三维介质粗糙面上导体目标散射的解析-数值混合算法

推导出二维介质粗糙面与其上三维导体目标复合散射的耦合积分方程,提出目标散射的数值矩量法(Method of Moment,MoM)与粗糙面散射的基尔霍夫解析近似法(Kirchhoff Approximation,KA)相结合的混合迭代算法.理论推导表明:当目标距离粗糙面的高度满足条件时,目标的离散单元在粗糙面上任意一点的散射场满足局部平面波关系,利用粗糙面局部面元的反射和透射关系,得出粗糙面感应场的KA解析计算式.由于粗糙表面的感应场用KA解析计算,只需对目标的感应电流进行一次数值积分,无需数值求解粗糙面的积分方程,节省大量的存储空间和运算时间,能在理论上十分简明、数值计算上十分有效地求解三维体目标与面目标组合的复合散射问题.讨论了目标与粗糙面相互作用的互耦迭代算法的有效性和收敛性.结合Monte-Carlo方法产生随机粗糙面样本,数值分析Gauss介质粗糙面上方的规则导体球或任意不规则六面体的散射,讨论了粗糙面的介电参数和目标几何形状等对双站散射的影响.     

粗糙面与导弹目标复合电磁散射仿真计算

提出了一种求解粗糙面和三维目标复合电磁散射问题的通用仿真方法。将描述粗糙面上电磁波反射的基尔霍夫-赫姆霍兹方程与目标表面的电场积分方程相结合,得到新型的混合方程,进而采用矩量法求解,通过数值算例验证了该方法的精度和效率。采用此方法研究了两种典型导弹目标与粗糙面的复合散射特性,分析计算结果可得:粗糙面粗糙度参数对复合散射特性有着重要的影响作用。     

快速计算一维分层粗糙面之间金属目标复合散射的互耦迭代算法

为研究一维分层介质粗糙面之间金属目标的复合电磁散射特性,该文提出了一种结合前后向迭代算法(FBM)和双共轭梯度法(Bi-CG)的快速互耦迭代算法(CCIA)。推导了分层粗糙面与金属目标的耦合边界积分方程组,采用FBM和Bi-CG分别求解分层粗糙面与目标的边界积分方程,目标和分层粗糙面的相互作用通过更新两方程的激励项来实现。计算了双层介质高斯粗糙面及无限长金属圆柱的复合电磁散射特性,当目标尺寸趋于零时与只有分层粗糙面的散射系数相吻合,验证了该算法的正确性;分析了不同粗糙面情况下该算法的收敛性;讨论了目标尺寸与位置变化对复合散射系数的影响。结果表明,金属目标的存在明显影响了分层粗糙面的散射特性。     

复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射研究

研究了复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标的复合散射特性.基于Monte Carlo方法,利用高斯谱函数模拟不同统计特性的陆地表面,运用加权反正切函数滤波处理以构造边界和连接相邻区域,构建了复杂陆地分区域复合粗糙面的几何模型.提出了一种快速精确求解复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射的混合方法,利用迭代物理光学法求解目标与环境间的多次耦合,运用等效电磁流法修正棱边绕射.分析了复杂陆地粗糙面的散射特性,研究了入射角、均方根高度、相关长度和粗糙面表面结构对复合散射特性的影响.本研究为探测复杂环境上方的坦克目标提供了理论基础,数值仿真结果对雷达目标的探测与识别具有借鉴意义.     

分层粗糙面下方介质目标散射的快速算法

为快速获取分层粗糙面与下方介质目标的复合电磁散射特性,提出了一种基于前后向迭代算法(FBM)和双共轭梯度法(Bi-CG)的快速互耦迭代算法。推导了一维分层粗糙面与下方介质目标(二维散射问题)的耦合边界积分方程组,用FBM求解分层粗糙面的表面积分方程,而用Bi-CG求解目标的表面积分方程,目标和粗糙面的相互耦合作用通过更新两方程的激励项来迭代求解。应用该算法计算了下方存在介质目标时双层介质粗糙面的双站散射系数,与传统矩量法得到的结果相吻合,验证了该算法的正确性;分析了不同极化波入射时该算法的收敛性,讨论了目标尺寸和位置变化对双站散射系数的影响。     

基于FE-BI的介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标电磁散射特性研究

采用有限元-边界积分（finite element boundary integral,FE-BI）方法研究了介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标的复合电磁散射特性,推导了一维介质粗糙面上方二维涂覆目标电磁散射的FE-BI公式.在仿真中,采用功能强大的有限元方法模拟涂覆目标内部场,对于涂覆目标与粗糙面之间的多重耦合作用则通过边界积分方程方法进行考虑.结合Monte-Carlo方法,数值计算了介质高斯粗糙面上方涂覆圆柱目标的电磁散射,分析了涂层材料介电常数、粗糙面粗糙度以及介质粗糙面介电常数变化对复合模型双站散射系数的影响.数值结果表明,相比于传统矩量法（method of moment,MoM）,本文方法虽然在处理理想导体模型时效率略低,但可以处理MoM难以处理的复杂媒质电磁散射问题,且计算精度较高.     

二维海面上方金属目标复合散射快速算法研究

为快速获取二维海面上方金属目标的复合散射,通过改进计算分层粗糙面散射的层内波传播展开法(PILE),结合快速计算二维粗糙面散射的稀疏矩阵平面迭代与规范网格法(SMFIA/CAG),以及计算金属目标散射的基于三角屋顶(RWG)基函数的矩量法(MoM),提出了结合稀疏矩阵平面迭代及规范网格法的扩展层内波传播展开法(E-PILE+SMFIA/CAG)。引入锥形入射波以减小人为截断粗糙面所引起的边缘衍射,采用蒙特卡洛(Monte-Carlo)模拟生成具有Pierson-Moskowitz(PM)海浪谱的随机海洋粗糙面。数值分析了海面上方典型导体目标的复合双站散射系数,验证了算法的有效性与收敛性。最后,应用该算法计算了海面上方导弹目标的电磁散射,讨论了目标高度及海面上风速对复合散射系数的影响。     

粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析

首先给出用于描述和产生粗糙海面的模型，然后在锥形平面波入射条件下，用矩量法求解了粗糙面及与圆柱形近地小目标复合散射所满足的积分方程，最后给出了不同条件下粗糙面、粗糙面与目标复合散射特性的统计结果及相互间的比较。     

三维随机粗糙海面与舰船的复合电磁特性的高频方法分析研究

3维随机粗糙海面与其上方复杂目标复合电磁(EM)散射特性的建模与分析在微波遥感、目标识别、雷达成像、导弹制导等领域中有着重要的研究价值。该文主要研究了基于高频算法的随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性,开发了PO-IPO混合方法,为3维随机粗糙海面与复杂目标一体化高效求解提供了新思路。文中分别使用了物理光学方法(PO)、迭代物理光学方法(IPO)、PO-PO以及PO-IPO混合方法对海面及舰船进行了建模与仿真,其中,引入锥形波来代替平面波作为发射源,锥形波可以更好地抑制粗糙面在边缘位置被突然截断而形成的电磁反射和边缘绕射等效应。从数值仿真结果中可以看出,PO-IPO混合方法可将复杂物体本身面元间以及粗糙海面与物体间的耦合作用考虑在内,因此PO-IPO可以作为一种有效的途径来快速获取随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性。      

粗糙面下方金属目标复合电磁散射的快速算法

为快速有效计算粗糙面下金属目标的复合电磁散射,提出了一种基于前后向迭代算法(FBM)和共轭梯度(CG)法的快速互耦迭代算(CCIA).首先建立目标与粗糙面的耦合积分方程组,并采用矩量法将其离散为矩阵方程.其次针对得到的耦合积分方程,用FBM求解粗糙面表面电流分布,用CG法求解目标表面电流分布,目标和粗糙面的相互作用通过更新两方程的激励项完成.最后,计算了高斯粗糙面下方无限长金属圆柱目标的复合电磁散射系数,当目标尺寸趋于零或目标深度趋于无穷时的结果与单独介质粗糙面相一致,验证了该数值方法的正确性;同时,讨论了不同粗糙面情况下该方法的收敛性,并分析了不同粗糙面媒质、目标尺寸和目标位置对双站散射系数的影响.     

Electromagnetic scattering interference between two shallow objects buried under 2-D random rough surfaces

A rigorous electromagnetic model has been used to analyze the scattering from two dielectric shallow objects buried under the two-dimensional (2-D) random rough ground (3-D scattering problem) as a means of predicting false alarms. The method of moments (MoM) accelerated by the steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM) is used to compute the equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents on all scatterers (i.e., the rough ground and the two buried objects). The roughness parameters influence the scattering interference mechanism of the two objects, however, a large separation distance (e.g., several correlation lengths) showed stronger effect for small ground roughness.     

Tapered wave with dominant polarization state for all angles ofincidence

Typical applications of the method of moments (MoM) to rough surface three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic scattering require a truncation of the surface considered and call for a tapered incident wave. It is shown how such a wave can be constructed as a superposition of plane waves, avoiding problems near both normal and grazing incidence and providing clean footprints and clear polarization at all angles of incidence. The proposed special choice of polarization vectors removes an irregularity at the origin of the wavenumber space and leads to a least squared error property of the wave. Issues in the application to 3-D scattering from an object over a rough surface are discussed. Approximate 3-D scalar and vector tapered waves which can be evaluated without resorting to any numerical integrations are derived and important limitations to the accuracy and applicability of these approximations are pointed out     

Bistatic scattering and emissivities of random rough dielectriclossy surfaces with the physics-based two-grid method in conjunctionwith the sparse-matrix canonical grid method

Bistatic EM wave scattering from 2-D lossy dielectric random rough surfaces (3-D scattering problem) with large permittivity is studied. For media with large permittivities, the fields can vary rapidly on the surface. Thus, a dense discretization of the surface is required to implement the method of moments (MoM) for the surface integral equations. Such a dense discretization is also required to ensure that the emissivity can be calculated to the required accuracy of 0.01 for passive remote sensing applications. We have developed a physics-based two-grid method (PBTG) that can give the accurate results of the surface fields on the dense grid and also the emissivities. The PBTG consists of using two grids on the surface, the coarse grid and the required dense grid. The PBTG only requires moderate increase in central processing unit (CPU) and memory. In this paper, the numerical results are calculated by using the PBTG in conjunction with the sparse-matrix canonical grid (SMCG) method. The computational complexity and memory requirement for the present algorithm are O(N_scglog(N_scg )) and O(N_scg), respectively, where N_scg is the number of grid points on the coarse grid. Numerical simulations are illustrated for root mean square (rms) height of 0.3 wavelengths and correlation length of 1.0 wavelength. The relative permittivity used is as high as (17+2i). The numerical results are compared with that of the second-order small perturbation method (SPM). The comparisons show that a large difference in brightness temperature exists between the SPM and numerical simulation results for cases with moderate rms slope     

海面上电大尺寸目标电磁散射特性研究

基于几何光学法(GO)、物理光学法(PO)、射线弹跳法(SBR)和等效电流法(MEC),提出了一种快速计算金属海面上电大尺寸目标电磁散射的解析算法。该算法考虑了阴影效应,运用GO/PO+SBR计算了目标与海面的镜面反射以及它们之间的多次相互作用,并运用MEC计算了目标的棱边绕射以改进计算结果。应用该算法计算了平板上方规则金属目标的双站雷达散射截面(RCS),并与传统矩量法(MoM)进行比较,验证了算法的有效性。最后,计算了PM(Pierson-Moskowitz)海浪谱的随机海洋粗糙面上舰船模型目标的散射特性,并对计算结果进行了分析,讨论了海洋面以及入射波参数对散射结果的影响。     

E-P-AMCBFM分析介质与PEC混合体的电磁散射

使用基于表面积分方程的矩量法来分析介质与理想导体混合体的电磁散射是计算电磁学的一大热点。对理想导体目标体表面建立电场积分方程,在介质目标体表面建立PMCHW方程组,与基于矩阵分块技术的自适应修正特征基函数法结合,对介质涂敷理想导体目标体的电磁散射进行分析,将其称之为EFIE-PMCHW-AMCBFM(E-P-AMCBFM)。并讨论不同参数如基函数阶数,矩阵块间重叠区域等对计算效率的影响,数值结果表明E-P-AMCBFM对于处理介质-理想导体混合体的电磁散射问题具有较高的精度和效率。     

埋于介质体中二维导体目标成象的迭代方法

本文应用一种迭代方法实现了埋于二维均匀介质体中理想导体目标几何构形的重建。在导出介质体与导体混合目标散射边界积分方程的基础上，利用Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｋａｎｔｏｒｏｖｉｃｈ方法和矩量法建立逆散射基本方程。为克服病态问题，连续采用多方面ＴＭ平面波照射目标以获取足够的信息，并通过迭代方法求解。最后、给出的一些散射目标的重建结果表明本方法的可行性，同时研究了噪声对重建结果的影响。     

A multilevel formulation of the method of moments [EM scattering]

The modeling of electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems using the method of moments (MoM) is limited to resonant frequencies because of the extensive computational requirements of solving large matrix equations. In this study, a multilevel formulation of MoM which allows substantial computational savings and, thus, extends the application of MoM to higher frequencies is presented. Using a hierarchy of discretization levels, the multilevel technique extracts different modal components of the solution by focusing on a specific portion of the spectrum of the solution at a given level. The fundamental features of this process for the MoM solution of the electric field integral equation (EFIE) are developed and implemented. This multilevel MoM allows the rapid evaluation of the current distributions on a variety of 2-D scatterers with thousands of unknowns in fewer than ten cycles and in fractions of the normal CPU times. The method is stable, fast, suitable for multiple excitations, and adaptable as a `solve' module for almost any MoM code     

Capacitance extraction of integrated-circuit interconnects by matrix decomposition based on MEI concept

Recently, fast computational methods based on directly thinning the matrix of Method of Moment (MoM), have been introduced. In this paper, we propose a simply technique, based on the concept of Measured Equation of Invariance (MEI), to thin the MoM matrix numerically. This technique is referred to as Matrix Decomposition by MEI (MDMEI). A little effort is required to add the MDMEI to any of the variety of MoM programs for electromagnetic problems, such as the electrostatic problems, wire antennas, and two-dimensional (2-D) conducting object scattering. However, in this paper we only demonstrate how MDMEI is used in the capacitance extraction in integrated-circuit interconnects. The approach is verified by 2-D and 3-D examples with computing errors within 2–4%. For the present achievement, the sparsity rates of the resultant matrices in MDMEI depend on the problem to be solved. Further research is required to keep the bandwidths unchanged with object size increasing so that the sparsity rates of the MDMEI matrices are expected to improve.