输沙率公式对桥墩局部冲刷数值模拟影响研究

基于Melville桥墩局部冲刷试验模型,采用FLOW-3D软件,利用大涡模拟方法模拟了桥墩绕流局部冲刷过程,通过分析冲刷坑形态、深度的变化过程,评价了Meyer-Peter和Van Rijn推移质输沙率公式在桥墩绕流局部冲刷模拟中的适用性,并结合两输沙率公式结构分析了模拟结果存在差异的原因。结果表明：大涡模拟方法能够有效模拟桥墩绕流的复杂流态,采用Meyer-Peter推移质输沙率公式的局部冲刷模拟结果较好,预测的冲刷坑形态更接近试验观测结果;当时间为30 min时,最大冲刷深度与试验观测结果相对误差为2.3%。采用Van Rijn推移质输沙率公式的预测结果相对较差,最大冲刷深度与试验观测结果相对误差为15.5%。     

怒江中游河段推移质输沙率计算公式的试验研究

采用五类推移质输沙率公式中各具代表性的公式对怒江中游河段推移质输沙率进行计算,同时,通过推移质泥沙输移水槽模拟试验,对怒江中游河段的不同流量级的推移质输沙率进行了分析研究,并与上述推移质输沙率公式计算结果对比分析,得出了适合怒江中游河段的推移质输沙率公式,为该河段推移质输沙率计算提供了可行的计算方法.     

北江下游推移质输沙研究

采用数值模拟与实测资料相结合的方法研究了北江下游推移质输沙率公式的适用性、洪枯季推移质输沙率及空间分布。结果表明以切应力为主要参量的推移质输沙率公式较适用于北江下游河道,洪季Bijker公式、枯季Van Rijn公式计算误差较小。石角断面洪季推移质输沙率为9.06万t/月,枯季为2.43万t/月,年推移质输沙量为49.54万t。推移质输沙主要集中在大塘以上河段,洪枯季均在山塘上游、廻岐洲、界牌洲等处出现输沙率峰值,大塘下游推移质输沙较弱。水面比降是推移质输沙率沿程变化的主导因素。     

非均匀推移质瞬时输沙率试验研究

推移质输沙率是泥沙运动力学的重要内容。目前,推移质输沙率的研究大多集中于时均输沙率,对瞬时输沙率的研究则相对较少。首先,介绍了Ballio提出的均匀沙瞬时输沙率的计算方法,对其进行推导得到非均匀沙瞬时输沙率计算公式;其次,通过非均匀沙水槽试验中得到不同颗粒泥沙的瞬时运动速度,代入改进的Ballio输沙率公式中,计算得到瞬时输沙率;然后,采用定义方法计算瞬时推移质输沙率,并与Ballio方法进行比较,结果表明两种方法得到的推移质瞬时输沙率较为接近,说明采用改进的Ballio方法计算非均匀推移质瞬时输沙率是可行的。同时,通过大量试验,揭示了非均匀推移质瞬时输沙率在时间上不稳定性、在空间上不均匀性以及运动过程中间歇性等特性。     

推移质输沙率计算公式的比较和标准化问题

推移质输沙率计算公式种类繁多,其立论基础和研究方法各不相同,应用情况也千差万别,这给实际工作带来了不便.对典型推移质输沙率公式进行了分类,并提出了推移质输沙率公式标准化的途径,同时对已有的一些计算公式进行了比较和评价,推荐了Yang公式等几个公式,并对今后这一问题研究进行了展望.     

沙质河床推移质输沙率计算研究

沙质河床推移质输沙计算无论在河流动力学的基本理论研究,还是在工程应用方面都有重要意义。本文回顾了前人主要研究成果,认为因推移质输沙率测验精度低而使现有公式多不适用于典型沙质河床,故在阐明推移质与悬移质泥沙交换运动机理基础上,借助因测验精度较高而在学科研究较成熟的悬移质含沙量垂线分布公式,通过向河底外延推求出推移质泥沙输沙率,并充分考虑泥沙粒径、水流强度及水力摩阻特性对沙质推移质输沙厚度的影响,得到了物理概念清晰、形式较为简明的沙质推移质输沙率公式。通过黄河细沙河床实测资料验证结果表明,本文建立的公式比前人推移质输沙率公式具有较高计算精度,可以应用到推移质输沙率测验精度不能保证的沙质河段的河床变形计算。     

三峡水库下游荆江河段推移质输沙率计算方法分析

根据荆江沙市水文站与监利水文站共380组次推移质输沙率与断面水力要素的实测资料,分析了推移质泥沙的输移特性,建立了推移质输沙率与流量之间的关系式,并利用实测资料对Engelund-Hansen和Einstein推移质输沙率公式进行了检验与修正。研究结果表明:荆江河段沙市站与监利站的实测推移质泥沙年输移量位于137~388万t之间,主要发生在汛期的5-10月,约占全年的75%,而且沙市站断面的年均输沙量小于监利站;推移质输沙率与流量的1.3511次方成正比,呈显著相关。Engelund-Hansen与Einstein公式直接用于计算荆江河段推移质输沙率均存在系统偏差,修正后的公式与实测资料吻合较好,呈高度相关,其中Einstein的修正公式相关度更高。研究成果可用于荆江河段推移质输沙量的计算与河床演变分析。     

长江上游寸滩站卵石推移质输沙规律研究

以长江上游寸滩水文站14 a实测的卵石推移质输沙率资料为基础,对常见的卵石起动和输沙率公式进行验证。计算结果发现:各公式精度不高,不能准确反映寸滩站卵石推移质输沙规律。对实测资料进行分析整理,引入了以卵石粒径本身为变量的系数,建立了卵石起动流速公式,并对以流速为主要参数的推移质输沙率公式进行修正,建立了适合寸滩站的卵石推移质输沙率公式。验证结果表明所提出的公式具有较好的精度。     

长江寸滩站卵石推移质输沙规律

寸滩站是长江干流主要水文测站之一，经分析实测资料，建立了流量与流速、水深、水面宽、卵石推移质输沙率、推移质最大粒径的相关，分别写成指数议程，通过实测资料检验，现有的均匀沙起动流速公式不能反映雨滩推移质起动规律，引进床沙隐暴系数，建立了不均匀库沙级配的起动流速公式，根据流计平均和多元回归分析，建立了雨滩卵石多质分组输沙率的计算公式。按公式计算的卵石推移质输沙率和实测值比较，获得满意结果；根据分组输沙率公式算出的卵石推移质级配线与实测的比较，也得到满意结果。     

卵石推移质输沙率计算公式的检验和修正

由映秀湾水电站库区实测卵石推移质淤积量和敞泄冲沙推移质冲刷量,求得各时段平均进出库推移质输沙率,然后分别用进出库断面水力要素对以流速为主要参变量的几个常用推移质输沙率计算公式进行了检验和修正。比较后初步认为,系数修正后的竇国仁公式可用于卵石河床推移质输沙率的计算。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.