民营上市公司股权结构与大股东掏空行为研究

当今公司代理问题研究焦点已经从第一类代理问题转向第二类代理问题,即向大股东与中小股东之间的代理问题.随着民营经济在我国国民经济中地位的提升,对民营上市公司研究也成为一个焦点.由于民营上市公司普遍存在着股权集中度高的现象,大股东对上市公司和中小股东利益的掏空行为日益为人们所关注.本文从民营上市公司大股东资金占用视角,构建实证分析模型,得出民营上市公司股权集中度与大股东掏空行为呈U型关系;股权制衡度能有效地抑制大股东的掏空行为等结论.     

高管股权激励与大股东掏空抑制研究:大股东异质特征和制度情境的调节效应

在引入合谋薪酬的委托代理模型中,探究高管股权激励对大股东掏空的作用机制,通过数值模拟与规范分析,从收入效应、风险效应以及身份转换效应三个层面阐释高管股权激励对大股东掏空的影响路径,并以我国沪深A股2009年至2013年实施股权激励计划的上市公司为研究对象,运用面板回归分析发现:高管股权激励存在抑制大股东掏空程度的作用;在股权集中度低、控股层级高和两权分离度大,以及市场化程度低、国有性质和集团控股的公司中,高管股权激励对大股东掏空的抑制作用显著,成为有助于投资者保护的内部治理机制;准自然实验的PSM-DID方法稳健性检验也支持了研究假设,并且高管股权激励对大股东掏空在滞后两年的抑制效应显著。研究揭示了高管股权激励对大股东掏空的抑制作用及情境差异,这为从公司内外部治理机制提出抑制大股东掏空的政策提供了启示。     

委托代理理论视角下大股东侵害行为的机制分析

本文从委托代理理论的视角出发,分析了大股东与中小投资者之间的委托代理关系。从模型推导出作为代理人的大股东是否选择侵害中小投资者的行为关键取决于其获得的控制权私人收益的大小。中国上市公司由于对大股东的约束机制存在缺陷导致了大股东可以低成本的获得私人收益是存在大股东侵害问题的重要原因。     

大股东代理问题与IPO募集资金的使用

本文在单一股东价值模型的基础上,引入第一大股东的代理行为,并对IPO募集资金使用情况的影响因素进行理论分析,进而提出研究假说。用中国股市A股IPO数据对假说进行检验,发现IPO募集资金的使用受到第一大股东代理行为的影响,第一大股东政治级别越高和财务杠杆越小的上市公司的募集资金投入程度显著越低。IPO募集资金的使用也受到股东价值驱动因素的影响,上市后三年平均营业利润率越高的公司,IPO募集资金投入程度显著越高。     

大股东掏空视角下的薪酬激励与盈余管理

基于代理成本的视角,分析大股东掏空对经理薪酬激励与盈余管理行为的影响及内在机理,并以2008年至2011年中国沪、深股市A股上市公司数据为样本,采用OLS模型实证检验大股东掏空、经理薪酬与盈余管理间的内在联系,并考察不同产权性质企业大股东掏空对经理薪酬与盈余管理影响的系统性差异。研究结果表明,尽管中国上市公司已基本建立有弹性的业绩型薪酬体系,但是大股东攫取控制权私利的掏空行为也会降低经理薪酬激励的有效性,并引发经理与大股东合谋进行盈余管理的新的代理问题;产权性质对大股东掏空、经理薪酬和盈余管理间关系具有显著的调节作用,与国有上市公司相比,非国有上市公司中掏空行为对经理薪酬业绩敏感性以及经理薪酬与盈余管理间敏感性的影响表现得更加突出。     

监督还是掏空:大股东持股比例与股价崩盘风险

随着大股东持股比例的上升,究竟会导致大股东更有动力监督管理层,并降低其掏空动机,还是更有能力掏空上市公司、损害中小投资者的利益呢?为此,本文以2003~2012年中国A股上市公司为样本,考察了大股东持股比例对股价崩盘风险的影响。研究发现,随着第一大股东持股比例的提高,未来股价崩盘风险显著下降;在控制了内生性等问题之后,该结论依然成立。这支持了"监督效应"和"更少掏空效应",但不支持"更多掏空效应"。进一步分析表明,大股东持股同时通过"监督效应"和"更少掏空效应"影响股价崩盘风险。本文不但深化了股价崩盘风险影响因素研究,而且有助于我们全面认识大股东在公司治理中的角色,对于深入理解大股东在资本市场中的作用,以及如何防范股价崩盘、促进资本市场健康有序发展都具有重要意义。     

百股义士:投服中心行权与中小投资者保护——基于投服中心参与股东大会的研究

2014年证监会牵头成立中证中小投资者服务中心,是我国资本市场投资者保护的重大制度创新.研究投服中心对中小投资者保护的切实所用在理论和实践层面具有重大意义.鉴于此,本文使用手工整理的投服中心数据,系统分析投服中心的行权方式和运行规律,以及投服中心持股行权在中小投资者保护中的作用.研究结果显示:1)投服中心倾向关注财务状况较差、内部治理质量低、大股东和内部人控制程度低的民营企业;2)投服中心持股行权能够降低大股东和中小投资者间的信息不对称,且带动更多的中小投资者积极参与公司治理;3)投服中心关注某上市公司的公告能引起显著的市场反应,体现为被关注的公司受到更低的累计市场异常回报率.上述结果表明投服中心持股行权能够显著提高中小投资者保护.本研究首次系统地检验了投服中心持股行权的影响因素和经济后果,丰富了中小投资者保护的相关研究,对相关政策制定者未来的政策研究与制定提供参考.     

公司信息透明度与大股东资金占用研究

本文以2002-2006年非金融类的中国A股上市公司为研究对象,分析了公司信息透明度与大股东资金占用之间的关系.研究发现,在控制其它影响因素条件下,公司信息透明度越差,大股东资金占用问题越严重.该研究结论表明,提高公司信息透明度将有助于改善大股东与中小股东之间的信息不对称,缓解二者之间的代理冲突,减少大股东资金占用的可能性.     

反收购条款的作用机制——基于大股东掏空研究视角北大核心CSCDCSSCI

已有研究表明反收购条款既有"堑壕效应"又有"谈判收益效应".本研究以股权集中背景下的大股东利益侵占现象为切入点,将大股东掏空行为纳入分析框架,首先构建了反收购条款影响大股东及收购方决策的理论模型;其次从中小股东的角度对反收购条款,股东财富与控制权市场的相互关系和作用机理进行了探讨;最后进行了数值分析,阐述了理论模型所得到的相关结果.研究结果表明:(1)大股东的掏空行为随着反收购强度的增强而加剧;(2)当收购方最优出价唯一时,随着反收购强度增强,收购方的出价将会升高;(3)目标公司被并购的概率随着反收购强度的增强而减小;(4)在一定条件下,中小股东的财富随着反收购强度增强而减少.     

投资者法律保护、两权分离与资金占用——来自中国2006年度公司法调整前后的并购公司数据

本文运用中国2004-2007年有关并购后所有权转移的191家上市公司数据检验2006年我国公司法调整及股权分置改革后,对上市公司中小股东投资者的法律保护是否加强.结果发现,并购后控股股东掏空动机整体较之前有所降低,对中小投资者的保护较之前有所加强;同时,控制权与现金流权分离程度的敏感性大于前期.敏感性增加意味着控股股东在对与掏空行为密切相关的两权分离程度的关注程度、伺机抉择性更强;掏空的方式、方法、手段将更具隐秘性、多样性.股权分置改革完成不能由此结束由两权分离所带来的掏空行为;在海外的一些发达或新兴市场的上市公司不存在股权分置问题,但同样存在类似行为.由此,投资者的法律保护任重而道远.     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.