X120管线钢中第二相回溶及其对奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响

采用电解、萃取复型、透射电镜以及能谱分析等方法研究了不同温度等温过程中X120管线钢中第二相粒子的回溶规律,并测定了相应条件下的奥氏体晶粒尺寸。结果表明:在锻态组织中存在两种类型的碳氮化物,一类是在凝固过程中形成的粗大富Ti颗粒;另一类是在变形过程中形变诱导析出产生的富Nb第二相粒子,其尺寸更加细小,此类粒子经1000℃保温60 min后消失。1000~1220℃保温过程中含Nb和Mo的碳氮化物发生回溶,导致奥氏体晶粒快速长大,但此时未回溶的碳氮化Nb、Ti粒子仍阻碍晶界的迁移。当再加热温度达到1270℃并保温120 min后,只有极少量的含Nb的Ti N颗粒能够保持稳定,故第二相粒子的钉扎作用明显减弱,使得奥氏体晶粒异常长大。     

X120管线钢中第二相回溶及其对奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

采用电解、萃取复型、透射电镜以及能谱分析等方法研究了不同温度等温过程中X120管线钢中第二相粒子的回溶规律,并测定了相应条件下的奥氏体晶粒尺寸。结果表明：在锻态组织中存在两种类型的碳氮化物。一类是在凝固过程中形成的粗大富Ti颗粒;另一类是在变形过程中形变诱导析出产生的富Nb第二相粒子,其尺寸更加细小,此类粒子经1000 ℃保温60 min后消失。1000~1220 ℃保温过程中含Nb和Mo的碳氮化物发生回溶,导致奥氏体晶粒快速长大,但此时未回溶的碳氮化Nb、Ti粒子仍阻碍晶界的迁移。当再加热温度达到1270 ℃并保温120 min后,只有极少量的含Nb的TiN颗粒能够保持稳定,故第二相粒子的钉扎作用明显减弱,使得奥氏体晶粒异常长大。     

Nb-Ti微合金钢中第二相的溶解行为

利用碳萃取复型、TEM和EDX分析,研究了低碳Nb-Ti微合金钢在1 300℃等温过程中第二相粒子的溶解行为。实验结果表明:钢中有两类尺度存在显著差异的析出颗粒,其一为尺寸在50 nm以上的富钛相(生成于钢液凝固阶段),其二为尺寸小于20 nm的富铌相(形成于奥氏体变形过程)。在1 300℃保温2 h后,应变诱导析出相基本消失,而凝固过程中形成的析出相在保温48 h后,还存在含Nb的(Nb,Ti)(C,N)复合相。在微合金钢中含Ti的情况下,碳氮化物的稳定性大幅提高。这些结果表明,析出相的形成和热稳定性在很大程度上取决于Nb和Ti原子的相互作用。     

含铌H13钢中一次碳氮化物生成机理及热稳定性

对含铌0.051%的H13钢铸锭中一次碳氮化物成分特征及在1150℃、1250℃下的热稳定性进行了分析,并利用热力学软件Thermo-Calc对其形成机制进行了合理的解释。研究发现含铌0.051%的H13钢铸锭中存在3类一次碳氮化物,富Nb类、富V类以及富Mo-Cr类相。富Nb相热稳定性高,在1150℃及1250℃下保温6 h仍大量存在。富V相在1150℃下保温6 h仍然存在,而在1250℃下保温6 h即可完全固溶。富Mo-Cr相热稳定性低,无论是在1150℃还是1250℃下,均没有发现。这些相是在凝固过程中由于元素富集而在液相中析出。凝固过程中,富V的碳氮化物相首先析出,之后随着Nb含量的富集,富Nb的碳化物相开始析出,当Nb元素消耗到一定程度而同时V元素进一步富集后,富V的碳化物相再次析出,富Mo-Cr相在凝固末期最后析出。     

Nb含量对GH4169合金钢锭偏析规律的影响

利用光镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等手段分析了不同Nb元素含量的GH4169合金钢锭组织特点及元素偏析规律,并对经单阶段均匀化热处理后钢锭的组织及残留析出相特征进行分析.结果表明:随着Nb元素含量增加,GH4169合金铸锭由边缘到心部,枝晶组织粗化,二次枝晶间距增大,Nb、Ti元素的偏析系数亦增大;经1160℃保温20h的均匀化处理后,Nb添加量越多,未回溶的析出相残留越多,且残留析出相有很明显的聚集趋势,残留析出物聚合体主要为富Nb的Laves相及富Nb、Ti元素的碳化物.不同Nb元素含量钢锭中Laves相完全回溶需要的时间应不相同,在高Nb含量条件下,传统的均匀化工艺无法使Laves相完全回溶;若同时考虑钢锭的尺寸因素,高Nb含量条件下,残留析出相的聚合体可能会演化为“黑斑”缺陷而使钢锭报废.     

Nb对钠冷快堆包壳用15-15Ti奥氏体不锈钢组织和拉伸性能的影响

使用OM、SEM和TEM等方法研究了0~0.46wt.%Nb对固溶态和时效态15Cr-15Ni含Ti奥氏体不锈钢(15-15Ti)中析出相类型、形貌及其分布的影响。结果表明,Nb取代了(Ti,Mo)C相中部分Ti、Mo原子,在0.21wt.%Nb和0.46wt.%Nb合金中形成富Nb的(Nb,Ti)C相,而且Nb含量的增加使固溶态的奥氏体基体组织细化。在850 ℃时效1000h后,组织中有sigma相、MC碳化物析出,Nb的增加促进了 Nb、Mo元素在sigma相中的富集,促使sigma相更为细小、弥散析出。固溶态和时效态试样的室温、650 ℃拉伸结果表明,在0~0.46 wt.% Nb范围内,Nb含量的增加对固溶态合金室温和高温拉伸性能影响较小,而Nb促进析出的sigma相对时效态合金的拉伸性能影响较小。     

Nb-Ti微合金化超低碳低合金高强度钢中第二相的析出行为

研究了Nb-Ti微合金化超低碳低合金高强钢在控轧控冷及回火过程中含Nb和Ti相的析出行为及其与硬度的关系.结果表明,Nb-Ti微合金化超低碳低合金高强钢在控轧控冷驰豫过程及随后的回火过程中均有第二相析出,在变形过程中Nb(CxNy)相析出颗粒更为细小,在回火过程中Nb(CxNy)依附于TiN形核长大,600 ℃回火2 h后其硬度高于其它温度回火后的硬度.     

Fe-40Ni-Ti合金中晶界高温迁移特征

利用金相观察、定量统计及透射电子显微镜分析,研究了含Ti和无Ti的Fe-40Ni合金在高温等温过程中的晶界迁移行为。结果表明:Fe-40Ni-Ti合金原始试样中存在两种析出,分别是凝固过程中形成的尺寸较大的Ti N颗粒及锻压过程中形成的应变诱导析出相,尺寸为10 nm左右。在1100℃等温30 min后,没有发现应变诱导析出相存在。直接观察结果则显示粗大的Ti N颗粒对晶界迁移有明显的阻碍作用,以类似于位错绕过析出颗粒的Orowan机制绕过Ti N颗粒,其主要原因可能是高温时晶界自由能明显各向同性,只有直接面对析出相的局部晶界受到析出相的阻碍,能够发生大曲率弯曲,晶界表现出较强的"柔性",此时析出粒子必然无法对其运动产生强烈的阻碍作用。     

低碳微合金钢中Nb、V、Ti碳氮化物的回溶研究

采用透射电镜和X射线光谱技术,研究了低碳微合金钢中Nb、V、Ti的碳氮化物在不同温度保温1 h后的回溶行为.结果表明,低碳微合金钢中存在尺寸明显不同的两类析出,其中颗粒尺寸较大的在80 nm以上;这种颗粒的心部是(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)相,而颗粒边缘为(Nb,Ti)(C,N)相;颗粒尺寸较小的在20 nm以下,其类型为(Nb,Ti)(C,N).两类析出物中Nb与Ti的原子比均随回溶温度的升高而减小.     

高钢级X100管线钢的组织和析出相

利用扫描电镜,透射电镜对X100管线钢的显微组织和析出相进行观察,结果表明:X100管线钢的显微组织为粒状贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体,粒状贝氏体分割了取向多元的贝氏体铁素体,细化了晶粒尺寸,提高了材料的强韧性.管线钢中析出相为单相析出和复合析出,存在于晶界上、板条间、基体内、位错线上及其周围.管线钢中存在两种典型的单相析出,一种为尺寸较大,形状规则的TiN析出,一种为尺寸细小,形状为圆形的NbC析出.复合析出为在高Ti/Nb比的碳氮化物上附着着低Ti/Nb比的碳氮化物或硫化亚铜析出,为应变诱导析出.在高温下形成的TiN析出可以阻止晶界迁移,抑制奥氏体晶粒长大,对强度影响不大.低温形成的NbC和复合析出为应变诱导析出,平均尺寸为26.5 nm,在析出强化中占主导地位.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.