The risk implications of diversification: Integrating the effects of product and geographic diversification

The risk implications of product diversification have received considerable attention from scholars. However, our understanding of the effects of geographic diversification on risk is more limited. Relying on resource-based theory to frame our arguments, we argue that despite some similarities, the two types of diversification have differing effects on firm risk. We first establish the risk reducing effects for product diversification. We then integrate the unique aspects of geographic diversification that serve as a boundary condition to the RBV perspective, arguing for the risk increasing effects of geographic diversification. Finally, since many firms pursue both forms of diversification simultaneously, we explore the joint effects of both product and geographic diversification. We test our hypotheses in a longitudinal model on a sample of S&P 500 firms. Our findings suggest that total product diversification, as well as related diversification reduce risk, while total geographic diversification increases risk. Furthermore, our data provide evidence of a complex combination of joint effects of these two forms of diversification. These findings offer a more complete understanding of the risk effects of corporate diversification.     

International diversification and the market value of new product introduction

Although previous studies on international diversification are plentiful, they mainly focus on the effect of international diversification on overall firm performance, and the results are mixed. This study extends this line of research and explores the impact of international diversification on new product performance. Specifically, we ask if international diversification explains the stock market reactions to new product introduction (NPI) announcements. We find an inverted-U-shaped relationship between international diversification and the announcement returns of NPIs, revealing that the market value of NPIs initially improves and then declines with increasing international diversification. The results also show that intangible assets, such as technological and marketing capabilities, positively moderate the relationship between international diversification and the market value of NPIs. Our study not only highlights the importance of considering both sides of international diversification in affecting investors' assessments of corporate new product strategies, but also shows the possibility of internal capabilities in changing the fixed relationship between international diversification and the market value of new products.     

商品金融化背景下商品期货的多样化收益研究

日益丰富的商品期货交易种类为传统投资组合的风险-收益结构提供了可行的改善路径,但同时商品期货的风险对冲功能也受到了商品金融化趋势的现实冲击。本文基于不同分布假设下的均值-方差张成检验方法探究引入商品期货改善传统投资组合的路径和程度,并在此基础上利用投资组合的样本期外滚动数据对商品期货的多样化收益进行多维绩效检验。研究发现：1.无论是否考虑资本市场现实中的交易制度约束,样本期内商品期货的加入都能够显著地改善传统投资组合选择的风险-收益结构;2.商品期货对投资组合有效边界的改善主要体现为风险分散效应,商品期货的加入不能为传统资产配置策略带来超额收益;3.引入商品期货能够有效地降低投资组合样本期外的标准差和尾部风险,高风险厌恶的投资者配置商品期货能够取得更高的等价性收益。本文研究结果表明,尽管大宗商品金融化趋势不可逆转,但将商品期货引入传统投资组合仍是推动中国资产配置策略优化升级的有效途径。     

竞争关系下制造商专项投资对分销商机会主义行为的影响

以往研究仅关注了一对交易关系中,制造商专项投资对分销商机会主义行为的影响。本文引入制造商的竞争者,探讨了制造商与其竞争者专项投资水平的不对等对上述关系的调节作用。通过对家电行业276对制造商与分销商关系的实证研究发现:投入专项资产的制造商会采取吸收分销商专项投资的方式抑制其机会主义行为的发生。当制造商的竞争者也对分销商进行专项投资时,制造商与竞争者专项投资的不对等性明显改变了制造商专项投资对分销商机会主义行为的作用效果。本文的研究结论对于面临激烈竞争的制造商合理制定投资决策,减少分销商机会主义行为的侵害具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

零售商主导下促进绿色产品需求的联合研发契约协调研究

针对绿色环保产品价格过高,阻碍其成为主流消费品这一现实问题,在绿色经济背景下,探讨零售商向负责绿色研发成本投入的制造商提供不同联合研发契约时的供应链均衡策略和协调问题。以零售商主导的双边垄断型绿色供应链为研究对象,在考虑消费者环保意识、产品绿色度水平、价格等多种因素影响需求的基础上,分别探讨批发价契约、成本分担契约和两部制契约对绿色产品需求、供应链成员利润及渠道利润的影响。结果表明,成本分担契约无法实现供应链成员利润的Pareta改进;一定条件下,两部制契约可以实现供应链成员利润的双赢,并提高绿色产品的市场需求。此外,虽然消费者环保意识的提高并不总是会带来绿色产品市场需求的增加,但却总是会使得绿色供应链的利润提高;并且较高的消费者环保意识将激励企业追求一个较低的绿色成本系数,从而促使企业积极进行绿色技术创新努力。     

产品异质条件下排污权交易市场支配力对系统均衡的影响研究

日趋臻显的行业细分趋势和显著的外向型经济发展特点等在很大程度上决定了我国区域排污权交易系统内不存在显著的产品竞争。鉴于此,在产品异质条件下,通过考虑产成品市场与排污权交易市场之间的关联影响,首先从理论层面分析了社会最优的排污权配置状态;进而,构建了主导企业与从属企业之间的主从博弈模型,通过分析特定排污权市场价格下从属企业的最优行为特征,深入剖析了主导企业的策略性行为及其对系统均衡的影响。结果表明：市场支配力对系统均衡的影响具有多样性与复杂性;特别是,为了获取更大的额外收益,主导企业存在作为卖家时选择"溢价"与作为买家时"抑价"两种排污权价格操纵形式,并不可避免地导致系统均衡与社会最优配置状态的偏离,而从属企业却会蒙受巨大损失;其中,初始排污权禀赋是影响主导企业最优决策的重要因素。最后,通过量化分析对结论进行了验证,并细致展现了主导企业产污系数和治污成本等变动对系统均衡的影响。     

关系质量视角下移动虚拟社区治理对组织公民行为影响研究--以知识型移动虚拟社区为例

从关系质量视角出发,探索移动虚拟社区治理对组织公民行为的影响机理。在已有研究的基础上,结合移动虚拟社区的特点,提出移动虚拟社区治理的内涵和构成要素。构建以成员-平台关系质量和成员-成员关系质量为中介变量的移动虚拟社区治理对组织公民行为影响的理论模型,利用结构方程和Bootstrap法对模型进行验证。通过对知识型移动虚拟社区用户的调查,结果显示:社区构建与成员嵌入对成员-平台关系质量与成员-成员关系质量都有显著影响,而社区监管和信息保护却只对成员-成员关系质量有显著影响;成员-平台关系质量与成员-成员关系质量对组织公民行为均具有显著影响,但成员-成员关系质量对组织公民行为的影响更大;移动虚拟社区治理能够通过成员-成员关系质量和部分通过成员-平台关系质量对组织公民行为产生正向影响。