多层螺旋CT灌注成像在缺血性脑卒中的临床应用

多层螺旋CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)因其成本较低、精确性高、操作容易等优点,在判断脑血流、脑代谢方面为临床提供了新的途径,已逐渐成为缺血性脑卒中的重要诊断方法,对目前指导治疗和观察疗效具有非常重要的意义.现就CTP检查方法和各项指标意义进行阐述,探讨CTP在缺血性脑卒中的临床应用,同时与其他灌注成像方法作比较,提出脑卒中"一站式"CT检查方案.     

多层螺旋CT在伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病诊断中的应用价值

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal dominant aneriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)是人类19p13上的Notch 3基因突变所致的常染色体显性遗传的、非动脉硬化或淀粉样变性的缺血性脑小动脉病[1-2].国内外影像学多限于MRI检查[2-4].,我们应用多层螺旋CT平扫(NCCT)、CT血管成像(CTA)及CT灌注成像(CTP)检查CADASIL一家系,以初步探讨多层螺旋CT对该病的应用价值.     

多层螺旋CT三维图像重建和脑灌注成像在急性颅脑损伤动态变化中应用

目的 探讨超薄多层螺旋CT、颅骨三维图像重建和脑灌注成像在急性颅脑外伤动态变化中的临床应用价值.方法 收集2009年12月至2011年10月我院收治的245例急性颅脑外伤(TBI)检查资料,均于伤后3-6h行常规多层螺旋CT(MSCT),超薄多层螺旋CT以及颅骨三维图像重建和脑CT灌注成像(CTP)检查,全部病例于伤后2-7d动态复查MSCT和超薄MSCT,将数据进行回顾性分析,采用卡方检验评价.结果 超薄MSCT在脑挫裂伤、脑内血肿诊断中优于常规MSCT;CTP除弥漫性轴索损伤无统计学意义外,其余明显优于常规MSCT;CTP在脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿和脑内血肿优于超薄MSCT差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).颅骨三维图像重建在对颅骨骨折的检查优势明显.结论 联合应用超薄MSCT、颅骨三维图像重建和CTP对于急性颅脑外伤早期和微小损伤的诊断优于常规MSCT,可以降低误诊率,并为早期治疗和预后判断提供可靠的依据.     

超薄多层螺旋CT与脑灌注成像在颅脑损伤早期诊断中的对比研究

目的探讨超薄多层螺旋CT和脑灌注成像在急性颅脑外伤(TBI)早期诊断中的临床应用价值。方法收集2010年12月~2012年10月我院收治的200例急性颅脑外伤患者检查资料,均于伤后6 h内行超薄多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和CT脑灌注成像(CTP)检查,全部病例于伤后2~3 d动态复查MSCT明确诊断,将数据进行回顾性分析,采用卡方检验评价。结果在MSCT与CTP这两种检测方法中,CTP在脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿和脑内血肿的诊断中优于超薄MSCT(P0.05),并且病灶周围低灌注区域大于超薄MSCT。结论 CTP对于急性颅脑外伤早期和微小损伤的诊断优于超薄MSCT,同时可以反映脑组织的灌注情况,具有可靠的临床价值。     

多层CT脑灌注成像在早期脑梗塞中的应用

脑梗塞是最常见的脑血管病,且致残率很高,早期诊断及时治疗可明显避免或降低并发症的发生。多层CT脑灌注成像是利用多层CT高时间分辨率及快速扫描特点,充分显示脑血管硬化程度及血流灌注情况,作出早期脑缺血诊断。本文综述了该方法的原理、多层CT特点及技术方法和早期脑梗塞的CT灌注表现。     

64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影对颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影对颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的诊断价值。方法选取因颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞在我院进行治疗的80例患者,对其进行64层螺旋CT脑灌注、CT血管造影扫描。观察64层螺旋CT脑灌注的平均通过时间、对比脑血流量、脑血容量、对比剂峰值时间,观察血管造影后患者的劲内动脉狭窄程度。结果短暂性脑缺血发作、急性脑梗死患者患侧的对比剂峰值时间均明显长于健侧的对比剂峰值时间,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影,能同时诊断颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的脑部血流灌注及颈动脉狭窄的程度。     

多层螺旋CT脑灌注成像与平扫CT值差值的测量对诊断急性脑梗死的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)脑灌注成像与测量CT值的差值(△Hu)在急性脑梗死早期诊断中的价值。方法对34例临床拟诊为急性脑梗死的患者行头部CT平扫和脑CT灌注成像。评价脑CT灌注成像的达峰时间(TTP),脑血流量(CBF),脑血容量(CBV),测量两侧对称部位CT值的差值(△Hu)。全部病例3⁷ d内复查头部CT及临床随访。另选取34例无脑部疾病、神经系统功能正常的为对照组。结果 34例病例中,头部CT平扫肉眼观察发现可疑病灶15例,测量对称部位CT值差值发现可疑病灶21例;脑CTP显示:32例脑CTP灌注异常,2例脑CTP灌注正常,脑CTP显示患者感兴趣区内脑血流量(rCBF)、脑血容量(rCBV)、对比剂达峰时间(rTTP)明显改变,病灶侧与对照侧、病灶中心区与周边区比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。头部CT平扫肉眼观察发现病灶的敏感度44.11%,脑CTP发现病灶的敏感度94.11%。结论脑CTP检查能够早期诊断急性脑梗死,定量分析可区分中心梗死区与缺血半暗带区,有助于临床医生判断梗死病灶的存在和早期选择治疗方案。     

多层螺旋CT脑血管成像技术的临床应用

目的分析多层螺旋CT脑血管造影成像技术及临床应用价值。方法选取我院2012-12-2013-12收治的55例疑患有脑血管病变或脑肿瘤的患者为研究对象,对所有患者进行多层螺旋CT脑血管造影成像检查。结果所有检查病例均能通过多层螺旋CT脑血管造影成像清楚地显示1~4级脑血管结构,多层螺旋CT扫描能在短时间内准确的完成各项数据的采集工作。结论多层螺旋CT脑血管造影成像能够比较准确显示脑血管的状况,从而为临床医师诊断及治疗提供更多有价值的参考数据,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

CT灌注成像联合CT血管造影在颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用研究

目的探讨CT灌注成像联合CT血管造影在颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用价值。方法颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者63例,于症状发作后7d内采用东芝320排螺旋CT行头部CT灌注成像以及CT血管造影,观察并比较感兴趣区以及镜像区CT灌注成像各参数,以及两种影像学检查的符合情况。结果比较感兴趣区与镜像区CT灌注成像各参数发现,感兴趣区与镜像区脑血容量无显著性差异(P0.05);感兴趣的脑血流量显著低于镜像区(P0.05);感兴趣区的造影剂通过时间显著短于镜像区(P0.05)。CT血管造影发现责任血管狭窄54例,其中灌注异常患者43例,CT血管造影未发现责任血管狭窄9例,灌注异常3例,CT灌注异常在有责任血管狭窄的阳性率显著高于无责任血管狭窄(P0.05)。结论 CT灌注成像可反映颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的脑灌注状态,CT血管造影可用于检测责任血管的病变情况,CT灌注成像联合CT血管造影可为颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的病因以及为诊断提供影像学依据。     

脑CT灌注成像技术在中枢神经系统疾病中应用进展

CT灌注成像(computed tomography perfusion imaging,CTPI)是一种功能成像的方法。1991年,Miles等[1]学者首先提出CTPI的概念,利用CT扫描和计算机图像处理系统,既能显示形态学变化,又能反应功能改变。随着多层螺旋CT的应用与数学模型的不断改进,CTPI不断发展和完善,在脑及全身多种组织和器官疾病的研究和临床诊断中都已经用到该项技术。本文就当前CTPI在中枢神经系统疾病诊断中的应用和研究进展综述如下。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.