2007年农药杀虫剂专利（二）

阳离子表面活性剂与有机磷、拟除虫菊酯或杀蚕毒素类杀虫剂的增效杀虫组合物;一种含斑蝥素杀虫剂组合物;一类防治水稻害虫的复合杀虫剂;含有氟虫腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯的具有协同增效作用的杀虫剂     

无公害杀虫剂防治韭蛆的药效试验及苦参碱杀虫作用的研究

用植物杀虫剂苦参碱和低毒化学杀虫剂毒死蜱，辛硫磷对韭菜重要害虫韭蛆进行了室内和田间药效试验。结果表明，3种杀虫剂具很好的杀虫效果。室内研究表明，苦参碱对韭蛆的消化系统，神经系统和内分泌系统均产生明显的影响。     

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的抗性发展概况

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂,特别以对光稳定的拟虫菊酯杀虫剂问世以来,以其特有的杀虫特性,在害虫的防治上发挥了重大的作用。在戊酸氰醚酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯及溴氰菊酯四种对光稳定的品种应用于农业害虫防治以后,这类杀虫剂有了突飞猛进的发展。目前,国内外对这类新的化合物正在进行大量的研制和筛选。预期在近年内将会有更大的发展。但是,衡量一个农药新品种是否有发展前途,除了它的杀虫活性等因素外,还必需考虑这个农药品种在使用过程中,对害虫是否会产生抗性,并发展到影响经济的程度。     

磷化铝膏剂的研制及应用

磷化铝是一种良好的高效低残毒熏蒸杀虫剂,它除了被人们广泛地应用于粮库、中草药库、烟草库等熏蒸杀虫外,近年来国内亦有磷化铝应用于林木保护方面的实例,主要防治对象是蛀干类害虫,如杨树光肩星天牛、桑天牛、星天牛及苹果枝天牛、梨眼天牛和苹果小吉丁虫、六星吉丁虫、苹果透翅蛾、大褐木蠹蛾等。磷化铝杀灭上述蛀干类害虫的原理仍然是根据磷化铝遇水分解后,放出的磷化氢剧毒气体将其杀灭。目前国内磷化铝的加工剂型主要是56～     

复配茶树精油对6种仓储害虫成虫的熏蒸活性研究

为了筛选低毒高效的植物杀虫剂,在28℃条件下,研究了复配茶树精油对锯谷盗、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗、麦蛾、印度谷螟、嗜卷书虱6种仓储害虫的熏蒸作用。结果表明,熏蒸48 h后,复配茶树精油对6种仓储害虫成虫均有一定的熏蒸活性,其中对嗜卷书虱的熏蒸效果显著,其LC_(50)值为96.38μL/L,其次为麦蛾和印度谷螟,锯谷盗、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗对复配茶树精油的敏感性低。     

溴氰菊酯防治漆树叶(虫甲)药效试验

溴氰菊酯是法国研制成的一种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,具有广谱杀虫,持效期长,对人畜毒性低,对环境污染小,使用安全等优点。本文报道了该药对漆树叶(虫甲)害虫的防治试验效果,认为溴氰菊酯是防治漆树叶(虫甲)较为理想的药剂。     

双氧威防治几种储粮害虫试验

本文介绍了昆虫生长调节剂双氧威对几呼储粮害虫的室内试验情况。试验结果表明双氧威对杂拟谷盗、米象、玉米象及谷蠹等几各鞘翅目害虫的繁殖均具有较好的抑制作用，并且对有抗性的抗蠹也具有较好的控制作用。     

拟除虫菊酯在害虫防治中的经济作用

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂由于具有成本低、用量少、杀虫谱广及使用安全等优点,自1978年投放使用以来,立即得到了农业界的支持。本文试图从这些产品防治害虫的经济性的角度来估量或定量地评价此类杀虫剂的成功所在。本工作从两方面来进行:一是分析全球的拟除虫菊酯市场的规模;二是计算拟除虫菊酯因害虫产生抗性而失效时其他代用药剂的成本,以观察其对全球农业所产生的经济上的影响。     

辛硫磷对储粮害虫毒效的初步试验

为了贯彻执行毛主席“备战、备荒、为人民”的伟大战略方针,努力把粮食管好,不受储粮害虫危害。我们用50％辛硫磷乳剂,进行空仓消毒杀虫试验。结果表明:辛硫磷对米象、赤拟谷盗、锯谷盗、长角谷盗、谷蠹、烟草甲、米扁虫、粉斑螟蛾和米黑虫幼虫等害虫均有良好杀虫效果,现汇报如下: 一、室内药效试验 1.研究辛硫磷对害虫致死浓度与残效:50％辛硫磷加水稀释成0.5％、0.2％、0.1％和0.05％四种浓度的水溶液。采用玻璃缸在缸底铺垫滤纸,玻璃缸的滤纸、缸壁分别涂上不同     

新颖杀虫剂——丁烯氟虫腈

N-取代苯基吡唑类是近年来国际上研究较为广泛的一类杀虫剂，其代表品种有原法国罗纳．普朗克（现拜耳公司）1989年开发的氟虫腈，即著名的锐劲特（Regent）。该药剂对众多害虫有卓效，如半翅目、鳞翅目、缨翅目、鞘翅目等害虫，杀虫谱甚广。同时，对环戊二烯类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性害虫亦十分有效。由于其对鱼、虾等水生生物毒性较高，从而也限制了它的应用。     

The Role of Filippi’s Glands in the Silk Moths Cocoon Construction

Filippi’s glands (FGs), formerly also called Lyonet’s glands, are accessory secretory structures of the labial (silk) glands of lepidopteran caterpillars, which were implicated to play an important role in the maturation of the silk material and the construction of the cocoon. In our previous study, we have identified several species of giant silk moths that completely lack the FGs. Interestingly, the absence of FGs in these species correlates with the construction of a loose cocoon architecture. We investigated the functions of FGs by their surgical extirpation in the last instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. We found that the absence of FGs altered the structure of the resulting cocoon, in which the different layers of silk were separated. In further experiments, we found no effects of the absence of FGs on larval cocoon formation behavior or on changes in cocoon mass or lipid content. Differential proteomic analysis revealed no significant contribution of structural proteins from FGs to silk cocoon material, but we identified several low abundance proteins that may play a role in posttranslational modifications of some silk proteins. Proteomic analysis also revealed a difference in phosphorylation of the N-terminal sequence of fibroin-heavy chain molecule. Thus, FGs appear to affect silk stickiness during spinning by regulating posttranslational modifications. This could also explain the link that exists between the absence of these glands and the formation of loose cocoons in some giant silk moth species.     

不溶性超细蚕丝粉末的制备与表征

用质量分数为98%的浓硫酸催化水解桑蚕茧,当茧丝质量与浓硫酸体积比为1:3时,在100℃条件下反应6h,之后用适量的石灰乳中和酸解液至稍偏酸性,抽滤后将所得滤液用活性炭脱色,之后将所得滤液浓缩,将浓缩液中加入适量的有机溶剂作为沉淀剂,之后静置,待固体完全沉淀之后,过滤,可制得平均粒径为150 nm的丝粉,所得产品可添加于化妆品中,产品产率可达95%。并对所得产品进行了扫描电镜,示差热分析,X-射线衍射等表征分析。     

Comparison of Silks from Pseudoips prasinana and Bombyx mori Shows Molecular Convergence in Fibroin Heavy Chains but Large Differences in Other Silk Components

Many lepidopteran larvae produce silk feeding shelters and cocoons to protect themselves and the developing pupa. As caterpillars evolved, the quality of the silk, shape of the cocoon, and techniques in forming and leaving the cocoon underwent a number of changes. The silk of Pseudoips prasinana has previously been studied using X-ray analysis and classified in the same category as that of Bombyx mori, suggesting that silks of both species have similar properties despite their considerable phylogenetic distance. In the present study, we examined P. prasinana silk using ‘omics’ technology, including silk gland RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and a mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of cocoon proteins. We found that although the central repetitive amino acid sequences encoding crystalline domains of fibroin heavy chain molecules are almost identical in both species, the resulting fibers exhibit quite different mechanical properties. Our results suggest that these differences are most probably due to the higher content of fibrohexamerin and fibrohexamerin-like molecules in P. prasinana silk. Furthermore, we show that whilst P. prasinana cocoons are predominantly made of silk similar to that of other Lepidoptera, they also contain a second, minor silk type, which is present only at the escape valve.     

红外干燥不能提高蚕茧的干燥速率

通过大量实验,测定了蚕蛹、茧层的红外吸收图谱,选择相应波长范围的红外涂料和红外灯泡,在不同温度和不同堆放厚度条件下测定了蚕茧的干燥曲线,并与不采用红外线的干燥曲线进行了比较,结果表明红外线未能够提高蚕茧的干燥速率。实验还测定了0.25～25μm范围内单片茧层的红外线透过曲线,结果表明,在所测范围内,红外线的透过率为零,这说明红外线无法穿透茧层。茧层的水分含量很低(约10%),蚕蛹的水分含量很高(约80%),蚕茧干燥的主要目的是除掉蚕蛹中的水分,但茧层包含着蚕蛹,红外线无法穿透茧层对蛹体进行快速干燥。而且,茧层的红外吸收率很低,也不能通过茧层快速吸收红外线热能,然后传给蚕蛹来提高干燥速率,这便是红外线不能提高蚕茧干燥速率的原因。这一结论对国内外蚕业界探讨蚕茧干燥的理论与实践有重要的参考意义。     

用环合法合成新型杀虫剂——吡虫啉

吡虫啉为新型氯代烟碱类杀虫剂。它具有高效、低毒、对环境安全、初效快、持效长、高内吸收、无效互抗性等优良性能。采用环合法合成吡虫啉具有产品纯度高、原料成本低等优点,是吡虫啉生产的最佳工艺路线。该法由上海市农药研究所研制和开发成功,并在东风农药厂投入生产,已取得明显的社会效益和经济效益。     

New polymeric materials for reverse osmosis membranes

The results obtained from investigations on new aromatic polyamides containing carboxylic groups suitable for reverse osmosis are reported. The polymers are fabricated into asymmetric membranes by the Loeb-Sourirajan technique. The effects of fabrication conditions were also investigated to yield the optimum membranes for brackish water and sea water desalination, respectively. Performance characteristics of the membranes are 0.30 m³/m²·day above 98% rejection at 70 kg/cm²-35000 ppm NaCl, and 1.0–1.15 m³/m²· day, 97–98% rejection at 40 kg/cm²-5000 ppm NaCl. They exhibited good resistance in the tests carried out in alkaline medium (pH 10) and acid medium (pH 4).     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STEAM DRYING OF SILKWORM COCOONS

An experimental study was conducted to explore the feasibility of silkworm cocoon drying with superheated steam. The influence of steam drying on the drying kinetics and the technological characteristics of the dried cocoons is discussed. A promising new technology of cocoon drying is suggested to improve cocoon quality and decrease raw cocoon consumption in silk production.     

Mechanical and thermal degradation properties of silk from African wild silkmoths

Variations among silk of four African wild silkmoths, Argema mimosae, Anaphe panda, Gonometa postica, and Epiphora bauhiniae, was studied regarding their mechanical properties and thermal degradation behaviors. Cocoon shells and individual degummed fibers were examined using tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A. mimosae and G. postica cocoon shells had marginally higher initial moduli and strains at maximum stress. The stress–strain curves of Bobmyx mori and A. panda degummed fibers lacked clear yielding points. G. postica fibers had the highest breaking energy (76.4 J/cm³) and breaking strain (41.3%). The ultimate tensile strength was the highest for B. mori (427 MPa). Fiber pull‐out and detachment was predominant in fracture surfaces of both the cocoon shells and the fibers. Wild cocoon shells and degummed fibers had higher temperature for dehydration loss than B. mori. A. mimosae fibers (11.9%) and G. postica cocoon shells (13.3 %) had the highest weight loss due to dehydration. E. bauhinae cocoon shells and B. mori fibers had the highest total weight losses of 97.2 and 93.4%, respectively. The African silks exhibited variations in their mechanical and thermal degradation properties related to their physical and chemical structure and composition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STEAM DRYING OF SILKWORM COCOONS

ABSTRACT

An experimental study was conducted to explore the feasibility of silkworm cocoon drying with superheated steam. The influence of steam drying on the drying kinetics and the technological characteristics of the dried cocoons is discussed. A promising new technology of cocoon drying is suggested to improve cocoon quality and decrease raw cocoon consumption in silk production.