大坝防渗心墙高性能混凝土的试验研究及应用

黄壁庄水库副坝防渗心墙加固工程所需高性能混凝土，要求和易性好、早期强度低、后期强度高、抗渗性能好、低弹模和高抗拉强度。为了满足该高性能混凝土的性能要求，在选材上掺加了粉煤灰、膨润土、黏土和外加剂等掺和料。采用正交试验的方法，经4个阶段的试验研究：混凝土配合比综合试验、掺和料对比试验、混凝土配合比优化试验和微调试验，分析了各材料对该混凝土性能的影响，给出了材料的最佳配合比及成型混凝土的性能测试指标，说明了该高性能混凝土满足性能要求。最后，经应用验证了该高性能混凝土满足工程需要，所建大坝加固防渗心墙满足设计指标，质量合格。     

水工抗冲磨高性能混凝土外掺料合理用量的探讨

使用高性能混凝土已成为解决水利工程中泄水建筑物的冲刷和磨蚀的主要技术措施。介绍了某工程中抗冲磨高性能混凝土试验,重点研究了粉煤灰掺量对高性能混凝土性能的影响,提出了抗冲磨高性能混凝土中粉煤灰和其它几种外掺量的合理用量,对抗冲磨高性能混凝土在水利工程中的应用具有较大的推动作用。     

C80高性能硅粉混凝土配合比设计及工程应用

为解决C80混凝土大面积浇注开裂问题,通过配比试验对C80高性能混凝土的工作特性进行了研究,取得了满足工程设计和施工工艺要求的C80混凝土配合比,并在呼图壁青年渠首改造工程中得到了应用。研究表明:C80混凝土优异的工作性能是保证工闸底板混凝土施工质量的关键,优质的活性细掺合料对于优化C80高性能混凝土的工作性能、降低水化热、防止裂缝发生、提高耐久性及力学性能发挥着重要作用。     

冶勒水电站高性能混凝土试验研究

对普通泵送混凝土和普通高性能泵送混凝土、高性能粉煤灰泵送混凝土进行了室内对比试验研究，在此基础上，还进行了现场应用试验．试验结果表明．高性能混凝土在水电工程硐室混凝土衬砌工程中有一定的实用价值。     

阻锈剂对海砂高性能混凝土的性能影响

通过添加新型醇胺类钢筋混凝土阻锈剂HLC,研究其对海砂高性能混凝土性能的影响,以探讨在掺入该类阻锈剂条件下,海砂代替河砂在高性能混凝土中大量应用的可行性。对比研究了掺入HLC阻锈剂（掺量为胶凝材料用量的3.0%）前后的海砂高性能混凝土的力学性能、抗裂性能和抗渗、抗碳化及抗氯离子渗透等耐久性能。结果表明,HLC阻锈剂的加入,降低了混凝土的弹性模量,增大了极限拉伸值;提高了混凝土的抗裂系数;减少了碳化深度;降低了混凝土中氯离子的扩散系数和电通量。     

新型混凝土外加剂在水利工程中的应用

随着混凝土应用种类不断增多，人们对混凝土材料的认识从以往单以抗压强度作为评价指标，逐渐转化为对混凝土高性能化的追求，即从混凝土高工作性、高强度，高耐久性等多方面综合评价混凝土性能，作为配制高性能混凝土重要组分之一的减水剂因此得到了快速发展。     

HF高强耐磨混凝土在湖南筱溪水电站中的应用研究

HF高强耐磨粉煤灰混凝土（简称HF混凝土）是由HF外加荆、优质粉煤灰、符合要求的砂石骨料和水泥等按一定比例组成并按一定施工工艺要求浇筑的混凝土，是水利水电工程中应用于抵抗水流冲刷、泥沙磨损、高速水流空蚀破坏的高性能水工抗冲耐磨护面材料。HF混凝土技术除注重混凝土的抗磨性能和抗空蚀性能之外，还特别注重混凝土的施工性能和混凝土的抗裂性能，并将使用效果作为判定混凝土抗冲耐磨性能优劣的重要依据。但在经过多个工程实际应用发现，混凝土配合比设计、原材料的选取、施工工艺的应用对其本身优良性能的体现有决定性因素。针对这一问题经过多次试验研究，最终以满足设计指标且在无温控措施的情况下无裂缝产生，使HF混凝土在湖南筱溪水电站工程应用得较为成功。     

聚丙烯纤维对大型渡槽高性能混凝土的性能影响研究

针对南水北调工程大型渡槽高性能混凝土抗裂、防渗与抗冻的要求，试验分别研究了粉煤灰和聚丙烯纤维掺量对C50高性能混凝土工作性和抗压强度的影响，以及在最佳掺量下的聚丙烯纤维增强C50高性能混凝土力学、变形和耐久性能。结果表明：0．9kg／m^3聚丙烯纤维增强的C50高性能混凝土，其工作性最好，28d抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度较普通混凝土分别提高6．5％、20．8％、24．3％，弹性模量和干缩率有所下降，抗氯离子渗透性能和抗冻性也得到改善。     

C80高性能混凝土设计中正交法的应用

近年来高性能混凝土技术发展迅速，本文详细阐述了利用深圳本地的材料来试配Ｃ８０高性能混凝土，采用正交法研究诸因素对混缔造和学性能及耐久性能的影响，确定最佳配合比，并成功在高层建筑中进行了中试，得到了各方的普遍认可。     

高贝利特水泥混凝土的力学性能研究

针对混凝土大坝存在的“无坝不裂”问题，采用国家“九五”重点科技攻关成果-高贝利特水泥，研制了一种新型的抗裂性能较好的高性能大坝混凝土。对高贝利特水泥混凝土力学性能(包括强度性能、弹性模量、极限拉伸变形和体积变形性能等)试验结果进行分析，并与三峡工程目前使用的高性能大坝混凝土的力学性能进行的对比，说明高贝利特水泥混凝土具有良好的力学性能，抗裂能力稍优，是一种新型的高性能大坝混凝土，可望在今后的大坝混凝土工程或其它大体积混凝土工程中得到推广应用。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.