镍基高温合金服役过程中蠕变疲劳寿命预测方法的研究进展

镍基高温合金部件在服役过程中,极易发生高温蠕变、疲劳以及蠕变疲劳交互作用的损伤,不同程度的损伤经长时间的累积,会引发严重的事故。常作为限寿件的镍基高温合金部件,其蠕变疲劳寿命预测的精准性十分重要,本文从影响镍基高温合金服役寿命的主要因素出发,系统地总结了目前应用的主流蠕变疲劳寿命预测方法,并对预估模型的建立与发展进行了展望。     

高温过热器出口集箱接管蠕变剩余寿命评估

通过宏观检查、胀粗测量、金相检验、硬度测量、内壁氧化皮厚度和金属层厚度测量等无损检验方法,对高温过热器出口集箱接管进行了蠕变剩余寿命评估。结果表明,无损检验评估接管的蠕变剩余寿命的方法,可以在非奥氏体不锈钢高温锅炉管寿命评估中应用。当3根接管蠕变剩余寿命小于4万h,建议更换。     

镍基单晶高温合金的典型蠕变寿命模型

镍基单晶高温合金具有一定的高温强度、良好的抗氧化、抗热腐蚀、抗冷、热疲劳性能,并有良好的塑性和焊接性。镍基单晶高温合金作为航空发动机涡轮叶片的重要材料,其力学性能对航空发动机有着重大影响,研究其疲劳寿命具有重要意义。镍基单晶高温合金蠕变疲劳损伤及寿命预测一直是国内外学者研究的重点。文章基于蠕变疲劳理论和国内外研究情况,阐述了稳态蠕变本构关系和θ映射蠕变模型,介绍了几种典型的镍基单晶高温合金的蠕变疲劳寿命模型。文章分析指出,当前在工程应用中主要采用单晶合金的蠕变疲劳宏观模型,而微观模型的研究还处于探索阶段,建议用微观模型建立蠕变寿命预测方法,分析微观理论机制,有望提高预测精度与蠕变寿命。     

基于可靠度的5Cr-0.5Mo耐热钢蠕变损伤评估

Robinson法则是高温构件进行蠕变寿命预测和损伤评估的一种简单方法.本文在引入Z参数基础上对蠕变损伤评估的Robinson法则进行了研究,提出了利用Robinson法则进行损伤评估时应与可靠度相关这一思想.通过研究5Cr-0.5Mo钢的NRIM蠕变断裂数据表明,不同可靠度对基于Z参数预测的寿命值影响相当大.在一定温度和应力下,可靠度越大,蠕变损伤积累值也就越大.     

晶粒尺寸对GH720Li镍基合金蠕变-疲劳寿命的影响

为探明晶粒尺寸对涡轮盘材料—GH720Li镍基高温合金的蠕变-疲劳寿命的影响机理,开展了650℃下不同晶粒尺寸的GH720Li高温合金圆棒蠕变-疲劳试验研究。GH720Li高温合金的蠕变-疲劳寿命随着晶粒尺寸的减小而降低。而后,通过断口的SEM分析研究晶粒尺寸对GH720Li高温合金的蠕变-疲劳损伤影响机制。其失效机制主要为晶界的氧化起裂,而晶界长度随晶粒尺寸变小而增加。最后,对基于迟滞能量的损伤方程和机械功密度2种方法进行了修正,GH720Li合金的蠕变-疲劳寿命预测与试验结果吻合较好,验证了方法的准确性。     

3种高温合金的蠕变-疲劳交互作用行为及寿命预测

通过在816和927℃下进行总应变控制的不同拉伸应变保持时间的低周疲劳实验,研究了3种高温合金（HAYNES 188,HAYNES 230和HASTELLOY X）的蠕变-疲劳交互作用行为．结果表明,这3种高温合金的应变疲劳寿命主要取决于合金类型、应变保持周期及实验温度．这些高温合金所表现出的不同应变疲劳寿命行为可归因于蠕变和氧化损伤方面的差异．此外,应用频率修正的非弹性拉伸应变能作为损伤函数对这3种合金进行了应变疲劳寿命预测,结果显示该寿命预测方法对3种高温合金均表现出较好的寿命预测能力．     

镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为研究

航空发动机、燃汽轮机等高温部件长期工作在高温、高压等严酷环境下,蠕变和疲劳成为制约其使用寿命的重要因素之一,近年来日益受到广泛关注。从镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变现象出发,结合高温蠕变行为中的定向粗化、蠕变各向异性、位错演化、损伤力学模型等问题,介绍了国内外单晶高温合金蠕变行为的研究现状及发展趋势。     

BNi-2/0Cr18Ni9钎焊接头高温蠕变行为的试验研究及数值模拟

对600℃下铸态钎料BNi-2和不锈钢母材0Cr18Ni9进行蠕变试验,基于双参数法对试验数据回归,拟合得到了蠕变损伤模型中所需的材料常数.利用耦合蠕变损伤有限元法对钎焊搭接接头进行数值模拟,计算结果与试验数据相一致,验证了采用损伤方法研究高温钎焊接头的可行性.最后通过有限元计算分析了高温服役条件下搭接钎焊接头危险区域的分布及延长其服役寿命的措施.     

焊接接头残余应力及蠕变损伤的有限元模拟

基于大型有限元软件Abaqus及其用户子程序(Umat)功能,开发了焊接残余应力与蠕变损伤耦合计算程序,对高温用焊接接头残余应力作用下的蠕变损伤行为进行有限元模拟,并与无焊接残余应力状态下的蠕变损伤情况进行比较.研究结果表明,在炉管焊接状态下,焊接残余应力最大值集中在焊缝和热影响区处,并且轴向与环向残余应力较高.在高温环境下,焊接接头初始态焊接残余应力较高,虽然在短时间内应力松弛到较低的水平,但其蠕变损伤仍较大程度地受焊接残余应力的影响,蠕变损伤分布与焊接残余应力的分布基本一致.     

Finite Element Simulation for Welding Residual Stress and Creep Damage of Welded Joint

基于大型有限元软件Abaqus及其用户子程序(Umat)功能, 开发了焊接残余应力与蠕变损伤耦合计算程序, 对高温用焊接接头残余应力作用下的蠕变损伤行为进行有限元模拟, 并与无焊接残余应力状态下的蠕变损伤情况 进行比较. 研究结果表明, 在炉管焊接状态下, 焊接残余应力最大值集中在焊缝和热影响区处, 并且轴向与环向 残余应力较高. 在高温环境下, 焊接接头初始态焊接残余应力较高, 虽然在短时间内应力松弛到较低的水平, 但 其蠕变损伤仍较大程度地受焊接残余应力的影响, 蠕变损伤分布与焊接残余应力的分布基本一致.     

Damage prediction of HP40Nb steel with coupled creep and carburization based on the continuum damage mechanics

HP40Nb steel,used as a candidate material for ethylene cracking furnace tube,suffers creep and carburization damage from the complex environment of high temperature,high carbon potential and low oxygen partial pressure,and they lead to failure of the furnace tubes ahead of designed life.In order to investigate damage evolution under the complex condition,coupled creep damage and carburization damage constitutive equations were developed according to continuum damage mechanics theory.Based on the finite element ABAQUS code,user subroutines were developed for analyzing damage evolution of ethylene furnace tube under the action of coupled creepcarburization.The results show that carburization accelerates the damage process dramatically,damage value reaches the critical value along the inner surface after serving for 75,000 h under the action of creep-carburization,meanwhile the damage value is only 0.53 along the outer surface after operating the same time under the action of creep alone,which means that microcracks are generated along the inner surface under the action of coupled creep-carburization,fracture begins along the outer surface of tube under the action of creep alone.     

T/P91钢在高应力条件下蠕变行为的CDM模型模拟

通过对超临界火电机组用T/P91耐热钢的蠕变数据分析,探讨了T/P91钢在600℃下不同应力范围内的蠕变机制以及服役过程中的蠕变损伤.并使用基于材料物理本质建立的CDM(continuum damage mechanics)模型来模拟高应力范围内T/P91钢的蠕变曲线,将模拟结果与文献中的实验数据进行对比,表明模拟结果是可信的.     

Creep-fatigue damage and life prediction in P92 alloy by focused ultrasound measurements

In the present study, the characteristics of creep damage in P92 alloy were investigated via nondestructive evaluation. Generally, as the hold time of a static load increases, the degradation of the material becomes more severe along with a reduction of service life. Therefore, in power plants, the reduction of creep-fatigue strength and the creep-fatigue life of high pressure vessels at high temperatures, such as steam pipes, become very important. To evaluate the effect of damage, backscattering ultrasound signals were analyzed from creep-fatigue specimens, where both static and cyclic loads had been applied simultaneously. The testing temperature trapezoidal creep-fatigue loading wave shapes with hold times ranging from 0 s to 1000 s at the maximum load were employed. The results obtained from bulk waves of focused ultrasound were compared and analyzed with the experimental parameters. The relationships between these parameters, the RMS level of backscattering signals, and the area fraction of the cavity in the creep-fatigue damage zone were investigated to evaluate the lifetime of the damaged specimens.     

汽轮机组阀盖紧固螺栓断裂失效分析

采用宏观形貌和显微组织观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试和冲击断口微观形貌观察等方法,对某电厂4号汽轮机组中压调节阀阀盖用20Cr1Mo1VTiB钢紧固螺栓的断裂原因进行了研究。结果表明,螺栓断裂的原因主要与长时高温运行引起的蠕变损伤有关。螺栓的许用工作温度(570 ℃)仅略高于汽轮机组的设计温度(566 ℃),裕度存在不足,且螺母端第一扣螺纹牙底处的应力集中程度较高,在长期高温和低速率应力集中的共同作用下形成蠕变孔洞,冲击性能逐渐下降,并最终引发蠕变损伤断裂。据此,建议对中压调节阀紧固螺栓及相应的垫圈材料配套进行等级升级。     

[011]取向镍基单晶合金蠕变特征

研究了一种[011]取向镍基单晶合金的拉伸蠕变特征及其变形期问的微观组织结构.结果表明:在750℃/680 MPa条件下,合金的初期蠕变和稳态蠕变速率相对较高,蠕变寿命较短.TEM观察显示,蠕变期间的变形特征是1/20<110>位错在基体中运动,发生反应形成1/3<112>超Shockley不全位错切入γ'相后产生层错;在870℃/500 MPa条件下,蠕变中期出现不均匀滑移带并有大量超不全位错剪切γ'相,使合金具有较高的应变速率;在980℃/200 MPa条件下,合金具有较长的蠕变寿命和较低的稳态蠕变速率.不同Burgers矢量的位错相遇发生反应形成界面位错网,位错网可以阻止位错切入γ'相,γ'相沿[010]方向扩散生长,逐渐转变成筏形组织.蠕变后期位错切入,γ'相,是合金变形的主要方式.     

高温蠕变与断裂评价的若干关键问题

简要介绍了现代高温装置的发展现状, 认为高温装置的安全保障是后工业文明时代无法回避的问题. 为了实现重大高温装备的设计制造和安全运行, 高温下材料的寿命预测与结构失效评价是其中关键. 针对基于Arrhenius方程的寿命外推方法存在的问题, 提出要致力研究高温材料蠕变老化过程的物理化学动力学机理; 针对实际结构引入的复杂应力状态,提出应构建拘束下的高温断裂理论; 针对复杂载荷和环境的影响, 应建立多损伤机制下的材料--结构一体化的统一失效评价方法.     

马氏体/贝氏体耐热钢焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤行为

采用脉冲氩弧焊接工艺、高温加速模拟、高温持久实验研究了不同焊缝蠕变强度匹配条件下马氏体耐热钢9Cr1MoVNbN与贝氏体耐热钢12Cr2MoWVTiB异种钢焊接接头的高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及破坏特征.研究结果表明,焊前523 K预热、焊后1023 K×1 h回火条件下,接头的力学性能优异.加速模拟运行500,1000和1500 h后低匹配焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤最严重,发生了界面蠕变断裂,早期失效倾向较大;中匹配接头的蠕变损伤最小,仅发现个别孤立蠕变孔洞,早期失效倾向最小,中匹配接头在923 K下的持久强度(σ105)与低匹配接头比较接近;高匹配接头在923 K下的持久强度(σ105)最低,蠕变孔洞几乎连成裂纹,蠕变损伤和早期失效较大.因此,对于上述异种钢焊接接头采用中匹配焊缝较为合理.     

INTERACTION BETWEEN CREEP AND FATIGUE OF A NICKELBASED SUPERALLOY IN738LC AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE—DECREASING OF CYCLIC LIFE WITH INCREASING CREEP DEFORMATION

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Correlation Between Hardness Measurements and Remaining Life Prediction for 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Used in Power Plants

The Cr-Mo steels are widely used in the power generation industry for equipment used at high temperatures and remaining in service for long periods of time. Under such conditions, creep is the main cause for premature failure. The evolution of the precipitate carbides and the reduction in Mo concentration in solid solution are the controlling mechanisms responsible for their properties. Estimating damage and the remaining life of power plants or high-temperature pressurized petrochemical equipment has become relatively common. As operating conditions vary considerably over time in such plants, inspection techniques are necessary to estimate the extent of damage, although these may not always provide clear evaluations of remaining life. An alternative assessment method is to use hardness measurements that can be correlated with creep damage and remaining life. In this study, using such a correlation, specimens of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel from accelerated creep tests performed under different conditions of temperature and stress have been examined. The results indicate that the Larson-Miller parameter can be used to correlate the recorded hardness values and so estimate the extent of damage and of remaining life.