肩关节盂唇的应用解剖

目的探讨肩关节盂唇（以下简称盂唇）的形态及在肩关节生物力学行为中的作用,进一步充实形态学和临床应用资料。方法取成人肩关节标本39例,打开关节并修洁,然后将标本进行定位,测量肩关节盂唇在距肩关节窝顶点前后0°,45°,90°,135°,180°处的宽度,厚度,深度,关节窝容积及盂唇所增加的肩关节窝的容积,观察关节盂唇缺损的位置,并测量其大小。结果肩关节盂唇在180°处最宽（5．79±1．80）mm;在后90°处最窄（3．68±1．14）mm;在前90°处最厚（3．61±0．99）mm;在0°处最薄（3．19±1．63）mm;深度（6．45±0．84）mm; 容积（1．96±0．43）mm^3;关节盂唇所增加的容积为（0．85±0．24）mm^3。结论肩关节盂唇是维持肩关节正常生物力学行为的重要组成结构,其缺损是引起肩关节脱位的原因之一。     

Tensile properties of the human glenoid labrum

Human fresh-frozen cadaveric glenoid labrae from 16 donors were harvested and ten of these had no gross degeneration. These ten were divided into eight equal circumferential sections. Each section was cut to produce test-samples from the core layer with a cross-section of 1 x 1 mm. Tensile testing was performed within a controlled environment unit at 37 +/- 1 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. Each test-sample was precycled to a quasi-static state to alleviate the effects of deep-freezing, prior to final testing. The tangent modulus was calculated for each test-sample before and after a 5-min period of stress relaxation and at yield. The mean elastic modulus and yield stress of the glenoid labrum were 22.8 +/- 11.4 and 2.5 +/- 2.1 MPa, respectively. The anterosuperior portion had a lower elastic modulus and lower yield stress than the inferior portion (both P < 0.02). The pre-stress relaxation tangent modulus was significantly lower than the post-stress relaxation tangent modulus for all portions of the labrum. The glenoid labrum has similar tensile material properties to articular cartilage. Its elastic modulus varies around its circumference. This suggests that the labrum may encounter different forces at different positions.     

Collagenous microstructure of the glenoid labrum and biceps anchor

The glenoid labrum is a significant passive stabilizer of the shoulder joint. However, its microstructural form remains largely unappreciated, particularly in the context of its variety of functions. The focus of labral microscopy has often been histology and, as such, there is very little appreciation of collagen composition and arrangement of the labrum, and hence the micromechanics of the structure. On transmission electron microscopy, significant differences in diameter, area and perimeter were noted in the two gross histological groups of collagen fibril visualized; this suggests a heterogeneous collagenous composition with potentially distinct mechanical function. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated three distinct zones of interest: a superficial mesh, a dense circumferential braided core potentially able to accommodate hoop stresses, and a loosely packed peri-core zone. Confocal microscopy revealed an articular surface fine fibrillar mesh potentially able to reduce surface friction, bundles of circumferential encapsulated fibres in the bulk of the tissue, and bone anchoring fibres at the osseous interface. Varying microstructure throughout the depth of the labrum suggests a role in accommodating different types of loading. An understanding of the labral microstructure can lead to development of hypotheses based upon an appreciation of this component of material property. This may aid an educated approach to surgical timing and repair.     

髋臼唇的形态学研究及其意义

目的:探讨髋臼唇的形态及在髋关节生物力学行为中的作用。方法:取成人髋关节标本60个,测量髋臼唇在距髋臼顶点前后30°、60°、90°、135°处的宽度和厚度,观察髋臼唇撕裂的位置,测量大小,测量由髋臼唇增加的髋臼腔的容积。结果:髋臼唇在距髋臼顶点前90°最宽(8.82±2.20)mm,在髋臼顶点处最厚(5.56±1.56)mm。髋臼唇撕裂的发生率为81.7%(49/60例),多发生在髋臼的前上象限(80%),撕裂的大小为(2.5±0.2)cm(0.5￣4.5cm),髋臼唇可使髋臼腔的容积增加33%。结论:髋臼唇是维持髋关节正常生物力学行为的重要组成部分,髋臼唇撕裂是引起髋部疼痛的原因之一。     

关节镜下治疗股髋撞击综合征合并I度盂唇损伤的临床疗效观察

目的探讨和总结关节镜下治疗股髋撞击综合征(FAI)合并Ⅰ度盂唇损伤的临床疗效。方法按照纳入和排除标准,将2011年2月至2016年4月在我院治疗的32例股髋撞击综合征合并Ⅰ度盂唇损伤的患者纳入本研究,其中男18例,女14例,左髋12例,右髋20例,平均年龄37.5岁(25~58岁),均行关节镜清理和盂唇修整术,术中对增生的骨赘进行磨削、清理,损伤的盂唇进行修整,术后进行髋关节功能康复锻炼。末次随访记录Harris髋关节功能评分及VAS视觉模拟疼痛评分,比较术前术后HHS评分(Harris)及VAS评分(visual analogue score),评价临床疗效。结果术后所有患者均获随访,随访时间平均18个月(12~24个月),Harris髋关节评分由术前的(67.03±2.56)分,提高到术后12个月的(93.75±3.75)分(0.05),具有显著的统计学差异。髋关节视觉模拟疼痛评分从术前的(6.59±0.91)分,下降到术后12个月的(1.78±0.55)分(0.05),具有显著的统计学差异。结论应用关节镜技术治疗股髋撞击综合征合并Ⅰ度盂唇损伤能够有效缓解髋关节疼痛症状,改善髋关节功能,延缓髋关节骨性关节炎的发展,术后短期临床疗效确切。     

An evaluation of the anatomical basis of the Biceps Load tests I and II for superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions

Both Biceps Load tests I and II rely on an increase in tension in the long head of biceps to identify a superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesion. This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical basis of Biceps Load tests I and II by measuring activity in the long head of biceps in the two clinical tests. Activity in the long head of biceps was measured in 12 healthy young participants using surface electromyography. Activity was only minimally increased in both Biceps Load I and II compared with the resting position. In the absence of convincing support for the anatomical basis of the test, investigations of diagnostic accuracy need to be replicated in order for the reported high accuracy of Biceps Load I and II tests to be supported with confidence.     

The anatomy of the superior labrum and biceps origin in the fetal shoulder

The presence of a sublabral recess has been observed in adult shoulders. It is unclear whether this occurrence is a developmental variation or is acquired. The primary objective of the study was to determine if a cleft exists between the superior labrum and the superior cartilaginous glenoid anlage during the second trimester. The secondary objective was to define the origin of the long head of the biceps in the human fetus in the second trimester. Shoulders of 11 fetuses, 11–20 weeks old, were sectioned in the coronal plane. The superior labrum was observed to be continuous with the superior glenoid anlage, and a cleft was not observed at any stage of development. The biceps tendon originated from the superior labrum and the superior glenoid tubercle anlage in all specimens. Fibers extending in the direction of superior glenoid tubercle anlage were always very prominent. Clin. Anat. 23:821–828, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

中国人关节盂与喙突变量间的相关性

目的:以Latarjet术的技术要点为基础,通过测量干燥肩胛骨关节盂与喙突的形态参数,分析关节盂与喙突变量间的相关性.方法:对入组标本测量关节盂形态参数3个,喙突参数5个.对测量结果进行统计分析.结果:关节盂高度(33.80±2.81)mm,前缘切迹高度(24.27±2.70)mm,宽度(18.94±2.71)mm;喙...     

Relationship between sex, age, and the minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa in normal temporomandibular joints

This autopsy study investigates the minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa of grossly normal temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and correlates this to gender and age. This study was based on 49 TMJ specimens collected from 26 male and 23 female cadavers whose mean age at death was 73.8 years (range=50-96). No information was available about TMJ symptoms before death. A digital micrometer was used to measure the minimum thickness of the glenoid fossae. Comparisons were made based on gender and age. The mean value for the minimum roof thickness of all joint specimens examined was 0.8 mm. Mean values for male and female specimens were 0.8 and 0.7 mm, respectively, which were not significantly different. In addition, no age-related differences were observed. The average thickness was 0.7 mm for individuals in their fifties, 0.8 mm for those in their sixties and seventies, 0.6 mm for those in their eighties, and 0.8 mm for individuals in their nineties. Although these data indicate that the minimum thickness of the glenoid fossa of the TMJ is not significantly correlated with sex or age in patients 50 years of age and older, they nonetheless provide additional information about normal TMJ anatomy, particularly with regard to our knowledge of joint remodeling and function in the disease and non-disease states. Thickness of the glenoid fossa has also been implicated as a factor in facial trauma involving superior displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. The thickness of the glenoid fossa is also of potential interest during surgeries involving the glenoid fossa, such as TMJ arthroplasty or joint reconstruction.     

In situ compressive properties of the glenoid labrum

The purpose of this study was to measure the structural stiffness (load/displacement response) and elastic modulus (stress-strain response) of the glenoid labrum at different locations throughout the tissue. It was intended that the results of this work would serve to define the properties of the labrum. This in turn may permit a better understanding of labral function and of the mechanics of injury or degeneration and may ultimately contribute to improving the design of future labral reconstruction procedures. In addition, these data may allow incorporation of labral properties into a glenoid arthroplasty component. The testing procedure consisted of rapid compression of the labrum using a flat indentor. Stiffness and modulus results demonstrated differences between the superior and inferior portions of the labrum. The elastic moduli findings for the labrum were 0.18 +/- 0.17, 0.11 +/- 0.16, and 0.23 +/- 0.20 MPa for the inferior anterior, inferior, and inferior posterior sections, respectively. The superior anterior, superior, and superior posterior sections were respectively 0.19 +/- 0.09, 0. 32 +/- 0.22, and 0.41 +/- 0.32 MPa. These results are similar to those of knee menisci. The modulus findings for the substrate cartilage were 1.92 +/- 0.78, 1.99 +/- 0.70, and 2.00 +/- 1.33 MPa for the inferior anterior, inferior, and inferior posterior sections, respectively. The superior anterior, superior, and superior posterior sections were respectively 1.60 +/- 0.79, 1.29 +/- 0.75, and 1.42 +/- 0.54 MPa, which are comparable to previous cartilage findings.     

Penetration depth and size of the nonarthritic glenoid: Implications for glenoid replacement

Shoulder arthroplasty is technically demanding and relies heavily on precise surgical technique and preoperative planning. Proper glenoid component sizing plays a crucial role for successful shoulder arthroplasty. In this study, we measured the glenoid size together with penetration depth using three‐dimensional computed tomography (3D‐CT). From January 2010 to January 2011, 38 patients, including males and females, without evidence of a pathological glenoid, were enrolled for this study. CT images were taken and subsequently reconstructed in 3D images. The height of the glenoid was measured and the width was measured at five different levels (H1–H5). Axial images were taken at each level, with the anteroposterior (AP) glenoid diameter divided into eight areas (W1–W7). The penetration depth between the near and far cortices (thickness) at points W1–W7 was also measured. The overall mean height of the glenoid was 37.67 ± 4.09 mm. The width of the glenoid was the greatest at the distal 4/5th point and it was the least at the proximal 1/5th point. The penetration depth of the glenoid increased as the reference point progressed in the posterior direction, which was at the 5/7th point from the anterior margin. The measurement was greatest at the W4 point at the H1 level, but the W5 point was greatest at all other levels. On the basis of this study, the posterior and inferior parts of the glenoid are thinner than the anterior and superior parts. Thus, caution must be taken when inserting screws into the posteroinferior parts, where the glenoid is thinner than 15 mm, especially in females, to avoid penetration of the far cortex. Clin. Anat. 25:1043–1050, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同年龄小儿眶上裂解剖结构及发育特点

目的：研究不同年龄阶段小儿眶上裂(superrior orbital fissure,SOF)的发育特征及其解剖特点。方法：福尔马林灌注的小儿尸头25具，无畸形足月死婴1、3、7、12岁各5具。一侧观察SOF骨性结构；另一侧研究SOF区内容、血管神经分布及其邻近结构。结果：小儿SOF随年龄的增长，形状由等腰三角形向锐角三角形演变。SOF最外侧至眶颧缝的距离足月死婴为17．0mm，1岁为20．0mm，3岁时24．0mm，7岁26．2mm，12岁31．0mm。动眼神经在SOF硬膜-骨膜延续处分叉，其夹角随发育逐渐变大。额神经在3岁以前与滑车神经在眼外肌总环腱(Zinn环)处不易分开。3岁以前泪腺神经紧靠额神经。鼻睫神经在3岁以前与展神经分离困难。结论：小儿SOF骨性结构、神经分布及其邻近关系随年龄的增长发生变化。     

下颌骨骨折机理的解剖学研究

目的:为下颌骨骨折机理的研究提供解剖学依据。方法:10例新鲜颅面标本进行解剖,对咀嚼肌、位进行观察,把下颌骨横断截开,测量各个解剖区全厚骨质厚度。结果:下颌骨各部分骨质厚度:颏部正中(12.4±0.7)mm、颏孔区(10.6±1.1)mm、磨牙区(14.1±0.9)mm、下颌角(6.8±0.5)mm、下颌孔前区(10.1±1.0)mm、下颌孔后区(6.2±0.5)mm。下颌第3磨牙阻生时,骨质变薄。牙缺失时,骨质吸收牙槽突降低。咀嚼肌在下颌骨两侧呈镜面影像,附着于下颌骨的不同部位。牙尖交错位和下颌后退接触位时上下牙列接触,髁状突与颞骨关节面无间隙,下颌姿势位时使上下牙列及髁状突与颞骨关节面之间均有间隙。结论:(1)颏部正中、下颌体部、下颌角、髁突颈部为下颌骨解剖薄弱区域,下骨全厚骨质厚度和骨折无相关性;(2)下颌第3磨牙阻生、缺失牙、颏孔和尖牙窝使下颌骨变薄弱;(3)咀嚼肌的收缩和位的不同可以改变下颌骨骨折的发生部位;(4)下颌骨薄弱区、咀嚼肌和位共同影响下颌骨骨折的发生。     

人体髋臼盂唇的形态结构特点及其临床意义

目的　探讨人体髋臼盂唇的形态解剖和组织学特点。 方法　解剖12例经福尔马林固定及8例新鲜冰冻成人髋关节标本,测量：(1)髋臼盂唇的宽度和厚度;(2)盂唇增加髋臼窝表面积;(3)髋臼盂唇增加髋臼窝的深度;(4)髋臼盂唇所增加髋臼窝的容积等指标, 并对髋臼盂唇进行HE、甲苯胺蓝、胶原纤维免疫组化染色观察其组织学特点。 结果　髋臼盂唇为具有类软骨特性纤维环,最大宽度在时钟2:00位,为(7.37±2.72) mm,最大厚度在9:00位,为(6.25±1.60) mm;髋臼盂唇增加髋臼窝的深度为(5.30±0.83) mm,增加髋臼窝表面积为(4.98±0.94) cm2,增加髋臼窝的容积为(7.69±2.03) ml。髋臼盂唇的截面为三角形,关节囊侧为疏松结缔组织,富含血管,基底侧附着于骨性髋臼上,关节面侧与髋臼软骨通过盂唇-软骨复合体过渡区相连。 结论　髋臼盂唇为覆盖在骨性髋臼缘上的纤维组织环,具有一定的类软骨特性,主要起到稳定髋关节的作用。髋臼盂唇的血供主要来自关节囊,关节面侧通过盂唇-软骨复合体过渡区与关节软骨相连续,是髋臼盂唇损伤的解剖基础。     

The glenoid notch and its relation to the shape of the glenoid cavity of the scapula

The prevalence of a notch in the anterior margin of the glenoid cavity of 236 scapulae (118 female, 118 male) was investigated. The notch was found in 129 scapulae (55%) and gave rise to a pear-shaped cavity. In 107 scapulae (45%) the notch was absent, the shape of the cavity being oval. No sex difference was found in the prevalence of the notch. If a distinct notch exists, the glenoid labrum is not attached to bone at the notch and is therefore liable to be sheared off (Bankart lesion).     

肛神经阻滞麻醉的解剖学基础研究

目的:为肛神经阻滞麻醉提供解剖学基础。方法:15例(30侧)成人尸体标本,置俯卧位,解剖坐骨肛门窝,观测肛神经走向肛门的长度、角度,肛神经毗邻关系及定位标志。结果:肛后缘与尾骨尖的距离为(4.56±0.62)cm(3.80～5.80cm),尾骨尖与坐骨结节最凸点的距离为(6.01±0.86)cm(4.50～8.00cm),肛后缘与坐骨结节最凸点距离为(6.05±0.65)cm(4.50～7.50cm)。肛门3点钟和9点钟位距肛神经主干为(4.93±0.91)cm(3.80～7.10cm),肛门3点钟和9点钟位向肛神经主干外偏角度为(35.6±3.3)°(30～40°)。肛神经主干位于坐骨结节与尾骨尖的联线上,距坐骨结节(2.21±0.28)cm(1.50～2.70cm),距坐骨结节或骶结节韧带平面前(1.36±0.13)cm(1.10～1.60cm)。结论:(1)肛神经位置恒定,其主干位于坐骨结节与尾骨尖联线上,坐骨结节内侧2.21cm,约相当于联线的外、中1/3相接处,这个距离约相当于肛后缘至尾骨尖的1/2距离。(2)肛门手术时,平坐骨结节最凸点(相当于平骶结节韧带)前1.36cm,将麻醉剂从此点注入,会有很好的麻醉效果。     

Neuroanatomical distribution of mechanoreceptors in the human cadaveric shoulder capsule and labrum

The distribution, location, and spatial arrangement of mechanoreceptors are important for neural signal conciseness and accuracy in proprioceptive information required to maintain functional joint stability. The glenohumeral joint capsule and labrum are mechanoreceptor‐containing tissues for which the distribution of mechanoreceptors has not been determined despite the importance of these tissues in stabilizing the shoulder. More recently, it has been shown that damage to articular mechanoreceptors can result in proprioceptive deficits that may lead to recurrent instability. Awareness of mechanoreceptor distribution in the glenohumeral joint capsule and labrum may allow preservation of the mechanoreceptors during surgical treatment for shoulder instability, and in turn retain the joint's proprioceptive integrity. For this reason, we sought to develop a neuroanatomical map of the mechanoreceptors within the capsule and labrum. We postulated that the mechanoreceptors in these tissues are distributed in a unique pattern, with mechanoreceptor‐scarce regions that may be more appropriate for surgical dissection. We determined the neuroanatomical distribution of mechanoreceptors and their associated fascicles in the capsule and labrum from eight human cadaver shoulder pairs using our improved gold chloride staining technique and light microscopy. A distribution pattern was consistently observed in the capsule and labrum from which we derived a neuroanatomical map. Both tissues demonstrated mechanoreceptor‐dense and ‐scarce regions that may be considered during surgical treatment for instability. Capsular fascicles were located in the subsynovial layer, whereas labral fascicles were concentrated in the peri‐core zone. The capsular fascicles presented as a lattice network and with a plexiform appearance. Fascicles within the labrum resembled a cable structure with the fascicles running in parallel. Our findings contribute to the neuroanatomical knowledge of the two glenohumeral joint stabilizers, namely, capsule and labrum, primarily involved in the onset of shoulder instability and recurrent instability. Neuroanatomical knowledge of articular mechanoreceptors is important for (i) developing a topographical map that reflects correspondence between the joint and surrounding musculature, (ii) understanding proprioceptive deficits that are only partially restored post surgical and post rehabilitative treatment, and (iii) gaining further knowledge about articular mechanoreceptors.     

Fiber components of the shoulder superior labrum

Purpose  

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the superior glenoid labrum focusing on the fiber arrangement of its components.