镜鲤体长性状的QTL定位分析

以镜鲤良种后代为祖父母本所培育的杂交F2群体的68个个体为材料,利用553个分子标记(217个SSR和336个SNP标记)对其进行基因型检测,运用JoinMap4.0软件包对遗传连锁图谱进行构建。利用MapQTL5.0区间作图法(Interval mapping)进行QTL检测,通过置换实验(1 000次重复)确定连锁群显著性水平阈值。在对体长的区间定位中共检测到12个与体长性状相关的QTLs区间,分布在BL-1-1(SNP0137-SNP1481)、BL-4-1(SNP0092-HLJ797)、BL-5-1(SNP1268-HLJ423)、BL-7-1(HLJ870-SNP0702)、BL-12-1(SNP0922-HLJ639)、BL-16-1(HLJE351-SNP0674)、BL-25-1(SNP0394-SNP0862)、BL-35-1(HLJ668-SNP0832)、BL-43-1(SNP0389-SNP1425)、BL-47-1(HLJ057-HLJ1113)、BL-47-2(HLJ1439-HLJ1418)等11个连锁群上,解释表型变异范围是13.8%~64.9%,其中贡献率大于20%的主效QTLs有8个,是体长性状的主效QTLs区间。     

豌豆遗传图谱构建及QTL定位研究进展

豌豆的许多性状是多基因控制的数量性状,QTL定位就是以分子标记技术为工具、以遗传连锁图谱为基础、利用分子标记与QTL之间的连锁关系确定控制数量性状的基因在基因组中的位置.本文对QTL定位原理、方法进行了简单介绍;对豌豆遗传图谱构建及主要性状,如产量、品质、抗病性等QTL定位、遗传效应分析等方面的研究进行综述;对目前基于QTL豌豆分子标记育种存在的问题、应用前景进行了探讨.     

西瓜果实性状QTL定位及其遗传效应分析

用可溶性固形物含量高、薄皮、感枯萎病的栽培西瓜自交系（Ｃｉｔｒｕｌｌｕｓ ｌａｎａｔｕｓ ｖａｒ．ｌａｎａｔｕｓ）９７１０３和可溶性固形物含量低、皮厚、抗病的野生西瓜种质（Ｃｉｔｒｕｌｌｕｓ ｌａｎａｔｕｓ ｖａｒ．ｃｉｔｒｏｉｄｅｓ）ＰＩ２９６３４１杂交所得Ｆ２的１１８个单株为作图群体,通过构建分子连锁图谱,对西瓜主要果实性状可溶性固形物含量、果皮硬度、果皮厚度、单果重、种子千粒重进行区间作图,     

微卫星DNA标记探讨镜鲤的种群结构与遗传变异

采用30个微卫星分子标记, 对5个镜鲤群体的观测杂合度(^H_o)、期望杂合度(^H_e)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(^A_e)等进行了遗传检测, 根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离, 以c2检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡, 以近交系数(FST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化。同时, 使用PHYLIP3.63软件绘制基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMA聚类图, 并进行bootstrap自举检验验证进化树的可靠性。在德国镜鲤选育系(Scattered Cyprinus carpio L.)和来自4个不同养殖场(松浦、东岗、奉城和辽中)的德国镜鲤群体中共检测到7 083个扩增片段, 长度在102 ~ 446 bp之间, 在群体内扩增出等位基因1~16个不等, 共计356个等位基因。结果表明: (1)5个群体检测的有效等位基因数在1.07~12.30个不等, 平均多态信息含量为0.74、0.74、0.69、0.75和0.75, 无偏期望杂合度的平均值为0.74、0.78、0.70、0.76和0.78, 说明这几个群体属于高度多态, 遗传多样性水平较高。(2)群体间相似系数在0.52以上, 相似性较高。聚类分析显示, 东岗、奉城和辽中3个养殖场的德国镜鲤群体聚类成一个分支, 而德国镜鲤选育系与松浦群体聚类成另一分支。聚类的先后与它们在地理分布上距离远近有一定的相关性。(3)在与功能基因相关的多个微卫星基因座位上, 扩增产物呈现不同程度的缺失现象, 这些无效等位基因的产生可能与结构基因在育种中受到人工选择的影响较大有关。     

水稻叶绿素含量的QTL定位

利用由两个籼稻品种Acc8558和H359杂交构建的一个包含131个株系(F19)的重组自交系群体,及其相应的包含147个RFLP和78个AFLP标记的遗传图谱,采用多性状复合区间定位方法,对控制水稻叶绿素含量的QTL进行了定位分析。对叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量各检测到6个QTL,其中5个QTL在两性状问是相同的。这些QTL主要分布在第1和第4染色体上,因此这两条染色体对叶绿素含量是重要的。QTL qChlAlc／qChlBlb(二者位置相同)在4个观测时期均表现较大效应,且在最后的剑叶期贡献最大,因此对叶绿素含量最为重要。另两个QTL(qCh-LA4a／qChlB4a和qChlA4b／qChlB4b)只在第2次观测时期效应显著,表明它们只在特定发育阶段发挥作用。     

作物数量性状(QTL)基因研究进展

从作物数量性状基因座QTL(quantitative trait locus)作图群体类型及特点,QTL定位的原理和方法,作物QTL研究现状,以及QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述。对作物QTL分子标记辅助选择育种进行了探讨,并对目前QTL定位中存在的问题和今后QTL的研究方向提出了一些思考。     

一个水稻卷叶主效QTL的定位及其物理图谱的构建

以水稻平展叶品种奇妙香和中度卷叶品种91SP068组合的F2无性系群体为定位群体,利用微卫星标记(SSR)对卷叶基因进行定位。在第5染色体长臂上定位到1个卷叶主效QTLS(rl8),它来自亲本91SP068,两侧标记为RM6954和RM6841,标记间的遗传距离为3．8cM,rl8距RM6954 1．0cM。所估计的加性效应和显性效应两年间均有所不同,2002年和2003年通过复合区间作图法所估计的加性效应分别为9．61和6．23,显性效应分别为-1．19和-4．44,两年间对表型的贡献率变化在20％～33％。同时,构建了覆盖该QTL区间的物理图谱,两标记间的物理距离为542kb,遗传距离和物理距离之比为144kb／cM。     

微卫星标记与奶牛数量性状QTL定位

本文对奶牛产奶性能（产奶量、乳脂率、乳脂量、蛋白率、蛋白量）、乳房炎及体细胞数、繁殖性能、生产寿命等数量性状QTL定位研究进展进行了综述。 Abstract:Mapping of quantitative trait loci for some important traits (milk yield,fat percentage,fat yield,protein percentage,protein yield,clinical mastitis and somatic cell count,reproductive performance,productive life,etc.) in dairy cattle was introduced in this review.     

两个镜鲤半同胞家系的遗传多样性及经济性状分析

在两个镜鲤半同胞家系中,各随机选取47尾作为实验鱼,测量体重、体长、全长等数量性状,利用24个微卫星分子标记对其进行遗传检测,共检测到57个等位基因,每个基因座的等位基因数为1－6个不等,平均等位基因3.21个,片段长度在134－371bp之间,有效等位基因数Ne为1.00－2.89, 平均观察杂合度Ho为0.00－0.83,平均期望杂合度He为0.00－0.66,平均多态信息含量PIC为0.00－0.58。结果表明：2个家系的遗传多样性处于中度水平,但连锁不平衡分析表明这两个家系在较大的选择压力下,已严重偏离Hardy-Wenberg平衡。利用SPSS程序下的GLM过程对24个微卫星位点与主要经济性状的相关性进行分析,结果发现：HLJ519,HLJ848、HLJ855、HLJE8 4个微卫星位点对镜鲤体重显著影响(p<0.05),其中,位点HLJ519,HLJ848、HLJ855还对体长和全长存在显著影响(p<0.05)。对这些位点基因型所对应的表型均值进行了多重比较,找到了一些对主要经济性状有利的基因型。     

水稻QTL分析的研究进展

水稻许多重要的性状是由多基因控制的数量性状,经典的数量遗传学只能把数量性状作为一个整体进行研究。近年来．高密度分子标记连锁图的构建和有效的生物统计学方法的发展使人们对数量性状遗传基础的研究出现了革命性的变化。通过对不同群体内的个体或品系的分子标记基因型和表型数据的共分离分析,能对QTL进行检测和定位。本文对QTL定位的原理和方法进行了介绍,从QTL的数目和效应、上位性效应、QTL基因型与环境的互作、相关性状的QTL以及个体发育不同阶段的QTL等方面对水稻QTL分析的研究进展进行了综述。水稻基因组测序计划已经完成,本文还对基因组时代水稻QTL精细定位和克隆的方法进行了探讨,对QTL分析在水稻育种中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Genetic Linkage Mapping and Analysis of Muscle Fiber-Related QTLs in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

A genetic linkage map of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was constructed using Type I and Type II microsatellite markers and a pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The microsatellite markers were isolated from microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries and tested for their segregation in a full-sib mapping panel containing 92 individuals. A total of 161 microsatellite loci were mapped into 54 linkage groups. The total lengths of the female, male and consensus maps were 2,000, 946, and 1,852?cM, with an average marker spacing of approximately 13, 7, and 11?cM, respectively. Muscle fiber-related traits, including muscle fiber cross-section area and muscle fiber density, were mapped to the genetic map. Three QTLs for muscle fiber cross-section area and two QTLs for muscle fiber density were identified when considering both significant and suggestive QTL effects. The QTLs with largest effects for muscle fiber cross-section area and muscle fiber density were 21.9% and 18.9%, and they were located in LG3, respectively.     

Mapping QTLs for Swimming Ability Related Traits in Cyprinus carpio L.

Body height (BH), head length (HL), snout length (SL), and tail length (TL) are important traits related with swimming ability of fish. Therefore, improving these traits will increase the production which is the basic goal of aquaculture breeding. To understand the genetic basis of swimming ability related traits in Cyprinus carpio L., a high-density linkage map spanning 3,301 cM in 50 linkage groups was utilized for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. Mapping family comprised 190 offspring and 627 molecular markers were genotyped with average distance of 5.6 cM. A total of 15 QTLs including four (qBH13, qBH30, qBH33, qBH48) for BH, four (qHL10, qHL18, qHL29, qHL48) for HL, three (qSL24, qSL27, qSL45) for SL, and four (qTL15, qTL17, qTL18, qTL44) for TL were detected on 13 linkage groups LG10, LG13, LG15, LG17, LG18, LG24, LG27, LG29, LG30, LG33, LG44, LG45, and LG48. Each LG consisted on single QTL except LG18 and LG48. LG18 was found with two QTLs associated with HL and TL. While LG48 was comprised, the QTLs related with BH and HL. The phenotype variance was recorded from 12.6 to 40.6 %. Five QTLs, qHL48, qSL45, qTL15, qTL18, and qTL44, explained phenotype variance of >20 % with a significant levels of 0.047, 0.049, 0.037, 0.025, and 0.023, respectively. The neighbored loci of these QTLs were considered as main region of chromosomes controlling the traits. These identified genetic regions will be the main source of discovering gene(s) associated with swimming ability related traits in C. carpio L.     

鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)头长、眼径、眼间距QTL的定位

用265个AFLP标记、127个微卫星分子标记、37个EST-SSR标记和16个RAPD标记对大头鲤/荷包红鲤抗寒品系的F2雌核发育群体44个个体进行基因型检测, 构建鲤鱼遗传连锁图谱。利用软件WinQTLCart2.5采用复合区间作图法对头长、眼径、眼间距3个性状进行了QTL分析。结果显示, 共检测到5个与头长性状相关的QTL, 分别定位于鲤鱼连锁图谱的LG2(qHS-2-1)、LG3 (qHS-3-1)、LG40(qHS-40-1)和LG4 (qHS-4-2和qHS-4-3) 上。其中qHS-40-1拥有最大的 LOD值, 为7.94, 可解释的表型变异为 34.29%。qHS-4-2的LOD值最小, 为5.03, 可解释的表型变异为11.52%。5个与头长性状相关的 QTL 加性效应值均为负值。检测到两个与眼径性状相关的QTL, 分别定位于鲤鱼连锁图谱的LG39连锁群(qED-39-1)和LG40连锁群(qED-40-1)上, 其中qED-40-1的LOD值比较大, 为2.76, 其加性效应值为负值, 可以解释5.62%的表型变异; qED-39-1的LOD值为2.72, 加性效应值为正值, 可以解释9.77%的表型变异。检测到两个与眼间距性状相关的QTL, 分别定位到鲤鱼连锁图谱的LG20连锁群(qEC-20-1)和LG28 连锁群(qEC-28-1)上。其中qEC-20-1的LOD值比较大, 为3.77, 加性效应值为正值, 可以解释8.29%的表型变异; qEC-28-1的LOD值为2.79, 对应的加性效应值为负值, 可以解释8.88%的表型变异     

Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) innate immune factors are present before hatching

Expression of the innate immune factors, complement factor 3 (C3), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), serum amyloid A (SAA) and a complement factor 1 r/s--mannose binding lectin associated serine protease-like molecule (C1/MASP2), was determined with Real Time Quantitative-PCR in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) ontogeny around hatching. Furthermore, the expression of C3 mRNA and the presence of C3 protein were studied in carp embryos and larvae using In Situ Hybridisation, Western Blotting and Immunohistochemistry. C3, alpha2M, SAA and C1/MASP2 mRNA were produced by embryos from 12 h post-fertilisation, which is relatively long before hatching (2 days post-fertilisation (dpf)), indicating either involvement of these factors in development itself or more probably a preparation of the immune system for the post-hatching period. In addition, maternal mRNA of the aforementioned innate immune factors and maternal C3- and immunoglobulin protein was present in unfertilised eggs. Furthermore, C3 mRNA production was situated in the yolk syncytial layer in embryos from 24 h post-fertilisation to 5 dpf, followed by the liver in larvae, providing a new sequence of C3 production in teleost development.     

Tissue-Specific Fatty Acids Response to Different Diets in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Fish depend on dietary fatty acids (FA) to support their physiological condition and health. Exploring the FA distribution in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), one of the world''s most consumed freshwater fish, is important to understand how and where FA of different sources are allocated. We investigated diet effects on the composition of polar and neutral lipid fatty acids (PLFA and NLFA, respectively) in eight different tissues (dorsal and ventral muscle, heart, kidney, intestine, eyes, liver and adipose tissue) of common carp. Two-year old carp were exposed to three diet sources (i.e., zooplankton, zooplankton plus supplementary feeds containing vegetable, VO, or fish oil, FO) with different FA composition. The PLFA and NLFA response was clearly tissue-specific after 210 days of feeding on different diets. PLFA were generally rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated FA and only marginally influenced by dietary FA, whereas the NLFA composition strongly reflected dietary FA profiles. However, the NLFA composition in carp tissues varied considerably at low NLFA mass ratios, suggesting that carp is able to regulate the NLFA composition and thus FA quality in its tissues when NLFA contents are low. Finally, this study shows that FO were 3X more retained than VO as NLFA particularly in muscle tissues, indicating that higher nutritional quality feeds are selectively allocated into tissues and thus available for human consumption.     

烟酸诺氟沙星在松浦镜鲤体内的药动学特征

结合单纯聚集法和二步法,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术研究了分别以10、30、60 mg/kg剂量对松浦镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)口灌烟酸诺氟沙星后,药物在实验鱼血浆中的药动学特征。3种给药剂量下,诺氟沙星在松浦镜鲤血浆中的血药浓度和时间关系均可用一级吸收二室开放模型进行描述,吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)分别为0.165、0.061、0.043 h,消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为18.282、29.969、42.051 h,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为0.333、0.327、0.302 h,达峰浓度(Cmax)分别为4.780、6.247、12.689 mg/L,药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为32.698、53.015、174.998 mg·h/L,表观分布容积(Vd)分别为1.044、4.347、4.561 L/kg。说明随着给药剂量的增加,诺氟沙星的吸收和消除速率均加快,给药剂量对药动学特征有显著影响。     

锦鲤中吉氏库特菌的分离与鉴定

对从患病锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)肝组织中分离的1株纯培养菌(HC050630C-1)进行了形态特征、主要理化特性、对健康鲤鱼的致病作用、药物敏感性等方面的检验;同时测定了该株菌的16S rRNA基因序列,构建了系统发育树。结果表明,被检菌为吉氏库特菌(Kurthia gibsonll),对健康鲤鱼未显示明显的致病作用;所测菌株的16S rRNA基因序列长度1459bp,在GenBank中登录号为EF611423;该菌株16SrRNA基因序列与GenBank数据库中吉氏库特菌的16S rRNA基因序列同源性在99%;药敏试验结果显示,对供试的氨苄青霉素等27种药物呈现高度敏感或敏感,对头孢吡肟等6种呈低度敏感,对苯唑青霉素等4种耐药。     

微卫星DNA标记分析野生鲤鱼群体的遗传多样性

利用30个微卫星分子标记对海南鲤(HN)、长江鲤(CY)、月亮湖鲤(YL)、黑龙江鲤(FY)、呼伦湖鲤(ZL)、贝尔湖鲤(BR)6个野生鲤鱼群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ae)等进行了遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,χ2检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,用近交系数(FST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化及其来源。同时,使用PHYLIP3.63软件绘制基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMA进化树。6个群体共检测到8,136个扩增片段,长度在125bp～414bp,30个基因座扩增出等位基因数从3～13个不等,共计210个等位基因,平均每个基因座扩增得到7个等位基因。结果显示:(1)6个野鲤群体的多态性指标均适中,多态信息含量依次0.44、0.52、0.53、0.57、0.63和0.64,有效等位基因数1.04～4.72个不等,平均有效等位基因数依次为2.19、2.60、2.42、2.43、2.45和2.33,无偏期望杂合度平均值为0.50、0.59、0.56、0.56、0.57和0.54;(2)遗传相似系数BR与ZL最高(0.8511),BR与HN最低(0.6688),聚类结果与地理分布呈一定相关性。     

鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生(英文)

参与鱼类免疫应答的主要组织和器官有肾（特别是头肾）、脾、胸腺、血液和淋巴等。近３０年来,随着鱼类免疫学的迅速发展,国内外许多学者在鱼类免疫相关组织和器官的结构、功能及免疫机理方面作了不少工作,但在鱼类免疫相关器官的发生方面所作工作很少。本文以正常鲤鱼的受精卵及不同发育阶段的幼鱼为材料,以Ｂｏｕｉｎ’ｓ液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,然后利用酸性条件下的阿新兰染色和过碘酸─—雪夫氏试剂反应相接合的方法（ＡＢ－ＰＡＳ染色）处理切片,对鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生作了初步研究。结果表明,肾脏是出现最早的免疫器官;孵化前第一天（受精后第五天）就已经发现肾小管（Ｆｉｇ．１）,孵化后第二天,在两个大的心窦之上出现网状的头肾组织,两条主要的,肾小管向后延伸在接近肛门处联合。在这个时期,肾小管之间分布有许多未分化的造血于细胞（Ｆｉｇ．２）和成熟的红细胞（Ｆｉｇ．３）。孵化后第五天,肾小管盘绕卷曲,肾小管之间的血细胞数目也有增加,出现体积较小的淋巴细胞（Ｆｉｇ．４）。孵化后第九天,造血组织间发育中的淋巴细胞数量大大增加,至孵化后３０天,头肾、中肾、小管已很少,大部分被造血组织所充满。脾脏于孵化当天出现,位于肝胰脏之左