对一次台风暴雨的位涡与湿位涡诊断分析

利用中尺度模式WRF对台风卡努模拟所输出的高分辨率资料,借助等熵位涡及湿位涡的方法进行诊断分析,揭示台风暴雨过程中的中尺度系统演变特征以及探讨台风暴雨发展与维持的机制.结果表明:等熵面位涡图的分析清楚地揭示了台风低压及周边环境的位涡演变特征.暴雨区落在低层等熵面位涡高值中心的东北侧,或者在高层等熵面位涡高值中心右侧最大位涡梯度处;等位温面向正位涡异常中心收拢,高层的高位涡值下传,高位涡的干冷空气加强了低层的扰动,引起低层暖空气的抬升,这些条件促使对流不稳定能量与潜热能的释放,有利于暴雨增幅;条件性对称不稳定与对流不稳定是此次台风暴雨发展与维持的重要机制,暴雨区内中尺度系统的发展符合倾斜涡度发展理论.     

相当湿位涡异常与梅雨锋暴雨分析

基于位涡异常与中尺度对流系统发展密切相关的分析事实,以及中尺度天气的发生发展的过程中水汽的重要作用,在引入水汽变化方程的基础上,导出了非均匀饱和大气中的相当湿位涡方程,进而分析了引起相当湿位涡异常的主要因子。依据相当湿位涡包含动力因子、热力因子和水汽因子的特点,利用相当湿位涡及增量对一次梅雨锋暴雨进行诊断和模拟分析,初步揭示了相当湿位涡及其增量对梅雨锋强降水的指示意义,相当湿位涡及其增量大值区对未来1～3小时的强降水具有较好的指示作用。针对梅雨锋暴雨,可以将梅雨湿度锋与相当湿位涡相结合作为强降水短时临近预报的一个指标。      

西北涡暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

利用常规的探空和地面观测资料、NCEP格点资料以及中尺度MM5模式,对2000年7月4～5日发生在华北南部的一次西北涡大暴雨过程的湿位涡场特征进行了诊断和分析.结果表明,中尺度低涡暴雨的发生发展与湿位涡的时空演变有很好的对应关系,湿位涡＂正负区叠加＂的配置是低涡暴雨发展的有利形势.强降雨区发生在对流层低层正压项的正值区南侧零线附近,斜压项的最大负值区对暴雨的落区和移动有指示作用.     

湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展

从完整的原始方程出发，在导出精确形式的湿位涡方程的基础上，证得绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特性。并由此去研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。结果表明，在湿等熵坐标中，涡旋的发展与对流稳定度的减少，等熵面上的辐合和潜热的释放有关。由于等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，又进而发展了Ｚ坐标及Ｐ坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出无论是湿对称不稳定或对流不稳定大气，还是湿对称稳定或对流稳定大气，除对流稳定度的影响外，风的垂直切变的增加或水平湿斜压的增加均能因湿等熵面的倾斜而引起垂直涡度的增长。湿等熵面的倾斜越大，这种由干湿斜压性加强所引起的涡旋发展更激烈。在梅雨锋附近及其南侧暖湿区的北端，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。对１９９１年６月１２—１５日江淮流域暴雨过程的湿位涡分析表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层也十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。     

西南低涡暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

文章分析了１９８１年７月１１－１５日的一次与西南低涡有关的四川特大暴雨过程中的湿位涡变化,发现湿位涡由负变正预示着暴雨的威弱和消失;同时利用湿位涡方程进行了诊断计算,结果表明：暴雨的发展趋势与位涡变率的变化趋势基本一致,位涡变率的正负转换对预报大暴雨的形成和减弱有一定的指示意义。     

华南暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成及湿位涡分析

利用MM5模式对发生在1998年5月23～24日华南暴雨和中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective System,简称MCS)模拟的模式输出资料,根据湿位涡守恒原理和倾斜涡度发展理论分析了暴雨和MCS形成和发展的原因.结果表明,暴雨和MCS发生在倾斜湿等熵面具有弱对流稳定性的下陷区,沿湿等熵面下滑的冷空气与倾斜上升并具有较强对流有效位能的暖湿空气在下陷区会合的过程中经历了对流稳定性减小的过程,导致暴雨和MCS发生发展区域有气旋性的涡旋发展.对流发展区域的上空满足条件对称不稳定发生的条件,MCS中上升气流呈倾斜状态.由于湿等熵面倾斜,在暴雨和MCS的发展过程中,水平风垂直切变和湿斜压度的增大也有利于涡旋的发展,使暴雨和MCS得以维持.最后,给出了华南地区湿等熵面上暴雨和MCS发生发展的一个物理概念模型.     

北京7.21暴雨低涡演变的湿位涡分析

通过诊断再分析资料和数值模拟结果,从中层湿位涡守恒和低层湿位涡变化的角度分别对北京7.21暴雨过程中中尺度低涡的演变进行分析。结果表明,暴雨前期,对流层中高层高湿位涡的冷空气扩散南下,冷空气到达华北地区上空时,在有利等熵面的引导下从稳定层结向不稳定层结快速下滑,产生了剧烈的正涡度个别变化,使得低涡得到发展加强。另一方面,等熵面上冷暖空气的剧烈交汇在增强雨势的同时,也使得对流层低层至中层产生明显的涡度制造。在不考虑稳定度影响时,低层的非绝热过程引起的湿位涡制造与低涡发展有着很好的正相关,二者在位置上和量级上都有很好的对应。进一步分析表明,非绝热加热的水平不均匀分布是引起湿位涡变化的主要原因。     

贵州暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论，对2004年贵州的6次暴雨过程进行分析，讨论了湿位涡与贵州暴雨的关系，结果表明暴雨的发展与湿位涡的变化有很好的对应关系：0e面陡立且南侧暖湿气流活跃，易导致湿斜压涡度发展，密集区内暴雨容易发生。湿空气对流活动层仅能达到500～600hPa之间。对流层高层及平流层高位势涡度下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放，从而造成强对流天气。对流层低层湿正压项负值区的移动反映了强对流过程位势不稳定能量的释放过程，湿斜压项的高值中心区与暴雨的落区相一致，为暴雨强度和落区的预报提供了一定的参考。     

一次江淮暴雨的MPV及对称不稳定研究

根据湿位涡（ＭＰＶ）理论分析了１９９１年７月５￣６日的暴雨过程中７００ｈＰａ高度上的湿位涡垂直部分ＭＰＶ１和水平部分ＭＰＶ２。结果显示,ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分布特征同对流层低层造成暴雨的天气系统－－中尺度气旋的发展演变有很好的对应关系;ＭＰＶ１〉０,ＭＰＶ２〈０且｜ＭＰＶ１｜≤｜ＭＰＶ２｜的环境大气有利于对称不稳定出现计算表明,这次过程的对流层中低层确有对称不稳定区域存在,对暴雨及其系统的发展起了     

2003年一次梅雨大暴雨成因的动力学研究

运用中尺度非静力模式MN5对2003年梅雨期一次大暴雨天气进行数值模拟，在降雨模拟基本正确的基础上分析暴雨发生原因。结果表明：该次梅雨大暴雨属于切变类暴雨，对流层低层有能量锋区、高层有惯性不稳定活动，暴雨区位于低空急流的左前方、高空急流的右前方。暴雨中心物理量要素的时间一高度演变显示：低层正涡度、辐合，高层负涡度、辐散，深厚的上升运动，等相当位温线抬升，湿位涡及其正、斜压分量3者负值加大均有利于降雨加强；暴雨减弱阶段，这些要素一般向相反方向转变。该次大暴雨的直接影响系统具有明显的中尺度时、空特点，大暴雨的发生与高层惯性不稳定和低层对流不稳定有关。     

A Case Study on a Quasi-Stationary Meiyu Front Bringing About Continuous Rainstorms with Piecewise Potential Vorticity Inversion

A 4-day persistent rainstorm resulting in serious flooding disasters occurred in the north of Fujian Province under the influences of a quasi-stationary Meiyu front during 5-8 June 2006. With 1°× 1° latitude and longitude NCEP reanalysis data and the ground surface rainfall, using the potential vorticity （PV） analysis and PV inversion method, the evolution of main synoptic systems, and the corresponding PV and PV perturbation （or PV anomalies） and their relationship with heavy rainfall along the Meiyu front are analyzed in order to investigate the physical mechanism of the formation, development, and maintenance of the Meiyu front. Furthermore, the PV perturbations related to different physics are separated to investigate their different roles in the formation and development of the Meiyu front. The results show： the formation and persistence of the Meiyu front in a quasi-WE orientation are mainly due to the maintenance of the high-pressure systems in its south/north sides （the West Pacific subtropical high/ the high pressure band extending from the Korean Peninsula to east of North China）. The Meiyu front is closely associated with the PV in the lower troposphere. The location of the positive PV perturbation on the Meiyu front matches well with the main heavy rainfall area along the Meiyu front. The PV inversion reveals that the balanced winds satisfying the nonlinear balanced assumption represent to a large extent the real atmospheric flow and its evolution basically reflects the variation of stream flow associated with the Meiyu front. The unbalanced flow forms the convergence band of the Meiyu front and it mainly comes from the high-pressure system in the north side of the Meiyu front. The positive PV perturbation related to latent heat release in the middle-lower troposphere is one of the main factors influencing the formation and development of the Meiyu front. The positive vorticity band from the total balanced winds is in accordance with the Meiyu front band and the magnitude of the posit     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT*

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain.     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV)equation was deduced from a completeset of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heat-ing and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the de-velopment of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework ofmoist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,orconvergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analy-sis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According tothis theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,or convective stable orunstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind ormoist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surfaceis slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the develop-ment of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist airto the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region mostfavorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of theChangjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially theisobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,iseffective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low lati-tudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction oftorrential rain.     

A Diagnostic Case Study on the Comparison Between the Frontal and Non-Frontal Convective Systems

Two major mesoscale convective clusters of different characters occurred during the heavy rainfall event in Guangxi Region and Guangdong Province on 20 June 2005,and they are preliminarily identified as a frontal mesoscale convective system(MCS1;a frontal cloud cluster) and a non-frontal MCS(MCS2;a warm sector cloud cluster).Comparative analyses on their convective intensity,maintenance mechanism, and moist potential vorticity(MPV) structure were further performed.The convective intensity analysis sugges...     

INSTABILITY OF SYMMETRIC TYPHOON CIRCULATION AND ADAPTIVE OBSERVATION

This study presents a new way to identify the sensitive areas for typhoon adaptive observations, that is, sensitive areas are determined by invoking the negative anomalies of moist potential vorticity (MPV). It is found that the areas of negative MPV are the symmetric instability areas and can be taken as sensitive areas for typhoon adaptive observations. Three typhoons in 2008, Nuri, Fung-wong, and Fengshen, were simulated with the help of MM5 model. It is shown that these typhoons are well simulated in the first 12 hours. Based on these investigations, the calculations of MPV are carried out sequentially. The result shows that the negative maxima of MPV are always around the typhoon eyes for all the cases, which means that the sensitive areas are also near them all the time.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的模拟诊断分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5对1998年7月28—29日发生于长江中下游的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了模拟和诊断分析。结果表明，低层温湿扰动对于强对流的发展及暴雨的出现具有重要作用。低空急流核和切变线配合的存在有利于大暴雨的产生。湿位涡场结构在暴雨增幅期与暴雨增幅前期和暴雨减弱期有明显不同。     

2011年江苏典型和非典型梅雨锋暴雨特征对比分析

2011年江苏梅汛期分为典型和非典型梅雨锋降水两个阶段,针对不同阶段中产生的暴雨,利用常规资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用合成平均方法,从天气形势、热力和动力特征方面对其异同进行了分析。结果表明：典型梅雨锋暴雨在500 hPa中纬度低槽和副热带高压的共同作用下产生,暴雨落区在5840 gpm线附近,对流层低层有切变线,近地面梅雨锋特征显著,经向风扰动为深厚的北风,暖湿气流来自于孟加拉湾和南海中北部;非典型梅雨锋暴雨时,中高层江苏处于天气尺度深厚低槽前的西南气流中,冷空气来自东北冷涡后部,低层有倒槽辐合线,近地面锋区较弱,异常强盛的暖湿气流由南海经台湾海峡和东海北上,对流层低层经向风扰动为南风,中高层为北风,暴雨产生在低层南风风速辐合区;两类暴雨的落区均位于锋区暖的一侧以及假相当位温(θse)和比湿(q)大值区的北侧以及强上升运动区。