铌酸锂单晶光纤包层研究

通过镁离子内扩散铌酸锂晶光纤，以改变晶纤表层的折射率，首次在国内实现了沿不同的轴向生长，不同掺杂的铌酸锂单晶光纤的芯－包层波导结构。通过匹配扩散温度，扩散时间，ＭｇＯ膜厚等扩散参数及选择合适的晶纤直径，实现了晶纤具有阶跃和抛物折射率分布的包层，并对包层晶纤的模式特性进行了观察，得到低次模传输。     

光纤制造中的掺氟问题

一、光纤中掺杂元素对石英玻璃折射率的影响在光纤内,光是利用全反射原理在光纤中进行传播的,这就要求光纤芯的折射率比包层的折射率高。长期以来,在形成石英玻璃光纤     

紫外/可见光谱在有机光纤研制中的应用

有机光导纤维是近十几年来在新型光功能性高分子材料领域中的一支独秀.相对于玻璃光导纤维,有机光导纤维加工容易、口径大、轻而柔软、抗挠曲、抗冲击、耦合容易,更重要的因素是制作成本低和用途广泛.通常光导纤维是一种带包层的透明圆柱型的细丝.芯子的折射率高于包层并且是不变的,这种纤维称为突变型(SI)光纤.由于SI型光纤的带宽小,不能满足高信息量传输的需要,因而渐变型(GI)有机光纤得以发展.在这种光导纤维中,纤芯的折射率是呈抛物线型分布的,其轴心的折射率最大,折射率由纤维轴心沿径向到包层逐渐变小,在芯/包层界面处折射率无突变,光线在这种光纤的传播路径近似正弦波.沿正弦波处的折射率均小于轴心区的折射率.由于光速是反比于折射率的,因此当光沿着正弦途径传输时,其速度大于光沿着轴心传输的速度.于是,较长的光路被较大的光速所补偿,结果是光在正弦波处的传输时间与在轴心处的传输时间上没有大的区别,而脉冲加宽是正比于传输时间的差值,因此有望在GI型有机光纤中得到较小的脉冲加宽.GI型有机光纤的制备一般可在GI型有机预制棒的基础上通过熔融热拉技术拉制而成.因此,制备GI型有机预制棒及其折射率分布的检测成为关键步骤.折射率分布的测量方法有很多,如近场扫描法、折射近场法、切片干涉法等.本文首次介绍了将紫外/可见吸收光谱应用于预制棒折射率分布的定性测试上,得到了在预制棒芯区沿径向掺杂剂分子溴苯的吸收强度呈抛物线型分布.因测试折射率分布的其他方法较为繁杂以及受仪器的限制,所以利用紫外/可见吸收光谱这一非常普通的仪器来估计折射率分布的情况不失为一种简单易行的方法.     

铌酸锂、钽酸锂晶体的结构特征

从铌酸锂和钽酸锂晶体的结晶学数据出发,分析其结构特征和组成化学键的结合情况.对于这两个晶体的结晶学格位占有情况和阳离子的位移进行了理论上的分析.作者首次明确地给出了铌酸锂和钽酸锂晶体中与晶体组成有关的阳离子位移趋势.     

铌酸锂多晶粉体的水热合成及表征

铌酸锂(LiNbO₃)晶体由于本身具有的优良性能在许多领域中都获得了广泛的应用.以LiOH·H₂O和Nb₂O₅为原料采用水热合成法成功地合成了铌酸锂多晶粉体,并采用FTIR谱、XRD谱和SEM对产物进行了表征.结果表明,采用水热合成法能够得到结晶完整的四方柱形LiNbO₃多晶粉体.同时考察了反应温度、晶化时间和Li源对水热合成产物的影响.     

铌酸锂钠钾纳米粉体的溶胶-凝胶法合成及其相转变

采用化学络合法将Nb2O5转化为可溶性铌盐作为铌源, 用溶胶-凝胶法, 在500～650 ℃成功煅烧合成了平均晶粒尺寸为20～60 nm的纯钙钛矿相铌酸锂钠钾[(Li0.06Na0.47K0.47)NbO3]无铅压电陶瓷粉体. 研究了晶粒尺寸对铌酸锂钠钾纳米粉体相结构的影响. 结果表明, 基于纳米尺寸效应, 随着晶粒尺寸由60减小到20 nm, 铌酸锂钠钾粉体的相结构由正交相逐渐过渡到四方相, 而室温下四方相向立方相的转变将发生在20 nm以下.     

基于薄膜光学理论的光纤表面等离子共振传感器研究

为完善光纤表面等离子共振传感器设计方法,在MATLAB环境下,基于薄膜光学理论,以金属薄膜复介电常数的虚部、实部、膜层厚度、光纤纤芯折射率、环境介质折射率为中间参量建立数值计算模型,研究讨论了各自对光纤表面等离子体共振传感头反射谱的影响。利用实验对数值计算结果进行验证。给定传感头的光纤与薄膜结构参数,在较大的环境介质折射率折变化范围内,可能观测到多个表面等离子共振点,环境介质折射率不同的有效测量范围,对纤芯折射率、薄膜厚度有着不同的临界取值要求。这可为波长调制型光纤SPR传感器测量方案优化,提供相应理论指导。     

分析化学中的光导纤维传感器

光导纤维(或称光学纤维,简称光纤)是一类传导光线能力很强的纤维,它有一个石英或其他光学材料做的纤维芯子和一个折射率比芯子低的透明包层。当光线以小的角度入射到光纤的端面上时,在芯子和包层的介面上,光线通过全反射在光纤内部传输。由于光线被光纤本身所吸收,其强度会慢慢减弱。光纤传输激光和近红外光可达50公里,传输常规卤钨灯发出的紫外辐射也可达数百米。光纤在光通信中的应用     

熔融浸渍法合成单晶锰酸锂作为锂离子电池阴极材料(英文)

以二氧化锰和氢氧化锂为原料,通过熔融浸渍法合成具有尖晶石构型的单晶锰酸锂。前驱体β-MnO2以乙酸锰和过硫酸钠为原料通过水热反应合成。基于TGA/DTA测试,确定了单晶锰酸锂的煅烧温度为470℃预烧5 h,再升温至750℃保温12h。XRD,FTIR和SEM结果表明,合成的单晶锰酸锂具有均一的棒状结构以及良好的结晶性。电化学性能测试结果表明材料在0.1C倍率下充放电时,其首次放电比容量可达126 mAh·g-1,且在一百次循环之后容量保持率为91%。     

锂铅合金中氚扩散行为的理论研究

锂铅合金是非常有前途的聚变堆、聚变-裂变混合堆包层产氚材料,研究氚在其中的扩散行为是很有意义的工作.从氢在金属中扩散的宏观规律出发,依据平板模型初步建立了氚-锂铅体系的扩散模型,利用相关文献数据,探讨了不同研究方式、氚浓度、温度对扩散行为的影响,分析了这种扩散的微观机制.计算结果表明:造成研究结论之间巨大差异的原因在于锂铅表面物理和化学状态的不同考虑;在一定温度范围内,氚浓度的升高引起扩散系数的下降,温度的升高引起扩散系数的增加.     

Transcrystallization of PTFE fiber/PP composites—III. Effect of fiber pulling on the crystallization kinetics

The effect of shear rates on the transcrystallization of polypropylene (PP) on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers has been quantitatively investigated using a polarized optical microscope equipped with a hot stage and a tensile testing machine. The PTFE fibers were pulled at different rates, from 0.17 to 8.33 μm/s, to induce a range of shear rates, about 0.02 to 1.16 1/s, in the PP melt adjacent to the fiber. The induction time, nucleation rate, and saturated nucleation density at the fiber surface were determined at various crystallization temperatures. It was found that both the nucleation rate and the saturated nucleation density increase with increasing shear rates. However, the induction time is significantly reduced. Based on the theory of heterogeneous nucleation, the interfacial free energy difference functions Δσ;_TCL of PP on PTFE fibers at different levels of shear rates were determined and compared with that obtained from crystallization under quiescent conditions. Results showed that the magnitude of Δσ_TCL decreased to be about one-third of that for the quiescent crystallization, when a shear rate of 1.16 1/s was applied. The application of a shear stress to the supercooled PP melt by fiber pulling leads to enhance the development of transcrystallinity. Moreover, both the thickness and the crystal growth rate of transcrystalline layers were found to increase with the increasing rate of fiber pulling, especially at low crystallization temperatures where regime III prevails (see text). Surface morphology of PTFE fibers was revealed using a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. It is argued that the presence of fibrillar-type features at the fiber surface is the main factor responsible for the development of transcrystallinity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1361–1370, 1998     

基于石墨烯光子晶体光纤的流体传感器

与传统的传感器设备阵列相比,由于结构更为简单,具有广泛检测兼容性的光纤系统逐渐成为分布式监测的有力候选者。然而,受工作机制的限制,大多数光纤传感器仍局限于对折射率等物理参数进行探测,一种用于环境化学监测的全光纤分布式传感系统亟待研发。本工作中,我们向化学气相沉积法生长的石墨烯光子晶体光纤(Gr-PCF)中引入了一种化学传感机制。初步结果表明,石墨烯光子晶体光纤可以选择性地检测浓度为ppb级的二氧化氮气体,并在液体中表现出离子敏感性。石墨烯光子晶体光纤与光纤通信系统的波分、时分复用技术结合后,将为实现分布式光学传感环境问题提供巨大的潜力和机会。     

An investigation into the relationship between internal stress distribution and a change of poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) fiber structure

This study concerns stress distribution induced by external force in individual poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) molecules in fiber. In reality, there are no fibers having an ideal structure (i.e., composed of infinitely long complete crystal elongated parallel to the fiber axis without defects that disconnect stress transfer in the crystal structure). Normally, real fiber structure has some structural incompletion, such as molecular ends, molecular misorientation, and density fluctuation (inhomogeneity) along the fiber axis. They play the role of heterogeneous stress distribution and reduction of fiber modulus in the fiber under tensile deformation. To carry out such analysis, meridional X‐ray diffraction peaks of the PBO fiber under stress were measured and discussed. Distribution of the diffraction peak profile (half‐height width of the diffraction profile) was especially considered. Change of the molecular orientation induced by external stress to the fiber was also estimated by measuring distribution of equatorial spots along the Debye ring. It was found that the distribution of the meridional diffraction spots became wider in the meridian, while the peak profile along the azimuthal direction became narrower as external stress was added for all three fibers. The degrees of response against stress came in this order: AS (180 GPa) > HM (280 GPa) > HM+ (360 GPa). Hosemann's analysis was adopted to analyze real crystallite size and disorder parameter (g) of crystallites. It indicated that the crystalline size does not vary but the ordering of periodicity in the crystal lattice starts to loosen as applied stress to the fiber is increased. The stress seems to affect only local micro regions in the crystal structure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2901–2911, 2000     

Thermal conductivity of high strength polyethylene fiber in low temperature

High strength polyethylene fiber (Toyobo, Dyneema® fiber, hereinafter abbreviated to DF) used as reinforcement of fiber‐reinforced plastics for cryogenic use has a high thermal conductivity. To understand the thermal conductivity of DF, the relation between fiber structure and thermal conductivity of several kinds of polyethylene fibers having different modulus from 15 to 134 GPa (hereinafter abbreviated to DFs) was investigated. The mechanical series‐parallel model composed of crystal and amorphous was applied to DFs for thermal conductivity. This mechanical model was obtained by crystallinity and crystal orientation angle measured by solid state NMR and X‐ray. Thermal conductivity of DF in fiber direction was dominated by that of the continuous crystal region. The thermal conductivity of the continuous crystal part estimated by the mechanical model increases from 16 to 900 mw/cmK by the increasing temperature from 10 to 150K, and thermal diffusivity of the continuous crystal part was estimated to about 100 mm²/s, which is almost temperature independent. The phonon mean free path of the continuous crystal region of DF obtained by thermal diffusivity is almost temperature independent and its value about 200 Å. With the aforementioned, the mechanical series‐parallel model composed of crystal and amorphous regions could be applied to DFs for thermal conductivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1495–1503, 2005     

Ultra high density carbon fiber derived from isotactic polypropylene fiber without skin-core structure

Polypropylene (PP)-based carbon fibers were prepared by sulfonation process of isotactic PP fibers with concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by stress-less carbonization under nitrogen atmosphere. The stabilization behaviors of PP fiber under different sulfonation temperatures and time were discussed. The carbonization behavior of the stabilized PP fibers under different carbonization temperatures, as well as the mechanical performance of the obtained carbon fibers were investigated. The results indicated that linear PP molecule were effectively converted into thermally stable structure at higher temperature (≥130°C) in short time (2 h) through sulfonation-desulfonation reaction, among which ordered graphite structure has been formed prior to the carbonization process. Meanwhile, the carbon fibers were considerably densified by increasing the sulfonation temperature and carbonization temperature, and a bulk density of 1.96 g/cm³ was achieved. Moreover, the temperature and time of the sulfonation process as well as the temperature of the carbonization process were regulated, and carbon fibers with tensile strength of 262.3 MPa was obtained, which was superior to that of 208.1 MPa for the linear low density polyethylene-based carbon fibers reported previously. Isotactic PP was proved to be a promising candidate to develop carbon fibers with tunable graphite structure and mechanical performance.     

Drawing behavior and characteristics of laser‐drawn polypropylene fibers

Drawing behavior, flow drawing, and neck drawing, was studied for isotacticpolypropylene fibers in CO₂ laser drawing system, and the fiber structure and the mechanical properties of drawn fibers were analyzed. For a certain laser power, flow drawing of polypropylene (PP) was possible up to draw ratio (DR) 19.5. Though the drawing stress was very low, the flow‐drawn PP fiber exhibited oriented crystal structure and improved mechanical properties. On the other hand, neck‐drawing was accomplished from DR 4 to 12, with significant increase in drawing stress that enhanced the development of fiber structure and mechanical properties. Unlike PET, the drawing stress depends not only on the DR, but on irradiated laser power also. The 10–12 times neck‐drawn fibers were highly fibrillated. The fibers having tensile strength 910 MPa, initial modulus 11 GPa, and dynamic modulus 14 GPa were obtained by single‐step laser drawing system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 398–408, 2006     

Extraction and characterization of cellulose single fiber from native Ethiopian Serte (Dracaena steudneri Egler) plant leaf

Biomaterials are renewable sources which are widely distributed, locally accessible, high possibility of recycling and biodegradation behavior. This investigation deals with the extraction and characterizing of new fiber obtained from Serte plant leaf that is found in Ethiopia. The physical, chemical and mechanical characters of the fiber had been tested and comparison with other plant fibers was done for the first time. Optimization of fiber extraction process has been done by varying the extraction variables like NaOH concentration, temperature and extraction time. Fibers possessing 56% cellulose content along with significant amount of hemicellulose, lignin and ash with tensile strength of 330?MPa were obtained. FTIR as well as X-ray diffraction analysis were also done to further analyze the fiber. This new plant leaf fiber can be another alternative resource in place of synthetic fibers depending on their application such as reinforcing polymer matrices.     

碳纤维-尼龙1010界面形态的研究

通过偏光显微镜,研究了碳纤维-尼龙1010的界面形态,发现石墨、高模量碳纤维(M40)诱发尼龙1010形成横晶的能力大于高强度、中强度碳纤维;界面横晶形态强烈地依赖于结晶温度。     

Initial stage of fiber structure development in the continuous drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The initial stage of fiber structure development in the continuous neck‐drawing of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers was analyzed by in situ wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and fiber temperature measurements. The time error of the measurements (<600 μs) was obtained by synchrotron X‐ray source and laser irradiation heating. A highly ordered fibrillar‐shaped two‐dimensional (smectic‐like) structure was found to be formed less than 1 ms after necking. By analyzing its (001′) and (002′) diffractions, the length of the structure 60–70 nm were obtained. A three‐dimensionally ordered triclinic crystal began to form with the vanishing of the structure around 1 ms after necking. The amount and size of the crystal were almost saturated within several milliseconds of necking, during which time a mainly exothermic heat of crystallization was also observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2126–2142, 2008