High-temperature oxidation of tantalum of different purity

The kinetics, structural aspects, and phase morphologies were studied for tantalum oxidation in air from 600 to 1000°C for samples of different purity (99.15%, 99.76%, and 99.95% Ta). Regardless of purity, tantalum oxidation in the temperature range of 600–800°C as a rule is governed by a linear rate law. From 900 to 1000°C the initial-stage oxidation is governed by the parabolic rate law, which changes to the linear rate law with time. TGA, XRD, SEM, and AES methods were used. The, effect of purity on tantalum oxidation was shown to be determined by the mechanism of intermediate-oxide formation. They are TaO _z (Ta₂O) at 600–800°C and TaO at 900–1000°C. The final product of oxidation was -Ta₂O₅.     

Oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures

The oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures at925°C has been studied. The oxygen pressure was close to 0.5 atm in all experiments, and partial pressures of the second component of from 0 to 180 Torr were employed. Spherical specimens were used to provide quantitatively significant kinetic data. A model has been proposed which suggests that the oxygen pressure at the reaction interface close to the metal surface is lower than the external pressure because of the finite permeability of the porous outer oxide layer, and that the inert gas effectively reduces the permeability. The model gives good quantitative agreement with the experimental results.     

氧化热对铝合金硬质氧化膜的影响(英文)

采用自制的实验装置和硫酸电解液研究阳极氧化热对铝合金2024硬质氧化膜的影响。与氧化热由氧化膜传递到电解液中相比,氧化热由铝基体传递到冷却液中有利于氧化膜的生长,成膜速度、膜厚、致密度和硬度显著提高,并随着冷却液过冷度的增大而增大。氧化膜生长所需的冷却液过冷度与电解液过冷度、铝基体壁厚、氧化膜厚度、气泡覆盖特性参数以及电流密度有关。可通过控制冷却液温度来控制氧化膜的微观结构和性能。     

Photocatalytic activity of porous TiO2 films prepared by anodic oxidation

Anatase titanium dioxide is an active photocatalyst, however, it is difficult to be immobilized on the substrate. The crystalline TiO2 porous film was prepared directly on the surface of pure titanium by anodic oxidation. The film was then used for photocatalysis via the methyl orange degradation method. The effects of anodization voltage, pH value, TiO2 film area and degradation time on the photocatalyst were investigated respectively by UV-visible spectrum. It was indicated that the TiO2 film prepared by anodic oxidation at 140 V had the best photocatalysis capability and the degradation of methyl orange was accelerated with acid addition.     

The effects of nitrogen on the kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of Titanium-Tantalum alloys

The oxidation kinetics of Titanium alloys containing nominally 5, 40, and 60 weight percent Ta were measured for 16 hr in nitrogen-20% oxygen. In all three alloys at each temperature tested oxidation rates in the nitrogen-oxygen mixture were significantly lower than those previously measured in argon-20% oxygen or pure oxygen. Using X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe a nitrogen rich layer was identified in the scale near the scale/metal interface. This layer apparently acts as an oxygen-diffusion barrier, as demonstrated by the reduced depth of oxygen penetration in the metal relative to identical specimens oxidized in nitrogen free atmospheres.     

Electrodeposition of photocatalytic TiO2 film on surface of alumina prepared by anodic oxidation

A new electrochemical method to prepare photocatalytic TiO2 thin film was developed, by which the TiO2 was electrodeposited on surface of alumina by AC electrolysis in solution consisting of K2 [TiO(C2O4 )2] and C2H2O4. The deposited TiO2 thin film was primarily characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) methods. The photocatalytic properties of this film were also studied by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. The results show that the TiO2 film electrodeposited by this method is mainly in amorphous and with a little crystalline component mixed anatase and rutile. The surface of the alumina prepared by anodic oxidation is porous and the TiO2 electrodeposited on it is scattered and incompact. TiO2 thin film fixed on the surface of alumina shows photocatalytic activity to the degradation of methyl orange.     

The effect of fluoride treatment on titanium treated with anodic spark oxidation

This study examined the effect of fluoride on the surface characteristics of an anodized titanium implant. Commercial pure titanium plate 20mm×10mm×2mm in size, and discs 1.5 mm thick and 1.5 mm in diameter, were used. The prepared samples were polished with #200 to #1, 000 SiC papers and were then washed sequentially with distilled water, alcohol and acetone. Anodic oxidation was performed using a regulated DC power supply in an electrolyte containing a mixture of 0.015 M DL-α-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate (DL-α-GP) and 0.2 M calcium acetate hydrate (CA) with an electric current density of 30mA/cm² and voltage ranging from 0 to 290 V. The specimens were divided into four groups and a fluoride treatment was carried out. Group 1 was thermally treated in a 0.05 M TiF₃ solution at 90°C, Group 2 was electrochemically treated at 150 V in a 0.05 M TiF₃ solution, Group 3 was electrochemically treated at 150 V in a 0.05 M NaF solution, and Group 4 was electrochemically treated at 150 V in a 0.05 M HF solution. A porous oxide layer containing pores 1–4 μm in size was observed on the surface treated with anodic oxidation. The diameter of the pores was higher in the protrusion areas than in the sunken areas. A significant amount of fluoride ions was released in the initial period, with small amounts being released continuously thereafter. The viability of MC3T3 cells was high when the fluoride ion concentration was 10 ppm, but decreased with further increases in the fluoride concentration. A six-week immersion test in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed dense HA crystals in the group immersed in 0.05 M TiF₃ at 90°C, which indicated good biocompatibility.     

钽在熔盐中阳极氧化膜的组织和性能

对钽在高温硝酸盐中阳极氧化所形成膜的组织和性能进行了研究。试验结果表明 ,膜层基本上是由钽的氧化物相构成。该膜层具有高的硬度和良好的抗碱腐蚀性能     

Preparation and crystalline phase of a TiO2 porous film by anodic oxidation

Anatase titanium dioxide is an active photocatalyst, but it is difficult to immobilize on the substrate. A crystalline TiO2 porous film was prepared directly on the surface of pure titanium by anodic oxidation in this work. Constant voltage and constant current anodic oxidation were adopted with sulphuric acid used as the electrolyte, pure titanium as the anode and copper as the cathode. The morphology and structure of the porous film on the substrate were analyzed with the aid of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy （FESEM） and X-ray Diffraction （XRD）. The effects of the parameters of anodic oxidation （such as voltage, the concentration of sulphuric acid, anodization time and current density） on the aperture and the crystalline phase of the TiO2 porous film were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the increase of current density facilitates the augment of the aperture and the generation of anatase and mille. In addition, the forming mechanism of anatase and mille TiO2 porous films was discussed.     

基于阳极极化曲线的预测镁合金微弧氧化起弧特性的新方法

提出了一种以镁合阳极极化曲线来判断微弧氧化起弧难易的新方法。在不同的电解液中,测试了镁合金的阳极极化曲线及微弧氧化的起弧特性。结果表明,起弧电压首先与其在对应电解液中进行阳极极化时形成的钝化膜的稳定性有关:膜层越稳定,即阳极极化曲线上钝化区宽度越宽,则在相应的电解液中微弧氧化起弧电压越低;当钝化区间宽度相近时,则在钝化区间后期极化电流越小,起弧电压越低。     

氨性溶液中砷黄铁矿阳极氧化过程的电化学

通过电化学研究 ,考察了氨溶液中砷黄铁矿的阳极氧化反应。实验表明氧化生成的表面膜对反应有抑制作用 ,该膜具有多孔性 ,可使反应继续进行。低温时 ,阳极氧化过程由电化学反应控制 ;高温时 ,反应受扩散过程控制。氨浓度对氧化过程的反应速率没有显著影响 ,溶液中Cu2 能降低氧化峰电位 ,改变氧化表面膜的形态 ,使膜的孔隙增大 ,反应速度加快。砷黄铁矿的阳极氧化总反应为FeAsS 11H2 O =Fe(OH) 3 SO2 -4 HAsO2 -4 18H 14e。     

钽表面渗氮层的氧化行为

进行了钽表面预先离子渗氮对其后续表面高温熔盐阳极化过程及性能影响的试验研究。发现钽表面预先离子渗氮并不改变其后表面阳极化处理的动力学过程控制步骤,但表面膜层生长速度减慢。膜层物相由钽的氧化物变为氮化物。膜层静态电阻率增大;致密性更好。表面粗糙度低,耐碱腐蚀性能提高。     

增材制造钽及多孔钽的研究进展

金属钽是一种具有优异耐腐蚀性、生物相容性和介电性能的难熔金属材料,因而被广泛应用于高温技术、电子技术、耐腐工程、原子能以及医疗等行业。增材制造技术能够实现复杂钽金属零件的一体化成形,并且材料利用率高、可实现个性化定制。本文介绍了增材制造用球形金属钽粉的研究现状,评述了钽金属粉末及增材制造成形后的组织和性能研究及应用进展,分析了钽金属增材制造技术当前存在的一些问题,并对该技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

TA2纯钛酒石酸钠溶液阳极氧化膜层微观形貌对腐蚀性能的影响

选择酒石酸钠环保电解液,用恒电势法在不同浓度条件(1,5,15,30和50 g/L)下制备TA2纯钛阳极氧化膜。采用原子力显微镜分析膜层的微观三维形貌,使用电化学工作站研究试样在3.5%NaCl溶液低电位下的极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱,探讨微观三维形貌对耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:15 g/L浓度时,氧化膜层细小均匀,生长完整,粗糙度较低,具有宽广的钝化区,最大的极化电阻值,较小的致钝电流值和自腐蚀电流值,耐腐蚀性能最佳。     

Highly ordered self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by a multi-step anodic oxidation process

Highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays were prepared using a self-templating multi-step anodic oxidation process in a fluoride-containing electrolyte. The microstructures, chemical compositions, and phases of the self-organized TiO₂ nanotube arrays were analyzed by FESEM, XPS, and XRD, respectively. Hexagonal packing density in TiO₂ nanotube arrays significantly improved after the the multi-step anodic oxidation. The area densities of the hexagonal TiO₂ nanotube arrays increased approximately 3 times from the first to second step in the anodic oxidation steps process (4.9 μm⁻² to 16.4 μm⁻²), but there was no difference between the second and third step (16.4 μm⁻² to 16.0 μm⁻²). The as-anodized TiO₂ nanotube array had an amorphous structure and it transformed to an anatase phase during the annealing process at 450 °C for 1 h. The as-anodized TiO₂ nanotube arrays adsorbed the fluoride, hydrocarbon groups (CH), hydroxyl groups (OH, C-OH), and carboxyl groups (O = C-OH) on their surfaces.     

电解锌的SO_2阳极反应动力学

研究了湿法炼锌电解过程中 ,用SO2 在阳极放电代替传统的水分解放电而降低槽电压 ,以达到节能的目的。使用铂作阳极 ,在电解液中通入SO2 进行电解 ,节能可达 40 %。通过SO2 阳极极化曲线的测定 ,考察了SO2 浓度、H2 SO4 浓度、温度和搅拌速度对阳极反应速率的影响。研究表明 :在铂阳极上SO2 阳极反应符合电化学控制 ,遵从塔菲尔公式 ;SO2 的反应级数为 3.3,表观活化能为 31.8kJ/mol,硫酸的反应级数为零     

Rapid anodic oxidation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays

Highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation have attracted increasing research interests due to their promising applications in many scientific areas. To the best of our knowledge, a factor limiting the application of TiO₂ nanotube arrays was their long sustaining reaction time by anodic oxidation, usually lasting 6-12 h and even longer when synthesizing thicker nanotubular layers. In the present paper, we reported for the first time a facile but effective approach to accelerate the anodic formation of TiO₂ nanotube arrays by proper addition of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) into the anodization electrolyte. We adopted the 0.3 M NH₄F + 0.03 M Na₂CO₃ + EG (ethylene glycol) + 3.0 vol.% H₂O electrolyte and the average growth rate of the nanotubes achieved in our experiments could be accelerated to 1100 nm/min. The possible mechanism of the rapid electrochemical process was also presented.     

Dissolution kinetics of small amounts of oxygen in tantalum alloy T-111 and internal oxide displacement reactions during annealing

Oxygen was added to T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf, wt.%) at 820 and 990°C at an oxygen pressure of about 3×10^–4 Torr (4×10^–2N/m²). The technique employed permitted predetermined and reproducible doping of T-111 up to 3.0 at% oxygen. Based on the temperature dependence of the doping reaction, it is concluded that the initial rates of oxygen pickup are probably controlled by solution of oxygen into the T-111 lattice. Although hafnium oxides are more stable than those of tantalum or tungsten, analyses of extracted residues indicate that the latter oxides predominate in the as-doped specimens, presumably because of the higher concentrations of tantalum and tungsten in the alloy. However, high-temperature annealing promotes gettering of dissolved oxygen and of other oxides to form hafnium oxides. Small amounts of tantalum and tungsten oxides were still present after high-temperature annealing. Tungsten oxide (WO₃) volatilizes slightly from the surface of T-111 at 990°C. The vaporization of WO₃ has no apparent affect on the doping reaction.     

Effect of the electrolytic solution composition on the performance of micro-arc anodic oxidation films formed on AM60B magnesium alloy

Anodic oxidation in the micro-arc regime is one of the most investigated techniques used to coat magnesium alloys with ceramic coatings for protection from corrosion and wear. The composition of the electrolytic solution affects the anodic oxide layer morphology and composition and its behaviour in aggressive environments. In this paper the influence of the composition of the electrolytic solution on the anodic oxidation process of AM60B magnesium alloy and oxide properties is discussed. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were employed to assess morphology, crystallographic structure and composition of the anodic oxide. Electrochemical polarization tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance behaviour of the coated magnesium alloys.