高温处理对螺旋炭纤维微观拓扑结构的影响

对高温处理前后螺旋炭纤维的微观拓扑结构进行了探究与表征,结果表明,制备态螺旋炭纤维具有类似年轮状结构的近圆形横截面,在纵截面上体现为近似鲱鱼骨结构,其石墨微晶尺寸小、取向度差;高温处理后,其三维结构可理想地看作是由石墨微晶以具有锥角的多面柱体形式沿螺旋方向堆叠而成,表观上炭纤维显示为尺寸均匀的多面柱体形貌。X射线衍射和Raman散射结果从宏观量级上证明了样品微观尺度有序度得到提高。为基于结构的性能预测和应用设计提供了可靠的参考。     

石墨化对微螺旋炭纤维热氧化动力学的影响

以乙炔为碳源,镍粉为催化剂,噻吩为助催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制备微螺旋炭纤维;在氩气气氛中,2500℃下对所制微螺旋炭纤维进行石墨化处理.通过扫描电子显微镜观察微螺旋炭纤维的螺旋形貌和微观结构,用热重法研究微螺旋炭纤维的耐氧化性能,并探讨了微螺旋炭纤维的氧化动力学行为.结果表明:石墨化处理对微螺旋炭纤维具有显著的纯化作用,其螺旋形貌基本保持不变.微螺旋炭纤维的氧化反应较好地服从一级反应.微螺旋炭纤维石墨化前后的氧化反应活化能分别为263.004kJ/mol和297.191kJ/mol.石墨化处理明显提了微螺旋炭纤维的抗氧化性能.     

热处理对高温粘结石墨部件导电性能的影响

以酚醛树脂和B4C为原料制备高温粘结剂并对石墨材料进行粘接，测试了经不同温度热处理后接头部位的导电性能。并利用XRD和SEM对热处理后的粘接接头结构进行了表征。结果表明，热处理温度对粘接接头的导电性能有着决定性的作用。1000℃以下的热处理阶段，随温度的升高，石墨接头的电阻率迅速降低，1000℃以上高温热处理后接头的导电性能良好，电阻率变化不大。此外，由于B4C的半导体特性和高温下的催化石墨化作用，B4C对石墨接头的导电性能也有着重要的影响。     

纳米碳管用于锂离子电池负极材料的研究

采用氧化法提纯了煤焦化工业副产品中的纳米碳管,采用X射线衍射法对纳米碳管的结构进行了研究,透射电镜研究了纳米碳管的形貌。提纯的纳米碳管d002为0.3496nm,具有类似石墨的结构和较高的石墨化度。研究了纳米碳管的电化学性能,其首次放电比容量达584.3mAh/g;添加石墨粉组成了20％的纳米碳管和80％的石墨粉的体系作为锂离子电池负极材料,其首次放电比容量为490.1mAh/g,并有较好的循环性能。     

CVD热解炭的结构、生长特征及可石墨化性

采用TEM表征结构、喇曼光谱表征石墨化度,研究了C/C复合材料中典型粗糙层(RL)和光滑层(SL)结构热解炭生长特征及其与可石墨化性之间的对应关系.结果表明,RL为层状结构,片层呈平直形状,有明显的锥状生长特征,同一锥面中石墨微晶c轴的取向基本相同,相邻锥面中的相差一个小角度,SL没有明显的生长特征;RL比SL结构热解炭容易石墨化,经2400℃石墨化处理后,两者(002)衍射弧宽度分别为39°和66°,对应的石墨化度分别为87.6％和25.6％.提出了一种RL结构热解炭锥状生长结构模型.     

石墨化对微螺旋炭纤维形貌和微观结构的影响

采用化学气相沉积法制备微螺旋炭纤维, 在氩气气氛, 2500℃下对其进行石墨化处理. 通过扫描电镜, 激光拉曼光谱和X射线晶体衍射对石墨化前后微螺旋炭纤维的形貌与微观结构进行了研究, 并初步探讨了石墨化机理. 结果表明: 石墨化处理对微螺旋炭纤维具有显著的纯化作用, 其螺旋形貌基本保持不变. 微观结构更加规整, 微螺旋炭纤维的晶面层间距d₀₀₂(0.3626～0.3378nm)减小, 晶粒尺寸L_c(1.6404～3.8590nm)和L_a(2.04～7.21nm)增大, 石墨化程度增强.     

碳纳米管/聚乙烯醇复合材料的制备及其导电性的研究

在碳纳米管的羧基化改性过程中采用不同的处理条件对羧基化程度进行对比分析,在碳纳米管/PVA复合材料的制备中采用不同的配比进行混合制备,再对此复合材料进行一系列测定以表征其电导性质.通过红外光谱及激光粒径分析仪对产品形态和结构进行了分析和表征,结果表明,所制备的碳纳米管,羧基已经成功接上碳管、表面形态较规整、纯度较高,具有较好的羧基化碳纳米管结构;热性能测试结果显示,复合材料膜的结晶温度有所提高;导电性能测试结果显示,复合材料呈现出典型的金属性导电性能.     

填料种类对炭/石墨材料性能和微观结构的影响

分别利用炭黑、石油焦、针状焦和天然石墨粉为填料,煤沥青为黏结剂,经模压成型(150MPa,10min)、炭化(1300℃,1h)和石墨化(2300℃)制备炭/石墨材料.考察了填料类型对最终炭/石墨材料物理性能和微观结构的影响.研究结果表明:利用炭黑为填料所制材料具有较高的机械强度,但其导热和导电性能相对较差;经石墨化后(2300℃),其抗弯和抗压强度分别达到88.0和173.2MPa.而以天然石墨粉为填料所制材料具有较好的导热和导电性能,在室温下其导热率达到278W/m · K;另外,其抗弯和抗压强度分别达到51.1和90.2MPa.微观结构分析表明,以天然石墨粉为填料所制得的材料具有最大的微晶尺寸和高度的取向性.     

铜石墨复合材料改性研究进展

综述了铜石墨复合材料在改性方面进行的界面、添加剂和纤维增强等方面的研究.研究认为,界面改性、添加剂及纤维特别是纳米碳管等能显著提高铜石墨复合材料导电性能及摩擦磨损性能.     

碳纳米管的电化学贮锂性能研究

以纳米镍粉为催化剂,热分解法制备了碳纳米管.应用X射线衍射对碳纳米管的结构进行了研究,透射电子显微镜观察了碳纳米管的形貌.碳纳米管的直径在15nm左右,长>100nm,d₀₀₂为0.338nm.在结构上,纳米碳管具有与石墨类似的良好规整性,具有较高的可石墨化度,又具有纳米级的孔径,因此具有良好的贮锂性能.对碳纳米管的充放电性能研究结果表明,碳纳米管初始放电比容量为654mAh/g,高于纯石墨的理论容量372mAh/g,循环性能较好.     

Synthesis and characterization of large area well-aligned carbon nanotubes by ECR-CVD without substrate bias

Large area, well-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized on porous silicon by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD). No bias was applied on the substrate in this experiment. CH₄ and H₂ were used as source gases and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as the catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and Raman spectrum were used to evaluate the structure and composition. The results show that these CNTs have varying outer diameters from 10 to 90 nm and uniform length over 10 μm. They display hollow tubular and chain structures. The possible formation mechanism of aligned CNTs is discussed.     

On the energy absorption capability of axially crushed composite elliptical cones

The behaviour of composite elliptical thin walled cones subjected to quasi-static axial crushing is examined experimentally. Series of experiments were performed for composite elliptical cones with the same ellipticity ratio and different vertex angles ranging from 0° to 24°. Experiments showed that the catastrophic failure mode is avoided by deviating from the elliptical tubular shape to the elliptical conical one. A significant enhancement in load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability was seen in the case of elliptical conical shells.     

Microstructural and optical properties of nanocrystalline ZnO deposited onto vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by physical vapor deposition

Nanocrystalline ZnO films with thicknesses of 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, and 50 nm were deposited via magnetron sputtering onto the surface of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The ZnO/CNTs heterostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. No structural degradation of the CNTs was observed and photoluminescence (PL) measurements of the nanostructured ZnO layers show that the optical properties of these films are typical of ZnO deposited at low temperatures. The results indicate that magnetron sputtering is a viable technique for growing heterostructures and depositing functional layers onto CNTs.     

Defective carbon nanotubes with stone-wales defect arrays

Presented herein are the structural and electronic properties of defective (n, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (n = 3, 4, 5, 6) and of a defective graphene sheet, obtained form first-principles calculations of their electronic band strucutres. CNTs are newly discovered nanostructures with promising electronic and structural properties desired for nanoscale device applications. To enhance their functionality, various methods, such as ion implantation and ion irradiation, have been suggested for the manipulation of single-wall CNTs (SWNTs). In this study, periodic Stone-Wales defect arrays were considered. Defective (n, n) CNTs and a defective graphene sheet were analyzed in terms of their geometries and defect formation energies. In particular, the defective (5, 5) CNT was compared with the C60 fullerene and the perfect (5, 5) CNT in polygon structures and total energies. The electronic band structures via first-principles calculations were also analyzed. A significant difference was found between the electronic band structures determined via first-principles calculations and those determined with the use of a one-parameter tight-binding model.     

环己烷浮游催化法在碳纤维表面生长碳纳米管

以环己烷为碳源、二茂铁为催化剂前躯,采用浮游催化法成功的在碳纤维表面生长了碳纳米管(CNT),制备了多尺度杂化材料CNTs/CF。实验重点考察了反应温度、二茂铁浓度、载气等参数对CNT在纤维表面生长的影响,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、投射电镜(TEM)研究了CNTs/CF的形貌及产物CNT的微观结构。当固定反应温度为820℃、二茂铁-环己烷浓度为2g/100mL时,随着氢气在载气中含量在0～100%范围内变化,产物CNT直径亦有86nm降低至39nm。通过单丝拉伸测试发现,相比初始碳纤维,不同长度的CNTs/CF单纤维强度下降幅度均在10%以内。     

Probing electrical transport in individual carbon nanotubes and junctions

The electrical transport properties of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and multi-terminal junctions of CNTs are investigated with a quadraprobe scanning tunneling microscope. The CNTs used in this study are made of stacked herringbone-type conical graphite sheets with a cone angle of ～20° to the tube axis, and the CNT junctions have no catalytic particles in the junction areas. The CNTs have a significantly higher resistivity than conventional CNTs with concentric walls. The straight CNTs display linear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, indicating diffusive transport rather than ballistic transport. The structural deformation in CNTs with bends substantially increases the resistivity in comparison with that for the straight segments on the same CNTs, and the I-V curve departs slightly from linearity in curved segments. The junction area of the CNT junctions behaves like an ohmic-type scattering center with linear I-V characteristics. In addition, a gating effect has not been observed, in contrast to the case for conventional multi-walled CNT junctions. These unusual transport properties can be attributed to the enhanced inter-layer interaction in the herringbone-type CNTs.     

Ordered fullerene nanocylinders in large-diameter carbon nanotubes

A new ordered fullerene phase encapsulated by large-diameter CNTs is systematically investigated by combining a growth technique by chemical vapour deposition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and molecular-dynamics simulations. In contrast to fullerenes in smaller (1-2?nm) diameter CNTs, where fullerenes are packed in linear or helical chains, fullerenes form a nanoscale cylinder in double-walled CNTs with diameters of ～4?nm. The fullerenes were shown to form a nanocylinder with a side wall that resembled the (111) plane of solid C(60). This ordered phase is different from peapods or fullerene solids known so far, and a result of the interaction between the CNT wall and fullerenes. This finding will open up a new field of fullerene science.     

Structural characterization of a mechanically milled carbon nanotube/aluminum mixture

The structural evolution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during mechanical milling was investigated using SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The study showed that milling of the CNTs alone introduces defects but preserves the tubular structure. When milling the CNTs with aluminum (Al) powder in order to produce a composite, Raman spectroscopy has shown that most of the nanotubes are destroyed. During sintering of the CNT/Al milled mixture, the carbon atoms available from the destruction of the nanotubes react with the Al to form aluminum carbide (Al₄C₃). The effect of milling on the Al matrix was also studied.     

陶瓷/碳纳米管复合材料的制备、性能及韧化机理

评述和讨论了碳纳米管增强陶瓷基复合材料的制备工艺,包括碳纳米管在陶瓷基体上的分散和材料的烧结成型,添加碳纳米管后材料力学性能、导电和导热等物理性能的改善以及韧化机理,指出碳纳米管在陶瓷材料基体上的均匀分散,碳纳米管在组织中存活,碳纳米管与陶瓷基体的界面结合状态是影响碳纳米管增强陶瓷基复合材料性能提高的关键.     

Carbon nanotubes produced from natural cellulosic materials

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were produced from wood fiber using a low temperature process, which included continuous oxidization at 240 degrees C and cyclic oxidation at 400 degrees C. The inside diameter of the CNTs was approximately 4-5 nm and the outside diameter ranged from 10 nm to 20 nm. No CNTs were produced when pure lignin and cellulose were tested indicating that the molecular and spatial arrangement of cell wall plays an important role in CNT formation. The research suggests that the chemical components in the secondary plant cell wall and their differential ablation properties are critical for the formation of CNTs at these comparatively low temperatures.