同种异体原位肝移植的肝动脉重建

目的 总结同种异体原位肝移植术中肝动脉吻合的经验。方法 回顾悸分析20例原位肝移植术中影响肝动脉吻合的因素和处理技巧。结果 16例行供、受者肝固有动脉端端吻合，3例供者肝总动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝总动脉与受者脾动脉吻合；术后彩色多普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅，均未发现有血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄，全部病例未发生胆道并发症，现存活15例。结论 合理选择吻合用血管是避免术后发生血栓形成和动脉狭窄的关键。     

改进供肝处理方法减少肝移植术后早期胆道并发症

目的改进供肝处理方法，以减少肝移植术后的胆道并发症。方法供肝处理进行如下改进：（1）肝门游离仅达胃十二指肠动脉下缘，不游离其上方的肝蒂结构；（2）修整供肝时暂不结扎胃十二指肠动脉本身的断端；（3）修整供肝时暂不切除胆囊，待供肝植入、肝动脉重建后切除。共行99例肝移植，患者的原发病，58％为良性肝病，42％为肝癌。供肝热缺血和冷缺血时间分别控制在5min和16h以内。胆道重建方式均为胆总管-胆总管端端吻合，其中5例放置T管。观察术后早期胆道并发症的发生情况。结果4例（4％，4／99）肝移植术后发生胆道并发症，其中1例术后10d发现胆道吻合口漏；1例术后5个月胆道内有胆树形成；1例为胆道吻合口狭窄；1例为左肝管狭窄。改进前的肝移植术后早期胆道并发症发生率为11．6％（5／43）。结论通过改进供肝的处理方法，可最大限度地保留供肝胆道血液供应，显著减少术后胆道并发症。     

原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的防治

目的 探讨原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的预防及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1999年2月至2001年2月完成的22例原位肝移植，其中4例行体外静脉转流下的原位肝移植术，17例行背驮式原位肝移植，1例为活体供肝部分肝移植。11例供肝的肝固有动脉与受者的肝固有动脉吻合，4例供者脾动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合，3例供者腹腔动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合，2例应用供者髂动脉在供者肝固有动脉与受者腹主动脉间架桥吻合，1例供者肝右动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝固有动脉与受者异位肝右动脉吻合。术后以多普勒超声扫描监测肝动脉血流。结果 1例术后5d时发生肝动脉血栓形成，以尿酶介入溶栓后出现吻合口出血，再次手术行肝动脉吻合。21例无肝动脉并发症发生。15例随访1－20个月，多普勒超声扫描提示肝动脉血流、形态正常，胆道造影未见肝外胆管狭窄，血清学检查提示肝功能状态良好。结论 原位肝移植预防肝动脉并发症的关键在于血管吻合时操作精细，实现血管内膜对内膜的无张力吻合。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治

目的　探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治方法。方法　回顾性分析 1 3例原位肝移植中术后4例胆道并发症的临床资料 ,对其余 9例未发生胆道并发症的经验进行总结。结果　胆道并发症发生率30 .7% ,3例治愈 ,1例死于肝动脉血栓形成引起的胆总管吻合口漏。结论　早期胆漏常发生于吻合口 ,可采用胆总管重新吻合 (端端吻合或胆肠吻合 )治疗 ,手术操作中避免胆管缺血可有效预防吻合口漏。肝动脉血栓形成预后差。不放置T管可避免与T管有关的并发症。吻合口狭窄可采用介入治疗或手术治疗。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影在肝移植后胆系并发症诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在肝移植术后胆系并发症诊治中的临床价值。方法：11例肝移植术后并发胆系并发症，其中吻合口狭窄4例，吻合口及供肝肝总管均狭窄2例，胆漏2例，多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄2例，移植肝胆总管与受者胆总管分离1例，分别行ERCP检查及治疗。结果：4例吻合口狭窄者，放置胆管塑料支架，2例吻合口和供肝肝总管均狭窄者放置Wallstenl，金属支架，上述6例近期黄疸均消退；2例胆漏者中，1例放置胆道塑料内支架，另1例行乳头括约肌切开术，均于2周内胆漏愈合；2例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄者，1例行乳头括约肌切开后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织，另1例未行内镜治疗；1例移植肝胆总管与受者胆总管分离者再次手术行胆管吻合术。结论：内镜逆行胰胆管造影可用于肝移植术后的常见胆系并发症的诊断与治疗，可获得较好的近期疗效。     

同种原位肝移植肝脉重建技巧

目的：探讨和总结同种原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建技术。方法：回顾性分析我院近一年来所施行18例原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建方式和技巧。结果15例行供受体肝固有动脉端端吻合,2例供体肝总动脉与受体肝固有动脉吻合,1例供体总动脉与受体脾动脉吻合。术后彩色色普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅,均未发现有血栓菜成或肝动脉狭窄,全部病例未发生胆道并发症。结论：成功的肝动脉重建技术防止肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄的关键。     

24例不置T管胆总管对端吻合式肝移植术后胆道并发症的病因分析

目的通过观察不置T管胆总管对端吻合式（choledocholedochostomy without a T tube,CC）肝移植术的临床疗效,探讨新的胆管对端吻合法及胆道并发症的病因。方法回顾分析我院24例CC的肝移植患者临床资料,并对其中4例胆道并发症的病因进行探讨。结果经手术或磁共振胆胰管成像（magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP）等检查确诊胆道并发症4例（占16．7％）,其中术后早期肝内外胆管坏死伴胆瘘2例,均死亡;术后早期一过性胆瘘2例,其中1例又出现晚期肝门部胆管狭窄,均治愈。结论CC在肝移植的应用是安全可靠的。供体术前肝素化不充分导致胆管小分支微血栓形成,供肝胆道冲洗不彻底、冷热缺血时间过长、胆管保留过长及胆道供血系统破坏等均可引起胆管损伤,增加胆道并发症的发生率。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症治疗经验

目的总结原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的治疗经验。方法1999年2月至2004年2月,我中心采用胆总管-胆总管端端吻合术施行原位肝移植236例,96例采用置“T”管引流的胆管间断吻合;39例采用未置“T”管的胆管间断吻合技术;101例采用未置“T”管、前壁间断后壁连续的胆管吻合。结果全组术后32例(13·3%)发生胆道并发症,其中胆管狭窄24例(10·0%),胆漏6例(2·5%),胆管结石2例(0·8%)。3组胆道并发症发生率分别为17·7%、15·4%和7·9%,其中肝门部/肝内胆管狭窄发生率分别为8·3%,2·6%和1·0%。第3组胆道并发症发生率和胆管狭窄发生率显著降低(P<0·05)。20例胆管狭窄患者接受放射和/或内镜介入治疗,其中单纯吻合口狭窄治愈率90%,肝门部/肝内胆管狭窄治愈率60%。结论弃用“T”管的胆管前壁间断后壁连续的吻合方式能显著减少胆道并发症;非缺血相关性胆管吻合口狭窄和单纯肝门部胆管狭窄应首选介入治疗。     

再次肝移植32例次的手术技巧

目的 探讨再次肝移植的手术技巧及其临床效果.方法 回顾性分析31例患者接受32次再次肝移植手术的临床资料,手术方式均采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式原位肝移植,其中11例采用了股静脉-颈内静脉转流术.肝动脉的重建采用供肝动脉通过供者髂动脉间置搭桥与受者腹主动脉行端侧吻合24例次,采用供肝动脉与受者肝固有动脉行端端吻合8例次.胆道的重建采用胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合28例次,采用胆道端端吻合4例次.术后常规使用抗排斥反应和抗感染治疗,并对患者进行了长期随访.结果 术后死亡17例,死亡时间为术后2周～28个月,死亡原因为术后严重感染8例、多器官功能衰竭和肝癌复发各3例、血管并发症和心肌梗塞以及颅内出血各1例,其中首次肝移植术后8～30 d行再次肝移植者围手术期死亡率最高,为66.7%.其余14例均痊愈出院,随访至今已存活1～29个月,肝功能及生活质量良好.再次肝移植与首次肝移植的手术时间及术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植是再次肝移植的最佳术式,正确掌握手术时机,并针对患者进行个体化的处理是手术成功的关键.与首次肝移植相比,再次肝移植面临着较高的并发症发牛率和死亡率.     

成人右半肝活体肝移植胆道重建探讨

目的探讨成人右半肝活体肝移植胆道重建的技术问题.方法回顾性分析我院2007年4月至2009年5月完成的21例成人右半肝活体肝移植资料.供肝右肝管与受者肝总管单个吻合10例;供肝两支胆管开口分别与受者两支胆管吻合5例;供肝胆管整形成一个开口与受者胆管吻合5例,其中采用T管支撑2例,Y型管支撑1例;右肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例.结果4例受者术后1个月内死亡,1例因术后急性肝坏死行再次肝移植.其余受者存活至今,1年存活率为77.65%.受者术后发生胆道并发症7例,其中胆漏5例,胆道狭窄2例,均经外科手术处理痊愈.胆管与胆管单个吻合口组、胆管整形成一个开口与受者胆管吻合组和两支胆管开口分别与受者胆管吻合组比较,胆道并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.659,P=0.719).结论根据供受者胆管情况,可以灵活采用单根胆管吻合、胆管整形、分别吻合和肝管空肠吻合等不同重建方式.后壁连续、前壁间断以及显微外科技术的采用可能有助于降低胆道并发症的发生率.     

Transhepatic biliary catheterization before graft implant in living donor liver transplantation

AIM: Despite the evolution in surgical technique, the biliary anastomosis remains the technical Achilles' heel of liver transplantation, especially in living donor liver transplantation. Interventional radiology or endoscopic procedures constitute the most common options to treat complications from the biliary anastomosis. We report a novel technique to prevent biliary complications following the transplant. METHODS: During the donor procedure a wire guide was introduced in the severed duct, left or right, in retrograde fashion. The liver surface was then perforated and the wire guide exposed. A 4F catheter was then attached to the wire guide and pulled into the bile duct passing through the end-to-end duct-to-duct anastomosis or hepaticojejunostomy. RESULTS: This technique was performed in six living donor grafts: one right lobe, two left lobes, and three left lateral segments. All patients had no complications from the stent placement, biliary strictures, or leaks. One developed a hepatic artery thrombosis on the posttransplant day 14 with no major biliary complications.     

Choledochocholedochostomy, a relatively safe procedure in orthotopic liver transplantation

The biliary anastomosis has been considered the Achilles heel of liver transplantation, and especially the choledochocholedochostomy has been reported to be ill-fated. However, based on previous experimental experiences we decided to use the choledochocholedochostomy as the biliary anastomosis of preference in orthotopic liver transplantation. A choledochocholedochostomy has been performed in 29 of the 31 patients who have undergone transplantation since 1979. Five complications (17%) were diagnosed, of which one proved to be fatal. Two complications were related to the handling of the T-tube and required simple laparotomy to solve the intraperitoneal bile leakage. The other three complications were major: in one patient the choledochocholedochostomy was stenosed, requiring a conversion into a hepaticojejunostomy, while in two patients the donor common bile duct became necrotic. One of these patients underwent successful retransplantation, while the other died of sepsis. In both patients the hepatic artery anastomosis proved to be thrombosed, while in all patients without biliary complications the hepatic artery anastomosis was patent angiographically or at autopsy. The total incidence of sepsis was 26%, but in only four patients (13%) was sepsis related to the choledochocholedochostomy. The relationship between the necrosis of the donor bile duct and the patency of the hepatic artery anastomosis emphasizes an impeccable surgical technique. The low incidence of biliary complications in our 31 patients characterizes the choledochocholedochostomy as a relatively safe biliary procedure in clinical liver transplantation.     

活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的处理与预防

目的 探讨活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的防治.方法 84例活体肝移植,成人56例.小儿28例;良性终末期肝病66例,肝细胞肝癌18例.供受体胆管端端吻合重建50例,供体肝管与受体肝管端端和胆总管端侧吻合重建1例,供体肝管与受体肝管和胆囊管吻合1例,供体胆管与受体空肠Roux-en-Y吻合重建32例,所有胆管莺建后均置入4Fr或6Fr内支架管从受体胆总管前壁或空肠袢肓端侧肠壁引出体外.结果 术后发生胆管并发症24例,发生率为28.5%,胆管胆管吻合与肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆漏发牛率差异显著(8.3%νs16.7%,P＜0.05).胆管胆管吻合与肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆管狭窄发生率差异显著(50%νs 16.7%,P＜0.05).单支胆管与多支胆管发生胆管并发症差异湿著(20.8%νs 79.2%,P＜0.05).胆漏者保守治疗治愈4例,再次手术治疗治愈4例;胆管狭窄内镜下球囊扩张和鼻胆管引流治疗治愈4例,好转2例,再次手术胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗治愈6例,经皮肝脏穿刺胆管狭窄球囊扩张治疗支架管引流治疗好转4例.该组资料无因胆管并发症死亡病例.结论 良好的胆管血供和吻合技术,选择恰当的胆管重建方式,是降低活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的重要措施.     

High hilar dissection: new technique to reduce biliary complication in living donor liver transplantation.

Biliary complications after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) continue to be problematic. For reducing the biliary complications, the authors applied an intrahepatic Glissonian approach to the recipient hepatectomy. We called this Glissonian dissection technique at the high hilar level high hilar dissection (HHD). In this study, we introduced this HHD technique and evaluated its outcome in 31 recipients of a living donor liver transplant (LDLT). With total occlusion of hepatoduodenal ligament Glissonia pedicles were divided at the intrahepatic level at the third level of pedicles or beyond. After portal vein and hepatic artery were isolated from the hepatoduodenal ligament, unused bile ducts and bleeding were controlled with continuous suture of the hilar plate. Single duct anastomosis was performed in about 21 and dual duct anastomosis in 10 recipients. Bile leakage of the biliary anastomosis did not occur. There were 6 biliary complications in five patients; 2 bile leaks from the cut liver surface and 4 biliary strictures of which one of unknown etiology. In none of the patients with biliary complications, conversion to a hepaticojejunostomy was necessary. This new HHD technique during recipient hepatectomy may contribute to reduce the biliary complications in duct-to-duct anastomosis by allowing a tension free anastomosis and preserving adequate blood supply to the bile duct. Moreover, it facilitates multiple ductal anastomoses without difficult surgical manipulation.     

Biliary reconstruction and complications of right lobe live donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To identify the possible reasons of failure of biliary reconstruction in right lobe live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to devise the best method of reconstruction and treatment strategy for the complications. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Right lobe LDLT was associated with a high biliary complication rate (15-64%) in the reported series. The causes of failure were not completely understood and the best treatment strategy has not been defined. METHODS: From 1996 to 2001, 74 patients received right lobe LDLT. The operative procedures of the first 37 patients were critically reviewed to identify the possible reasons of leakage or stenosis from the anastomosis. The causes included right hepatic duct ischemia, double or triple hepaticojejunostomies, unrecognized branch of right hepatic duct, jejunal opening smaller than the size of right hepatic duct, and ductal plasty without division of newly created septum. The second 37 patients had biliary reconstruction by a modified technique that preserved blood supply to the right hepatic duct and aimed at avoidance of risk factors. RESULTS: The overall complication rate decreased from 43% in the first 37 patients to 8% in the second 37 patients. There was no leakage from the anastomosis in the second group of patients. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for the biliary complications resulted in right portal vein and hepatic artery injury in four patients and accounted for mortality in three of them. To avoid complications from PTBD, three patients in the second group developing stenosis of hepaticojejunostomy had repeated hepaticojejunostomy without preoperative PTBD and recovered. CONCLUSIONS: With identification of risk factors and modification of the surgical technique, the complication rate of biliary reconstruction of right lobe LDLT could be reduced. Repeated hepaticojejunostomy without preoperative PTBD is the preferred approach once a complication develops.     

肝移植围胆道重建的手术技巧和细节处理

目的探讨原位肝移植术中围胆道重建的手术技巧和细节对胆道并发症发生率的影响。方法将广州军区总医院2003年8月至2006年12月和2007年1月至2009年7月两个时间段共167例肝移植病例分成A组(74例)和B组(93例),收集两组患者的临床资料,对供肝的获取,受体的胆道重建方式、手术技巧与细节、术后胆道并发症发生情况及预后进行总结与分析。结果 B组的温缺血时间明显短于A组。两组胆管重建方式比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B组进行以下常规操作:除了对供肝胆囊进行灌洗外,均常规经胆总管插管对肝内胆管进行充分灌洗;修整供肝时,经供肝动脉灌注肝素-利多卡因-生理盐水;胆道重建前,先用导尿管冲洗胆管下段,然后用纤维胆道镜进行胆道探查并疏通胆道;修剪供体胆管时注意保护胆管血供;供受体胆管长度的确定强调遵循两个原则,一是供体胆管尽可能短,二是吻合时保持微张力。A组则未强调上述常规操作。A组、B组围手术期死亡率相近,分别为5%和6%;胆道并发症发生率分别为11%和6%(P0.05)。结论在围胆道重建过程中充分灌洗供肝胆道、保证供受体胆道血供、缩短温缺血时间、疏通胆管下段以及微张力吻合胆管,可显著降低胆道并发症发生率。     

肝移植供肝修整的经验

目的：探讨肝移植供肝修整的方法与技巧。方法：回顾性分析64例原位肝移植供肝修整以及血管变异时处理的方法和技巧。结果：修整的64例供肝全部用于肝移植。发现13例存在肝动脉解剖变异，其中5例行变异肝动脉重建，动脉重建方法包括将变异动脉与脾动脉(3/5)、胃十二指肠动脉(2/5)吻合。无因供肝修整而出现的手术并发症。结论：供肝血管及胆道的正确修整可减少肝移植后并发症，是供肝修整成败的关键。     

原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的修整与重建

目的 探讨原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的修整与重建的方法与技巧. 方法 回顾性分析91例原位肝移植供肝修整以及变异肝动脉重建时处理的方法和技巧.结果 修整的91例供肝全部用于肝移植.发现其中20例(21.9%)存在肝动脉解剖变异,20例中12例需行变异肝动脉重建,动脉重建方法包括将变异的肝右动脉与脾动脉(7/12)或胃十二指肠动脉(5/12)吻合.供肝应用后未出现与修整相关的手术并发症. 结论 供肝的正确修整及合适的供肝动脉重建可减少肝移植后并发症.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防

目的　探讨如何预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生。方法　对 1993年 4月至 2 0 0 1年10月我科实施的 12 0例肝移植病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　共有 10例病人通过胆道造影确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症 ,8例治愈 ,1例好转 ,1例死亡。胆道并发症发生率为 8 3 % (10 / 12 0 ) ,与胆道并发症相关的死亡率为 0 8% ,与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为 4 3 % (5 / 116) ,与肝动脉供血相关的胆道并发症发生率为 1 7% (2 / 12 0 )。热缺血时间 >3min、冷缺血时间 >8h组胆道并发症发生率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　胆道保存性损伤是引起肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因。缩短供肝的热、冷缺血时间和确保供肝胆管系统的血供可减少胆道并发症的发生。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率     

Use of the hilar plate looping technique for bile duct dissection in living donor liver transplantation significantly reduces recipient biliary complications

Biliary complications remain a major cause of morbidity after liver transplantation, especially in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Maintaining adequate blood supply to the bile duct is important for the prevention of biliary complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of different techniques for bile duct anastomosis on posttransplantation biliary complications. From August 2005 to August 2008, 121 liver transplantations were performed at our center. Among the total 121 liver transplant recipients, 68 patients underwent a LDLT using a right lobe graft and were enrolled in this study. We used classic dissection for the first 38 recipients and the hilar plate looping technique for the next 30 patients. The hilar plate looping technique involves the looping of the complete hilar plate and Glissonian sheath around the hepatic duct after full dissection of the right hepatic artery and portal vein. Biliary complications were defined as bilomas or strictures that developed within 6 months after transplantation and required surgical or radiological intervention. There were no significant demographic differences between the 2 groups. The incidence of complications was 15 (39.5%) for classic dissection and 3 (18.8%) for hilar plate looping. Furthermore, there were no biliary strictures in the hilar plate looping group, and there was a significant difference in the complication rate between the 2 groups (P = .011). In conclusion, the hilar plate looping technique during LDLT significantly reduces recipient biliary complications.