Superior dislocation of the fibular head associated with a tibial shaft fracture.

Superior dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint occurred in a 34-year-old woman who sustained a Grade 3B open left tibial fracture. An external fixator was applied to the tibia, and the tibiofibular joint was treated by closed reduction. Two bone graftings were performed, and the patient ultimately required a fibular osteotomy to allow tibial impaction. At 10 months posttrauma, the patient is fully weight-bearing and has no pain either at the tibia or the tibiofibular joint.     

Safe placement of proximal tibial transfixation wires with respect to intracapsular penetration

OBJECTIVES: To determine the safe zone for transfixation wires in the proximal tibia to avoid intracapsular penetration. METHODS: The material consisted of five fresh cadaver knees (two paired) and seven knees of volunteer subjects (three paired). High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on each knee after distension with a gadolinium solution. The distance d from the subchondral bone to the insertion of the reflected joint capsule was measured. Selected cadaver knees were then anatomically sectioned to correlate the MRI findings with anatomic measurements. RESULTS: On the anteromedial side of the knee, the distance from the reflected joint capsule to the subchondral bone was less than eleven millimeters in all specimens except one. Posteromedially, d was smaller and ranged from two to four millimeters. On the lateral side of the knee anterior to the proximal tibiofibular joint, this distance ranged from six to nine millimeters. In all knees but two, d was greatest at the posterior aspect of the proximal tibiofibular joint, ranging from eight to thirteen millimeters. In one volunteer knee, the septum that separates the knee joint from the proximal tibiofibular joint was either torn or attenuated, resulting in complete communication between these two synovial cavities. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal tibial transfixation wires away from the tibiofibular joint are likely to be extraarticular if kept greater than fourteen millimeters from the subchondral bone. In the region of the proximal tibiofibular joint, a safe distance is unclear because it is difficult to know preoperatively which knee has a torn septum.     

Posttraumatisches Osteoidosteom Fallbericht und Literaturübersicht

Osteoid osteoma is a painful benign bone neoplasm that is rarely described after trauma but should be suspected. A case of osteoid osteoma 19 years after a tibial fracture is presented. The patient had pain in the tibia for 6 years before the osteoid osteoma was confirmed. He had been operated on twice for suspected osteomyelitis although the clinical symptoms suggested an osteoid osteoma. The radiographic appearance as well as a bone scan confirmed the diagnosis. Removal of the nidus resulted in immediate pain relief. A precise preoperative diagnosis of the lesion based on clinical findings, standard radiographs, high-resolution CT, and bone scan is mandatory. It is important to recognize this uncommon entity to avoid morbidity associated with a prolonged delay in diagnosis.     

Osteoid osteoma in the medial malleolus

A case of osteoid osteoma in an unusual location is reported. The osteoma was diagnosed, and the nidus was localized to the anterior colliculus of the medial malleolus based on the clinical symptoms and on the findings in radionuclide bone scanning, tomography, and computerized tomographic (CT) scanning. After precise radiographic localization of the nidus, it was determined that the lesion could be excised surgically without compromising the ankle joint. The tumor was removed by en block excision and curettage. At 10 months follow-up, the patient was free of pain without impairment of function.     

Arthroscopic removal of intra-articular osteoid osteoma in the knee: case report and review of the literature

Osteoid osteoma is a relatively common benign bone tumor first described by Jaffe [1]. It most frequently arises in the long bones and exhibits a characteristic X-ray appearance, that is, a small radiolucent zone surrounded by reactive circumferential sclerosis (nidus) [2, 3]. Nocturnal pain, which can be alleviated by aspirin, is one of the characteristic clinical manifestations of this bone tumor [4]. Although it is relatively rare, osteoid osteoma can also arise in the intra-articular regions, and we found 14 such cases arising in the knee joint in the literature [5–18]. Patients with intra-articular osteoid osteoma often present with joint pain, intracapsular effusion, restricted motion, and muscle atrophy in the affected limb, which can be mistaken for more common entities, such as traumatic or degenerative pathologies of the joint. Furthermore, X-ray examination often fails to show the characteristic nidus that is typically seen in extra-articular osteoid osteoma and therefore can result in a delayed diagnosis. We herein present a case of intra-articular osteoid osteoma arising in the knee joint, which was successfully treated by arthroscopy, and review the reported cases of intra-articular osteoid osteoma arising in the knee.     

计算机导航辅助骨样骨瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨计算机导航技术在骨样骨瘤外科治疗中的意义.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年12月应用计算机导航辅助切除骨样骨瘤手术26例患者的临床资料,其中男性23例,女性3例,平均年龄18岁(7～35岁).26例患者肿瘤位于股骨干9例、股骨粗隆部4例、股骨颈2例、胫骨干5例、胫骨近端干骺端1例、髋臼2例、耻骨1例、脊柱附件1例、桡骨干1例.术前均经局部X线及CT扫描明确诊断.其中4例采用CT数据导航,22例采用Iso-C 3D C型臂术中实时导航.术中导航指引定位,精确切除瘤巢.结果 全部病例均完成导航手术,其中行开窗刮除12例、整块切除14例;植骨21例、未植骨5例.26例患者均经术中肉眼判定、术中导航指引器确认、术后X线和(或)CT扫描确认瘤巢去除充分.全部病例均经组织病理学确诊为骨样骨瘤,术后疼痛即刻缓解.全部病例均获随访,平均随访20.6个月(12～35个月),未见肿瘤复发和疼痛复发.结论 将计算机导航技术应用于骨样骨瘤的外科治疗,不仅使术中瘤巢定位更精确,而且对于复杂部位瘤巢的切除可以达到骨结构微创治疗的目的.对于骨干部位的骨样骨瘤,Iso-C 3D C型臂术中实时导航较CT数据导航更有帮助.

Abstract：

Objective To report the experience for the precision osteoid osteoma resection using computer navigation system. Methods Between January 2008 and December 2009, 26 surgical resections were performed for 26 patients who had osteoid osteoma with computer navigation system. There were 23 males and 3 females with an average age of 18 years (7 to 35). Tumors were located at femoral shaft 9,femoral trochanter 4, femoral neck 2, tibial shaft 5, metaphysic of proximal tibia 1, acetabulum 2, pubis 1,vertebral appendix 1 and radial shaft 1. Pre-operative X-ray and CT of each patient was performed to confirm the diagnosis. It was carried out intraoperatively the process of CT-based navigation in 4 cases and intraoperative Iso-C three-dimensional navigation in 22 cases. The Navigation System software was Spine Navigation 1.2 in all cases. The Pointer was helpful to localize the lesion and precisely resected the lesion without removal of any excess bone. Results All the navigation operations were finished successfully with curettage for 12 and En Bloc resection for 14. Bone grafting was made in 21 cases and none in 3 cases. The completely clearance of nidus by intraoperative visual inspection and Pointer confirmation, postoperative X-ray and (or) CT scan was performed in all cases. All cases had histopathology diagnosis of osteoid osteoma and immediate pain relief after surgery. All cases were followed up for 20. 6 months averagely (12 to 35 months). No local recurrence and pain relapse occurred. Conclusions The navigation system is very helpful for the precision tumor resection of nidus. Especially for the patients with osteoid osteoma located at diaphysis, Intraoperative Iso-C three-dimensional navigation is more useful.     

Successful percutaneous treatment of osteoid osteoma in a 13 month-old boy with radiofrequency ablation under CT guidance

We present a 13-month-old boy who had a successful Computed Tomography (CT) guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment for the osteoid osteoma (OO) on proximal part of the tibial diaphysis.The complaints of the patient were being restless due to pain and refusing to bear any weight on his left leg for 6 months. An asymmetrical cortical thickening and a focal sclerosis was detected on medial proximal diaphysis of the left tibia on radiographs and axial T2-weighted STIR-MR image showed bone marrow and soft-tissue edema with low-signal-intensity nidus due to central calcification with a high-signal-intensified unmineralized periphery. CT findings (the nidus on the cortex of tibia with well circumscribed lucent region around a central sclerotic dot and cortical thickening around the nidus) confirmed the diagnosis of OO.After CT guided percutaneous RFA treatment, the patient had an immediate pain relief in 24 h after and could bear weight on the leg. 12 and 16 months after RFA respectively, CT images and radiographs revealed sclerotic healing of the nidus and a slow regression of the adjacent cortical thickness without any recurrence.     

Morphology-mechanical property relations in trabecular bone of the osteoarthritic proximal tibia

Alteration of morphologic and mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the osteoarthritic proximal tibia may be a contributing factor in tibial component loosening. To explore this issue, the authors performed tissue property measurements, morphologic analysis, and mechanical testing of subchondral, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal trabecular bone specimens retrieved from six human proximal tibias exhibiting a range of medial unicondylar osteoarthritic degeneration. Apparent density in the proximal tibia was altered according to varus misalignment and medial subluxation associated with medial osteoarthritis of the knee. In subchondral bone, a decrease in tissue mineralization contributed to a significant reduction in axial mechanical properties with degenerative disease (P < .0005). In epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone, trabecular thickness and the number of trabeculae increased linearly with volume fraction, providing a power law relationship between axial elastic modulus and apparent density (R² = .84). Average elastic properties of the tibial epiphysis and metaphysis were not reduced by degenerative disease (P < .05). The results suggest that absolute minimization of tibial resection might not be an optimal strategy for tibial component fixation and that mechanical properties of the tibial resection surface are more homogeneous in planes parallel to the joint surface than in a plane normal to the longitudinal axis of the tibia.     

The diagnostic dilemma created by osteoid osteoma that presents as knee pain

Purpose: Osteoid osteoma is a rare benign bone lesion with a high incidence in adolescents and young people. The objective of our study was to illustrate the difficulties in diagnosis of osteoid osteoma in patients presenting with atypical knee pain. Type of Study: Retrospective case series. Methods: In 10 patients who presented to our department with atypical knee pain between 1984 and 1999, the diagnosis of an osteoid osteoma was delayed. Retrospective review of these 10 cases was performed using interviews and re-evaluation of medical histories, radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, isotope bone scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Initial radiographs showed features of osteiod osteoma in only 2 cases. In addition, in 1 case, not only initial but also repeated radiographs of the knee joint were still normal 10 months after the delineation of the nidus using MRI. Four unnecessary arthroscopies were performed on 4 of the 10 patients and the final diagnosis was established using MRI, CT, and isotope bone scan. The mean time interval between arthroscopy and osteiod osteoma diagnosis was 11.5 months. Conclusions: Osteoid osteoma must be included in the differential diagnosis of persistent unexplained knee pain, especially when objective findings of the knee are vague. The presence of the lesion juxta-articular to the knee joint or in the midshaft or upper end of the femur may be referred as pain to a nearby joint. Plain radiographs have a low diagnostic value in the detection of the lesion whereas isotope bone scan and MRI are reliable imaging techniques. The evaluation of the ipsilateral hip joint should not be overlooked.     

Removal of osteoid osteoma of the tibia using two-portal posterior ankle arthroscopy

The case of a 30-year-old male with a history of pain in his left ankle is presented. The pain was described as predominantly nocturnal and frequently relieved by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Computed tomography indicated a diagnosis of an osteoid osteoma in the posteromedial portion of the tibia. The patient underwent excision of the tumor using 2-portal posterior ankle arthroscopy. A clearly visualized nidus was removed using a combination of a cochlea and shaver. Histopathologic analysis of the resected tissue confirmed the diagnosis of an osteoid osteoma. The patient reported immediate relief of the pain and was rapidly allowed to bear weight on the foot. During regular follow-up, he had no pain recurrence and his joint mobility was normal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the removal of an osteoid osteoma of the ankle using 2-portal posterior ankle arthroscopy.     

Atypical location of an osteoid osteoma with atypical anterior knee pain

INTRODUCTION

An osteoid osteoma is a painful tumor that most commonly affects the extra-articular parts of the long bones. An intra-articular location of an osteoid osteoma is rare. Various differential diagnoses may arise in connection with such an unusual location because it causes atypical clinical signs.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 24-year-old male developed pain in the central region of the right knee. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no clear pathology in the knee joint. A technetium bone scan and computed tomography (CT) were then ordered and confirmed the presence of an osteoid osteoma in the knee joint. The patient was treated through an anteromedial approach to the knee, and the lesion was removed by excisional biopsy under fluoroscopy.

DISCUSSION

The diagnosis of intra-articular osteoid osteoma is challenging because the clinical presentation can be misleading. MRI is often requested as the first imaging method when dealing with knee symptoms, and radiologists are often unaware of the clinical presentation. Edema seen on MRI can be misleading with respect to the location of the nidus. CT is considered to be the best imaging method because it usually allows for clear visualization of the nidus. Different treatments have been proposed, ranging from open excision to arthroscopic resection.

CONCLUSION

Osteoid osteoma should be considered in young adult patients with chronic knee pain and no history of trauma.     

上胫腓关节切除在胫骨近端骨肉瘤保肢中的应用

目的探讨上胫腓关节切除在胫骨近端骨肉瘤保肢中的应用。方法1995年8月-2004年1月11例累及上胫腓关节的胫骨近端骨肉瘤患者在新辅助化疗支持下行包括上胫腓关节的胫骨骨肿瘤整块切除、人工膝关节置换、腓肠肌瓣移位重建伸膝装置及修复软组织缺损。其中男性7例,女性4例,年龄14～23岁,平均18岁。Enneking分期均为ⅡB期。结果II例患者均获得随访,随访时间2～9年,平均59个月。因肺转移死亡3例,肺转移带瘤存活1例,局部复发1例行截肢术;伤口皮肤坏死1例,下肢深静脉血栓2例,腓总神经牵拉损伤2例。术后膝关节功能MSTS93评分55％～86％,平均为70％;膝关节活动度0°～120°,平均为85°,伸直延迟均在0°～20°。结论对累及上胫腓关节的胫骨近端骨肉瘤在新辅助化疗支持下积极行包括上胫腓关节的胫骨骨肉瘤整块切除、定制人工膝关节置换术,手术疗效满意,但应注意相关并发症的防治。     

Mechanical bone strength of the tibial resection surface at increasing distance from the joint line in total knee arthroplasty

Few articles have addressed the bone strength of the proximal tibia. This study attempts to quantify the compressive strength of bone in the proximal tibia of human cadaveric knees at increasing distance from the joint surface. Sixteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were tested. The proximal tibia was sequentially sectioned into 1-cm slices, starting 2 mm below the chondral surface of the medial tibial plateau. Four slices were obtained from each knee. Each slice was then loaded to failure under an axial load. The proximal slice of bone had a significantly higher average maximum load to failure than the more distal slices. The second, third, and fourth slices of bone withstood 77%, 61%, and 73% of the average load of the proximal slice, respectively. This study was designed to simulate how the proximal tibia is loaded under an uncemented tibial base plate after total knee arthroplasty. The results are in agreement with previous studies that have shown the proximal 1 cm of tibial bone to have the highest resistance to compressive loads. Previous studies on the bone strength of the proximal tibia have focused on more proximal portions of bone than the current study. This study demonstrates that the load to failure of tibial resection surface decreases significantly with increasing distance from the joint line until the 4th cm of bone beneath the joint line is encountered. This information may play a role in surgical decision making and implant design.     

Arthroscopic-assisted posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft: a technique for graft passage

During arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, passage of the graft into the knee joint may be difficult, especially when using the patellar tendon. Because of the angle of passage, the bone block ends may become entangled or caught on the superior edge of the posterior tibial tunnel when passing the graft from the tibia to the femur. The use of a blunt trocar through the posteromedial portal avoids impingement of the bone block against the edge of the tibial tunnel. This method uses the pulley principle and permits the graft to pass freely into the knee. This method has been used successfully by the authors in more than 40 PCL arthroscopic reconstructions.     

Treatment of an open distal tibia fracture with segmental bone loss in combination with a closed proximal tibia fracture: a case report

The treatment of open distal tibia fractures remains challenging, particularly when the fracture is infected and involves segmental bone loss. We report the case of a 38-year-old man who sustained an open distal tibiofibular fracture with segmental bone loss and a closed proximal tibial fracture. The fractures were initially fixed with a temporary external fixator. The open distal tibial fracture was infected, and the skin was covered after the wound became culture negative. The tibia was then internally transported with a ring external fixator; the closed fracture of the proximal tibia served as the corticotomy for internal transport without conventional corticotomy. After 5?cm internal transport, the docking site of the distal tibia was fixed with a locking plate and autogenous cancellous bone graft. Bone graft was also used to the distal tibiofibular space to achieve distal tibiofibular synostosis. We describe one treatment option for an infected open fracture of the distal tibia with segmental bone loss that is accompanied by a closed fracture of the proximal tibia. This method can treat two fractures simultaneously.     

Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage]

The authors present 9 children who sustained 10 fractures of proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage (7--left tibia, 3--right tibial), and were treated in Children's University Hospital in Kraków between years 1994-2001. Mean age in the time of trauma was 12.7 years (6-17 years), the mean follow-up time was 17.4 months (8-48 months). According to Salter-Harris classification there was 5 fractures of type I, 4 of type II, 1 of type III. One child was treated by closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wires fixation. One child was treated by traction. The rest of the children were treated by casting, in knee flexion about 30 degrees. In one child there was premature closing of epiphyseal cartilage, shortening 1.5 cm and posterior curvature of tibia. In this child we performed flexion tibial osteotomy. In one child few months later we recognized meniscal tears (the patient was operated on). The results in the rest of children were good and there were not complications. The authors discuss the literature connecting to proximal tibial epiphyseal fractures.     

Beinachsenkorrektur nach Epiphysenfraktur und progredientem Fehlwachstum an der proximalen Tibia

Development of an angular deformity around the knee joint, following a posttraumatic premature epiphyseal closure is a rare but serious complication. We present a case report of this complication following a proximal tibial epiphyseal injury in a 9 year old child initially treated conservatively with plaster immobilization. Subsequently, partial closure of epiphysis on medial side resulted in genu varum of 20 degrees, which was treated with medial open wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia combined with resection of a segment from the proximal fibula, and a percutaneous epiphysiodesis of the proximal tibia and fibula. At three years follow up, the child had shortening of the leg by 1 cm, but no angular deformity. Significance of regular follow-up after an epiphyseal injury to detect the condition and role of operative management with various modalities is discussed.     

Impingement after total knee arthroplasty caused by cement extrusion and proximal tibiofibular instability

A 57-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis showed posterolateral impingement after total knee arthroplasty. The radiographs showed bone cement extrusion posterolateral to the tibial tray. Arthrotomy through a posterolateral approach revealed that the impingement was caused not only by cement extrusion against the fibular head but also by proximal tibiofibular joint instability. It was speculated that rheumatoid arthritis had caused proximal tibiofibular instability, active knee motion had caused fibular head shift by tension of biceps femoris and the fibular head had been impinged on the extruded cement. In cementing the tibial tray, especially in a rheumatoid patient, it is of paramount importance to take caution against posterolateral cement extrusion in order to minimize the risk of fibular head impingement during total knee arthroplasty.     

Synovial chondromatosis and instability of the proximal tibiofibular joint.

A patient with synovial chondromatosis involving both posterior compartments of the right knee and proximal tibiofibular joint had continued pain and weakness after partial synovectomy. The "Helfet Test" for proximal tibiofibular joint instability was positive; the fibular head was prominent and tender. Following excision of the proximal fibula, the patient was symptom free. This case demonstrates that it is essential to evaluate all joints involved with a disease process prior to surgical intervention.     

Safe extracapsular placement of proximal tibia transfixation pins.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the anatomic detail of the knee joint capsular insertion site on the proximal tibia, specifically as it relates to transfixation pins. DESIGN: Identification of capsular anatomy by anatomical dissection of cadaveric specimens, with radiography and arthroscopy of patients. SETTING: Cadaveric dissection. OUTCOME MEASURES: Anatomic observation of the capsular attachment site in relation to the tibial articular surface. RESULTS: The capsule inserts four to fourteen millimeters below the articular surface in a regular pattern. The anterior half of the circumference is close to the joint line (less than six millimeters). Posteromedially and posterolaterally, there are extensions distally to fourteen millimeters, occasionally communicating with the tibiofibular joint. CONCLUSION: Transfixing wires and half-pins can be placed in the proximal tibia without capsular penetration if kept more than fourteen millimeters from the subchondral line. If wire placement closer to the joint is required, wires should be placed in Zone 1 (the anterior half) and at least six millimeters from subchondral bone to avoid capsular penetration.