In Situ Study of Single Aqueous Droplet Solidification of Ceramic Precursors Used for Spray Pyrolysis

The electrodynamic balance (EDB) is demonstrated to be useful for the in situ study of aqueous droplet solidification. We have used an EDB to study the solidification of solution droplets used for ceramic powder synthesis by spray pyrolysis. The mass change and the elastic light scattering of the drying 20 μm solution droplets were monitored. We found that aqueous MgCl₂ droplets crystallize but Mg(COOCH₃)₂, MgSO₄, ZrO(OH)Cl, and Zr(COOCH₃)₄ droplets appear to form gels at high concentrations. As a result of the gel formation, the rate of loss of water from the droplets can be reduced by approximately 150 times and drying is limited by solute diffusion in the gel.     

Droplet evaporation and solute precipitation during spray pyrolysis

The process of spray pyrolysis was investigated theoretically using a model that describes the evolution of the droplet size, solvent vapor concentration in the carrier gas, and both droplet and gas temperatures along the reactor axis. The model also accounts for solute concentration profiles and solute precipitation in the solution droplets. The model was used to describe the evaporation of sodium chloride aqueous solution droplets in diffusion dryers and hot-wall reactors as a function of reactor residence time, droplet size (a few microns), solution molality (up to 2 M), droplet concentration (10⁶–10⁷ cm⁻³), relative humidity of the carrier gas (0–50%) and reactor wall conditions. Decreasing initial droplet size and solution molality accelerated droplet evaporation and resulted in smaller droplets at the onset of solute nucleation. Decreasing droplet concentration and carrier gas inlet relative humidity as well as increasing wall temperature (up to 350°C) or axial wall temperature gradient (up to 100°C cm⁻¹) increased the droplet evaporation rate, but did not change appreciably the droplet size at the point of precipitation for a given droplet size and solute concentration. Thus, control of droplet size at the onset of solute nucleation by varying process parameters other than the solution concentration and initial droplet size is limited.     

Synthesis of Solid, Spherical Zirconia Particles by Spray Pyrolysis

A model is used to predict solid particle formation during spray pyrolysis by correlating droplet shrinkage before salt precipitation with its relative solution saturation. For the rapid drying conditions and droplet size of ∼ 10 μm, which are characteristic of conventional spray pyrolysis, solid salt particles are formed when a droplet's initial relative solution saturation is ∼ 10⁻² and the precipitated salt is sufficiently permeable to permit evolution of the remaining solvent after precipitation. It is proposed that this concentration allows the drying droplet more time and a shorter diffusion distance in which to maintain chemical homogeneity before precipitation. Using these concepts it is demonstrated that zirconyl chloride (ZrOCI₂· 8H₂O) and zirconyl hydroxychloride (ZrO(OH)CI) are excellent zirconium salts for solid zirconia particle synthesis by spray pyrolysis.     

蒸发结晶过程中悬浮溶液液滴形态的变化

利用单轴声悬浮装置观察了毫米大小的无机盐水溶液悬浮液滴蒸发和结晶的动态过程，为认识伴随均匀成核和结晶过程的溶液液滴形态变化规律提供了一个理想的环境．通过对ＮＨ４Ｃｌ溶液液滴广泛的实验观察发现，开始结晶后通常先在液滴表面的局部形成外壳，局部外壳发展到完全成壳经过３种可能的生长历程，即局部外壳向液滴内的生长，沿液滴表面的扩展，以及从局部外壳上个别点向外的枝状物或晶须生长．多数溶质液滴都经历与ＮＨ４Ｃｌ液滴相同的过程演化到完全成壳，但完全成壳后的形态变化却各不相同．初步考察了溶质性质与形态变化的关系，以及二元混合溶液液滴的形态变化规律，并定性地讨论分析了声场存在对于观察结果代表性可能的影响．     

含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液水热水解规律

探究了含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液[1.0 mol/L TiOSO₄+0.5 mol/L MgSO₄+0.25 mol/L Al₂（SO₄）₃+2.4 mol/L H₂SO₄]的水热水解规律。热力学计算表明：110~150 ℃,加入MgSO₄ 和Al₂（SO₄）₃的总体效应使钛的理论水解率略有降低[150 ℃时,纯硫酸氧钛溶液和含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的理论水解率分别为99.8%和99.7%,镁铝杂质分别以MgSO_4（aq）和Al（OH）²⁺为主];升高温度有利于含钛组分水解,从110 ℃升高到150 ℃含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的理论水解率由99.1%升高到99.7%。实验结果表明：加入MgSO₄ 和Al₂（SO₄）₃后钛水解率略有降低（150 ℃时,纯硫酸氧钛溶液和含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的水解率分别为99.2%和98.3%）,升高温度可显著强化含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的水解（110 ℃→150 ℃,68.6%→98.3%）,与热力学计算结果相符。在150 ℃水热反应10 h,可制得原始粒径为100~300 nm、团聚粒径为1~3 μm的不规则状偏钛酸,含钛组分水解率达到98.3%。     

水热法合成碱式硫酸镁晶须

以硫酸镁和氢氧化镁为原料,利用水热法制备了碱式硫酸镁晶须,对其制备工艺和表征方法进行了研究。通过实验得到合成晶须产品的适宜水热条件：硫酸镁料浆浓度为1.28 mol/L、硫酸镁和氢氧化镁的物质的量比为1～4、搅拌强度为450 r/min、反应温度为200 ℃、反应时间为6 h。在此条件下合成的碱式硫酸镁晶须的化学式为:MgSO₄•5Mg(OH)₂•2H₂O,平均长度为20～45 μm,长径比在31以上,该产品表面光滑,纤细均匀且无弯曲,纯度较高。     

Influence of surfactants on growth of individual aqueous coarse mode aerosol particles

Understanding the links between aerosol and cloud and radiative properties remains a large uncertainty in predicting Earth's changing energy budget. Surfactants are observed in ambient atmospheric aerosol particles, and their effect on cloud droplet growth is a mechanism that was, until recently, neglected in model calculations of particle activation and droplet growth. In this study, coarse mode aqueous aerosol particles were created containing the surfactant Igepal CA-630 and NaCl. The evaporation and condensation of these individual aqueous particles were investigated using an aerosol optical trap combined with Raman spectroscopy. For a relative humidity (RH) change from 70% to 80%, droplets containing both Igepal and NaCl at atmospheric concentrations exhibited on average more than 4% larger changes in droplet radii, compared to droplets containing NaCl only. This indicates enhanced water uptake in the presence of surfactants, but this result is unexpected based on the standard calculation of the effect of surfactants, using surface tension reduction and/or hygroscopicity changes, for particles of this size. One implication of these results is that in periods with increasing RH, surfactant-containing aqueous particles may grow larger than similarly sized aqueous NaCl particles without surfactants, thus shifting atmospheric particle size distributions, influencing particle growth, and affecting aerosol loading, visibility, and radiative forcing.

Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research     

超声作用对NaCl和MgSO4溶液在纳滤膜内传质的影响

将超声波用于强化电解质溶液在纳滤膜内的传质过程,研究超声作用下NaCl和MgSO₄溶液在聚酰胺纳滤膜内的传质机理,考察超声作用对膜通量、截留率和跨膜电位随跨膜压差变化规律的影响。实验结果表明,与无超声作用相比,施加在膜表面的超声作用增大了膜通量,降低了截留率,提高了跨膜电位。     

盐湖老卤动态变温分离高纯结晶硫酸镁

盐湖老卤中镁资源储量丰富,现阶段的初级利用形式主要是提取结晶氯化镁。为提高过程效益,提出了兑卤及变温直接分离高纯结晶硫酸镁的方案,并分别考察MgSO₄饱和卤水、MgSO₄-NaCl共饱和卤水、MgSO₄-NaCl-MgCl₂共饱和卤水在非平衡动态降温过程中硫酸镁晶体微观形貌的变化以及降温速率对晶体形貌的影响。结果表明,MgSO₄饱和卤水非平衡动态降温过程中晶体形成的速率与降温速率有关,在-1.02℃/min的降温速率下,MgSO₄饱和卤水降温30 min后即可形成径向约1300 μm的MgSO₄·7H₂O晶体;但是,当卤水中存在NaCl时,最终的晶体形式为MgSO₄·6H₂O,且多为不规则的块状;卤水中的MgCl₂能促使晶体形成棱柱状的MgSO₄·6H₂O。在NaCl和MgCl₂的作用下,MgSO₄-NaCl-MgCl₂共饱和卤水降温15 h后可以析出完整晶型的高纯结晶硫酸镁。     

玛纳斯湖卤水自然蒸发析盐规律及硼、锂富集规律研究

以ISLEC软件模拟计算了新疆玛纳斯湖晶间卤水20 ℃自然蒸发的结晶路线,以模拟计算的结果指导在室内进行了自然蒸发实验,得出了与模拟计算一致的玛纳斯湖自然蒸发结晶路线。并研究了蒸发过程中硼、锂等微量元素的富集和分布规律。玛纳斯湖水室内自然蒸发时的结晶路线:①CaSO₄·2H₂O+NaCl;②CaSO₄·2H₂O+NaCl+MgSO₄·6H₂O;③NaCl+MgSO₄·6H₂O+KCl（少量）+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O;④NaCl+MgSO₄·6H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O+MgCl₂·6H₂O。ISLEC计算得到的光卤石矿中KCl的品位为14.24%,实验得到的光卤石矿中KCl的品位为10.59%。同时,蒸发过程中硼、锂未以固相形式析出,一直富集于卤水中,至蒸发结束约富集16倍,w（B₂O₃）约为1%,Li⁺约100 mg/L。依据自然蒸发结果,给出了湖水开发利用的建议,即先经过冬季冻硝脱硫再进行盐田晒卤以获取高品质的光卤石矿。     

PRECIPITATION IN THE Mg+2-Na+-SO3-2-SO4-2 AQUEOUS SYSTEM

Spontaneous precipitation in the aqueous system Mg₊₂-Na₊-SO₃^-2-SO₄^-2 affected by mixing solutions of MgSO₄ and Na₂SO₃, together was studied for temperature varying from 40 to 80°C and for pH from 5,5 to 9. The initial composition of a precipitating system was 0·67 and 1·17 mol of MgSO₃ and Na₂SO₄ per liter and 0·82 mol of MgSO₃ and Na₂SO₄ together with 0·83 mol of MgSO₄ per liter, respectively. Depending on the prevailing reaction conditions, solid phase consisting of MgSO₃ 6H₂O, MgSO₃ 3H₂O, Mg₂NaOH(SO₃)₂ H₂O or their mixture is formed. Each solid phase forms crystals of typical size and shape. The precipitation diagrams drawn in the temperature and pH coordinates for three different initial composition of the studied system are presented.     

Al2O3纳米流体液滴蒸发特性的数值模拟研究

纳米流体液滴蒸发现象在电子设备冷却、喷墨打印以及医学检测等领域都有广泛应用。为了研究水基Al₂O₃纳米流体液滴的蒸发特性,建立了纳米流体液滴蒸发的二维瞬态模型,考虑了纳米颗粒输运行为以及液滴内部流动的影响,并采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉法（ALE）捕捉气液运动界面。基于所建立的模型,分析了水基Al₂O₃纳米流体液滴内部Marangoni流、纳米颗粒初始浓度以及基板温度对纳米流体液滴蒸发特性的影响规律。结果表明,液滴内部Marangoni流会影响气液界面温度分布和蒸发速率。由于液滴内部纳米颗粒浓度分布和气液界面温度发生变化,纳米流体液滴的蒸发速率随着纳米颗粒初始浓度和基板温度升高而增加。     

聚偏氟乙烯-聚酰胺管式复合膜的分离性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)管式超滤膜为基膜,无水哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体,均苯三甲基酰氯(TMC)为有机相单体,采用界面聚合法制备了不同截留性能的PVDF/聚酰胺(PA)管式复合膜。研究了不同性能管式复合膜的截留分子量、膜表面荷电性测试、对无机盐的截留性能,以及染料废水脱盐的应用。实验结果表明,截留率R(Mg SO4)由97%~5%的复合膜相应的截留相对分子质量为300~45×10³。对于4种无机盐的截留率由高到低依次为Na₂SO₄、MgSO₄、Na Cl、Mg Cl₂;p H为4~11的环境下管式复合膜表面呈负电性;R(Mg SO₄)分别为90%与97%的管式复合膜对染料的截留率在99.4%以上,透盐率高于80%,有效的实现了染料废水脱盐及染料回用。     

黑北凹地富钾地下卤水自然蒸发实验研究

黑北凹地位于阿尔金山山前,其富钾地下卤水储量巨大,该卤水以钠、氯含量占绝对优势。富钾地下卤水化学组成简单,易于提取,具有很好的开发利用价值。以该富钾卤水为研究对象,在现场进行了自然蒸发实验。通过实验发现,卤水经过较长的石盐（NaCl）析出阶段后,分别达到光卤石（KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O）和水氯镁石（MgCl₂·6H₂O）析出阶段,最后蒸干于南极石阶段,其析盐顺序为石盐—光卤石—水氯镁石—南极石;其中钾只以光卤石矿物析出,且析出阶段比较集中,在整个蒸发过程中氧化硼（B₂O₃）和锂则都在卤水中浓缩富集,没有析出。根据卤水蒸发过程中的析盐规律,其与K ⁺,Na ⁺,Mg ²⁺//Cl ^--H₂O（25 ℃）介稳相图相符,蒸发过程中的体系变化趋势为液相体系点在石盐相区逐渐向远离石盐相点的方向移动,到达石盐与钾石盐共饱线后沿此线向石盐、钾石盐、光卤石共饱点移动,后沿石盐、光卤石共饱线移动,最终蒸干于石盐、光卤石、水氯镁石共饱点。经过对整个蒸发过程中卤水pH及密度的变化规律进行分析,指出可以通过pH及密度的变化来控制卤水的制卤过程。通过该蒸发实验研究,将为黑北凹地地下卤水的提钾工艺实验和后期开发提供科学依据。     

无机盐浓度及种类对电脱水过程水滴极化的影响

为了深入探究无机盐对电脱水过程水滴极化的影响机理,分别改变无机盐浓度及种类,对高频高压脉冲电场作用下水滴的极化变形进行显微实验研究。结果表明,不同NaCl浓度条件下水滴的变形度随电场频率和占空比的增加呈先增大后降低,由于电导率增大、离子冲击效应等的影响,随着NaCl浓度的增大,水滴的变形度随之增大。高价无机盐离子所受的电场力是一价离子的数倍,有利于其冲击速度和冲击动量的提升,水滴变形度随离子价位升高而增大。另外,由于离子活泼程度以及水解等原因,在同一高压脉冲电场中,不同钠盐溶液水滴变形度顺序为：磷酸钠 >碳酸钠 >硫酸钠 >氯化钠 >硝酸钠。不同氯盐溶液水滴变形度顺序为：氯化镁 >氯化钙 >氯化钾 >氯化钠 >氯化铵。研究成果为高压高频脉冲静电破乳机理的深入探讨奠定了基础。     

-15℃下Na+， K+， Mg2+//Cl-， NO3-， SO42——H2O体系相平衡研究

新疆卤水硝酸盐矿主要含有Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-六种离子,属于高元复杂体系,其合理利用和开发需要不同温度下的相平衡研究作为理论支撑。采用等温溶解平衡法,对Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O体系在-15℃、NaCl·2H₂O饱和条件下的相平衡进行了研究,并构建了相图。相图中有六个零变量点和八个两盐结晶区,只存在一种复盐KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O。八个两盐结晶区,分别对应于NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+KCl、NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O和NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O,其中NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O共晶区最大,在低温时,硫酸钠的溶解度最小,降温过程中较易结晶析出。与该体系在25℃下的相图相比,复盐种类减少5种,零变量点减少19个,相关系得以极大简化。     

Study on phase equilibrium of system Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl-, NO3-, SO42--H2O at -15℃

Xinjiang brine nitrate mine mainly contains six kinds of ions: Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-, belonging to a high-element complex system, and its rational utilization and development require phase equilibrium studies at different temperatures as theoretical support. The phase equilibrium of the system Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O saturated with NaCl·2H₂O at -15℃ was investigated using the isothermal solution equilibrium method. According to the measured data, the phase diagrams were constructed. Only one double salt KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O was found in the system. There are six invariant points and eight two-salt crystallization fields corresponding to NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃, NaCl·2H₂O+KCl, NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃, NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O + Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O. The crystallization area of NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O occupies the largest part because of its low solubility, and they will crystallize out easily from the mixed solution in the cooling process. Compared with the phase diagram of the system at 25℃, there are 5 types of double salts reduced, 19 zero variable points reduced, and the phase relationship is greatly simplified.     

Preparation of Ultrafine Zirconia Particles

Ultrafine ZrO₂ particles have been prepared via a new sol-gel process. This process involves the addition of excess C₂H₄O into the aqueous ZrOCl₂ solution and reacting the mixture at room temperature; a glassy ZrO(OH)₂ gel is formed moments later. An ultrafine ZrO₂ powder is obtained after the gel is dried and calcined; the powder is monoclinic. The average particle size is ∼12 nm, and its specific surface area is 55.1 m²/g. In addition, partially stabilized ZrO₂ can be prepared in the same manner, yielding a good result.     

258.15 K下五元体系Li+,Na+,Mg2+//SO42-,Cl--H2O相平衡研究

中国含锂盐湖大部分位于青藏、新疆等干旱少雨、冬季寒冷且漫长的地区。为指导低温提锂工艺的开发和设计、利用冬季冷能进行目标离子的富集及明确含锂盐湖在低温下的析盐规律,采用等温溶解平衡法对258.15 K、二水氯化钠饱和条件下的交互五元体系Li⁺,Na⁺,Mg²⁺∥SO₄^2-,Cl^--H₂O相平衡关系进行研究并构建等温平衡相图。结果表明,相图中有4个共饱点、6个两盐结晶区(NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+Li₂SO₄·H₂...     

四元体系Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+ // SO42- - H2O 298.2 K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.2 K下四元体系Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺ // SO₄^2- - H₂O的相平衡关系,测定了该体系的溶解度、密度以及折射率,并绘制了相应的稳定相图、水图、密度-组成图和折射率-组成图。研究表明：298.2 K下,该四元体系为复杂四元体系,有复盐Cs₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O和Rb₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O以及固溶体[(Rb, Cs）₂SO₄]生成。其稳定相图由4个四元共饱点、9条单变量曲线以及6个结晶区组成。四元共饱点中E₁、E₂、E₃为相称共饱点,E₄为不相称共饱点。6个结晶相区分别对应3种单盐Rb₂SO₄、MgSO₄·7H₂O、Cs₂SO₄,2种复盐Cs₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O、Rb₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O和1种固溶体[(Rb,Cs）₂SO₄]。其中,复盐Rb₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O结晶区最大,表明其在该体系中最易结晶析出;Cs₂SO₄结晶区最小。平衡液相的密度和折射率随着溶液中Cs₂SO₄含量变化呈规律性变化。该体系稳定相图将为硫酸镁亚型盐湖卤水中的铷、铯等资源开发利用提供理论依据。