反应活性下降。随SiO₂和La₂O₃负载量的增加,甲苯的转化率逐渐降低,对二甲苯选择性逐渐提高,其中,以La₂O₃改性后对二甲苯选择性提高较明显。SiO₂和La₂O₃复合改性后,甲苯的转化率高于La₂O₃单独改性的结果,而对二甲苯选择性与La₂O₃单独改性结果相近,并且,二甲苯的选择性略有提高。     

Ce修饰Na Y分子筛负载PdO纳米晶催化剂用于苯的催化氧化反应

以CeO_2修饰多孔NaY分子筛作为载体,采用高温液相还原法制备纳米晶PdO催化剂,用于低浓度苯催化氧化反应。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、透射电镜-能谱(HRTEM-EDS)、H2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、O_2程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)和程序升温表面反应(TPSR)等对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明,NaY分子筛结构稳定,比表面积651 m~2·g~(-1)和孔容0. 326 cm~3·g~(-1),纳米晶PdO能够较均匀地分散在NaY载体上,颗粒尺寸约(3～5) nm。加入一定量CeO_2后,Pd O以较小的纳米晶颗粒形式分散在CeO_2周围,活性组分与助剂协同作用促进了催化剂中晶格氧的流动性,明显改善了0. 2%Pd/NaY的氧化性能。0. 2%Pd/8%Ce/NaY表现出最佳催化活性和良好稳定性,250℃可完全催化降解1000×10~(-6)的苯,并且230℃连续反应100 h,催化剂转化率稳定在86%。     

以Beta分子筛为酸性组分的柴油加氢改质催化剂

以Beta分子筛为酸性组分,共浸渍法制备Ni-Mo-P/Beta-Al₂O₃系列催化柴油加氢改质催化剂。采用BET、Py-IR和XRD等对催化剂进行分析,并在100 mL固定床加氢反应器上进行催化剂的加氢改质活性评价,考察Beta分子筛的加入对催化剂物化性质和加氢改质反应活性的影响。结果表明,添加Beta分子筛后,催化剂的比表面积显著增大,酸性增强,多钼酸盐的分布更加均匀;Ni-Mo-P/Beta-Al₂O₃系列催化剂表现出较好的加氢改质反应活性,可以在大幅度降低油品密度和硫氮杂质含量的同时,大幅度提高油品的十六烷值,并维持较高的柴油收率。     

分子筛催化剂清洁高效制备技术的进展

分子筛催化剂广泛应用于石油炼制、石油化工和环境催化等领域,但以传统路线制备分子筛催化剂的过程中存在着有机氨氮废水和含氮废气排放、生产成本高的问题。为了满足日益严格的环保要求,同时达到降本增效的目的,设计开发分子筛催化剂的清洁高效制备技术显得尤为重要。本文从高效、环保和经济的角度综述了分子筛催化剂制备过程中存在的一些问题,以及为了解决上述问题所采取的包括避免或者替换使用有机模板剂、钠离子电荷平衡剂、溶剂和黏结剂,有效组分回收利用在内的技术进展。探讨了分子筛催化剂清洁高效制备技术的未来发展方向,指出加深对分子筛催化剂基础理论研究,并将基础研究和产业化相结合,以高效催化性能为前提,将现有多种清洁技术方案进行协调配合是高效率、低成本制备分子筛催化剂的工作重点。