温度对网纹纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着的生物学效应

文章探讨了网纹纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulatus)幼虫处于12°C、18°C、24°C、30°C和36°C环境中的发育和附着状况。结果表明, 网纹纹藤壶无节幼虫经历96h的发育后, 幼虫的存活率分别为99.0%±1.2% (12°C)、95.0%±4.8% (18°C)、92.0%±2.8% (24°C)、80.0%±10.6% (30°C)和0 (36°C); 在12~30°C的范围内, 温度升高能显著促进幼虫的发育。网纹纹藤壶金星幼虫在96h的培养过程中, 其存活率在所有温度条件下始终维持在100%; 在18°C至36°C的温度范围内金星幼虫均可附着, 其中30°C条件下附着率最高, 可达84.5%±12.1%, 而在12°C则始终无金星幼虫附着。综合幼虫的存活率、发育进程和附着状况来看, 网纹纹藤壶幼虫发育及附着的适宜温度为18~30°C。     

九龙江口硬相潮间带藤壶类动物的群落生态

福建九龙江口硬相潮间带共有8种藤壶,其中以绿鳞笠藤壶Tetraclita squamosa squamosa,白脊藤壶Balanus albicostatus和泥藤壶Balanus uliginosus为优势种。根据藤壶优势种的分布状况,九龙江口硬相潮间带藤壶群落可分为三种类型:1.日本鳞笠藤壶Tetraclitasquamosa japonica-绿鳞笠藤壶群落;2.白脊藤壶-绿鳞笠藤壶群落;3.泥藤壶-白脊藤壶群落。研究结果还表明,各藤壶群落的附着密度和生物量均随盐度的降低而减少。生物量一般春季较高,夏、秋季较低;附着密度则冬季较高,春季较低。潮汐是影响河口区硬相潮间带藤壶垂直分布的主要因素。     

饵料对网纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着的影响

研究了亚心形扁藻Platymonas subcordiformis、小球藻Chlorella sp.对网纹藤壶Balanus reticulatus幼虫发育和附着的影响。结果表明,在幼虫存活率以及金星幼虫和Ⅵ期无节幼虫所占比例方面,旺盛期亚心形扁藻对网纹藤壶幼虫的投喂效果均明显优于小球藻;旺盛期亚心形扁藻培养的金星幼虫附着率明显高于老化扁藻(p0.01)。因此,以旺盛期亚心形扁藻作为幼虫培养饵料应更有利于藤壶幼体的生长发育。     

盐度对中国鲎幼鲎生长、蜕壳、Na+-K+-ATP酶活性、免疫指标和抗氧化能力的影响

人工增殖放流是恢复鲎资源最有效、最迅速的方法, 而了解和掌握环境因子对中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)幼鲎生长状况的影响规律, 进而选择适宜放流的时间和海区, 是保证人工放流得以成功的关键。本文在实验室条件下, 研究了不同盐度(5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰、40‰)对中国鲎幼鲎成活率、蜕壳率、蜕壳增重率、Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性、免疫酶活性、抗氧化酶活性等的影响, 探讨了不同盐度水平下中国鲎幼鲎生长、蜕壳、渗透调节能力、机体免疫力和抗氧化能力等的变化。养殖试验持续56d, 结果表明: 不同盐度对中国鲎幼鲎的成活率、蜕壳率、二龄幼鲎均重及蜕壳增重率均有显著影响(P<0.05), 且均随盐度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势; 蜕壳率和蜕壳增重率与盐度的回归分析均表明, 中国鲎幼鲎蜕壳与生长的最适盐度分别为24.10‰和24.94‰; 一龄和二龄幼鲎的Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性均随盐度的升高呈先显著升高后显著降低趋势(P<0.05); 35‰和40‰盐度试验组一龄幼鲎的酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)活性显著高于其他试验组, 而5‰盐度试验组一龄幼鲎的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活性显著低于25‰试验组(P<0.05) ; 盐度对二龄幼鲎的ACP、AKP和溶菌酶(lysozyme, LZM)活性均没有显著影响(P>0.05); 35‰和40‰试验组一龄幼鲎的过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性显著高于盐度较低试验组(P<0.05); 二龄幼鲎的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase)活性随着盐度的升高而升高, 盐度10‰试验组显著低于30‰和40‰试验组(P<0.05)。研究结果显示盐度对中国鲎幼鲎生长、蜕壳、Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性、免疫指标和抗氧化能力均有显著影响, 蜕壳最适宜的盐度在24‰~25‰左右, 盐度过高或过低都将引起幼鲎生长率和成活率降低, 渗透调节能力、免疫力和抗氧化力显著下降。     

藤壶黏附研究进展

藤壶是最常见的海洋污损动物,也是材料防污性能检测和评价试验中最主要的动物模型。藤壶附着从腺介幼虫探索适宜基底开始,到随后分泌藤壶胶进行固着,期间受自身及多种环境因子的影响。本文从藤壶腺介幼虫的黏附行为、影响黏附的因素和藤壶胶的特性3个方面出发,综述了近年来在藤壶黏附领域的研究进展,期望为新型防污产品的研发和检测评价提供较系统的参考资料。     

华南沿海4种主要污损生物幼虫和孢子的采集与培养技术

海洋污损生物附着是增加海上作业成本、影响设施安全和缩短其使用年限的重要因素,掌握海洋污损生物幼虫和孢子的采集与培养技术是开展防除研究工作的基础。网纹藤壶Balanus reticulatus、缘管浒苔Enteromorpha linza、石莼Ulva lactuca和细基江蓠Gracilaria tenuistipitata是华南沿海主要的污损生物种类。研究上述4种污损生物幼虫和孢子的采集与培养技术,结果显示,网纹藤壶无节幼虫于30℃黑暗环境中培养,5d左右即可发育为金星幼虫,可将其在4℃条件下储存备用。强度为4000lx的光照射缘管浒苔和石莼,可刺激其游孢子大量释放;细基江蓠经阴干处理再浸泡海水,可诱导其果孢子的放散。每天接受900—1300lx光照12h,室温(21—26℃)下培养4d,是观察缘管浒苔和石莼游孢子附着萌发的最佳条件,而细基江蓠果孢子的附着萌发观察则以室温(18—23℃)下培养2d为宜。     

盐度对广盐型聚球藻K1生长及转录组的影响*

聚球藻是一类分布广泛、数量巨大的微微型浮游植物, 作为蓝藻的代表类群之一, 广泛分布于海洋以及河口区域, 并且具有丰富的色素多样性和遗传多样性。聚球藻根据盐度适应能力可划分为严格海洋型聚球藻和广盐型聚球藻。文章对分离自珠江口的聚球藻K1和南海寡营养海域的聚球藻YX02-1在不同盐度条件下的生长状况进行对比, 并根据ropC1标记基因分析K1和YX02-1的分类地位, 发现K1为广盐型聚球藻, 其在不同盐度下(10‰、13‰、18‰、25‰、33‰)均能生长; 而YX02-1为严格海洋型聚球藻, 在低于13‰的盐度下无法存活, 与其在河口的分布特征相一致。转录组分析显示, 低盐条件下广盐型聚球藻中合成渗透压调节分子的基因(ggpS、SPS、stpA)表达量明显下调, 而膜通道蛋白glzT基因的表达显著上调, 说明广盐型聚球藻耐低盐机制主要是通过减少细胞内渗透压相关小分子合成和增加膜通道蛋白, 提高小分子物质外排来达到细胞内外渗透压平衡。此外, 盐度也会影响广盐型聚球藻的光合作用和代谢水平, 其中参与光合作用的产能基因(ATPF0B、ATPF0A、ATPF1D、ATPF1A)和色素蛋白基因(cpcA、cpcB)表达量在低盐条件下均显著下降, 同时无机氮利用相关基因表达上调。低盐条件下, 渗透压相关小分子的需求减少, 可以使更多的碳源用于支持生长, 同时无机氮的吸收增强, 这两者可能是低盐条件下广盐型聚球藻具有较高生长的原因。     

南海北部海区无柄蔓足类的分布

于1986－1991年在南海北部对16个海洋结构物上的无柄蔓足类水平分布、垂直分布和个体大小进行调查。研究表明，所采集到的标本隶属于无柄蔓足类的3科7属19种，其中藤壶科5属16种，笠藤壶科1属2种和小藤壶科1属1种。共有17种无柄蔓足类分布在珠江口东南海区；而琼东海区仅发现2种；琼东南海区有8种；莺歌海海区11种和北部湾海区10种。纵肋巨藤壶、美丽藤壶和珠江藤壶为珠江口东南海区特有种。研究无柄蔓足类在南海北部近海海区的分布及其与海流的关系，不仅有助于深入了解该类生物的生活习性和生态特点，也为海洋石油平台的设计及污损生物的防除提供参数。     

舟山海域三角藤壶的分布与种群结构

舟山水域的三角藤壶Balanus trigonus Darwin对基物无明显的选择性。它主要分布在远岸盐度大于30的水域,风浪作用较小的湾(天山)处数量最大。在垂向上,以15～20m水层数量最大。种群结构因时间、地点而异。枸杞的三角藤壶在污损生物群落中占有重要地位,夏季沿岸区的生物量占污损生物生物总量的98.2％。本季,特别是7、8月份是三角藤壶防除的关键时期。本文还讨论了三角藤壶种群的生长参数和死亡率及其与环境因素的关系。     

笠藤壶形态变异

本文研究了舟山沿海两种笠藤壶（日本笠藤壶Ｔｅｔｒａｃｌｉｔａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ、鳞笠藤壶Ｔ．ｓｑｕａｍｏｓａ ｓｑｕａｍｏｓａ）个体的形态变异,分析了壳板形态与生境、潮区、年龄之间的关系以及壳板形态的种间差别。壳口面积与其底面积之比值（Ｓａ／ＳＡ）在各年龄组间的变化较小,而壳口面积与个体容积之比值（Ｓａ／Ｖ）随着藤壶年龄增加而减小,藤壶个体亦随年龄增加由矮圆锥形变陡。盖板各测值之比值在不同年龄组间     

Salinity tolerance of northern Brazilian mangrove crab larvae, Ucides cordatus (Ocypodidae): Necessity for larval export?

The life cycle of the semiterrestrial mangrove crab Ucides cordatus includes pelagic larvae that are released into estuarine waters during the wet season and who may thus encounter potentially stressful low and variable salinity conditions. The effect of salinity on the survival of the zoea larvae, the number of zoeal stages and the duration of development from hatching to megalopa was experimentally studied by rearing larvae from the Caeté estuary, Northern Brazil, in seven salinity treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30). For a better interpretation of the laboratory results, estuarine salinities were measured over five consecutive years during the species' reproductive season. The survival of the zoea larvae varied significantly with salinity, while the number of stages and the duration of their development remained constant. Development to megalopa took 20.77 ± 1.57 days and comprised five zoeal stages with ZI and ZII being euryhaline and later stages stenohaline. The newly hatched larvae stayed alive for up to 6 days in freshwater (average 4.32 ± 0.82 days), but did not moult to the second zoeal stage. ZII larvae first occurred from salinity 5 onwards and later zoeal stages at all tested salinities ≥10. However, the larvae only survived to megalopa at salinities ≥15, with highest numbers at salinity 30 (72%) and lowest at 15 (16%). Lethal salinities ≤10 occurred frequently in the estuary during the reproductive season. This suggests a need for larval export to offshore and thus more saline waters to allow for significant larval survival and maintenance of viable populations of this commercially important species. A regional rather than local approach for management is suggested due to the likelihood of long distance larval dispersal by offshore currents.     

Effects of copper and decreased salinity on survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae

Giant clams (Family: Tridacnidae) are endangered species distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae were studied for three days in ambient water (32 psu), copper (2.5 microg Cu(2+) L(-1)), reduced salinities (25 and 20 psu) and the combination of copper and 25 psu salinity. No significant differences were found in larval development between treatments. The survival rates decreased considerably with reduced salinities although the combination of copper and reduced salinity gave synergistic effects. As a consequence, this could limit population growth of giant clams in coastal areas and could also explain the absence of larval settlement on reefs close to harbours or river mouths. More research is needed to understand the basic requirements and stress tolerance in giant clam larvae for reef restoration and other management actions to be successful.     

Combined Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Zoeal Development of the Crab Liocarcinus puber (Decapoda: Portunidae)

Abstract. Larval development of the crab Liocarcinus puber was studied from hatching to the megalopa stage under 12 different temperature and salinity combinations, 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C (T): 20, 25, 30, and 35% (S), with a view to establishing optimum conditions for zoeal development. High larval mortalities were recorded at 10°C in all the experimental salinities, indicating the sensitivity of the larvae to low temperatures. Highest zoeal survival was obtained in the higher salinity and temperature combinations. First zoeae completed their development in all T-S combinations tested, while successive stages showed increased sensitivity and suffered high mortalities in lower salinities at 15° and 20°C and in all salinities at 10°C. The duration of zoeal development decreased with increasing temperature, whilst the lower salinities delayed development. Q₁₀ values did not differ much at higher salinities, with values ranging from 1.5 to 2.6.     

南海北部冷泉区深水珊瑚的发现及其特征

冷水珊瑚也称为深水珊瑚, 在生物多样性、生态资源和科研价值等方面具有重要意义。文章对采自南海北部冷泉区的冷水珊瑚骨骼碎屑进行测定, 鉴定出冷水珊瑚2个种(Crispatotrochus sp.1和Crispatotrochus sp.2), 以及4个属[Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia)、Balanophyllia (Eupsammia)、Lochmaeotrochus和Enallopsammia]。测定的冷水珊瑚的δ¹³C为-7.36‰~-1.15‰, δ¹⁸O为-1.38‰~3.67‰, 与全球冷水珊瑚碳氧同位素组成相似, 但明显不同于南海暖水珊瑚、冷泉碳酸盐岩及低温热液成因碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成。     

珠江口以东近海水域污损生物的组成与分布

于１９８６年５月至１９８７年６月期间,在珠江口以东近海水域,距岸分别为１５．７和７１．７ｋｍ、水深２７和７１ｋｍ两处布设Ｚ１和Ｚ２两个浮标调查站,以研究该海区污损生物的组成及分布状况。结果表明,在相对近岸的Ｚ１站,各水层的污损生物均以无柄蔓足类、海葵和双壳类及多毛类等华南沿岸海区常见种类为主,其中网纹藤壶占绝对优势;而远岸的Ｚ２站,则主要是有柄蔓足类和水螅,且生物的种类和数量也远远低于Ｚ１站。     

盐度对近江牡蛎幼虫生长及存活的影响

采用室内培育手段,研究了盐度对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)幼虫生长及存活的影响。将人工授精孵育的面盘幼虫分别置于盐度依次为16,25,30的砂滤海水中培育至眼点幼虫。每隔一天检测各盐度组幼虫的壳长、壳高和存活数量。结果表明,16盐度组的幼虫生长最快,25盐度组次之,30盐度组最慢。从受精后第14天开始,16盐度组幼虫的生长显著快于30盐度组(P<0.05)。在整个浮游幼虫阶段,高盐度组幼虫的存活率低于低盐度组,其中30盐度组的存活率最低。16和25盐度组在幼虫出现眼点之前均出现大量死亡现象,而30盐度组并没有出现大量死亡现象。上述结果说明,近江牡蛎幼虫经过高盐驯化,对高盐环境的抗性具有一定的提高。     

The spawning and early life-history of a New Zealand endemic amphidromous eleotrid,bluegill bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi)

The larval stage of fishes is critical in determining their dispersal, survival and recruitment, but little is known of the larval behaviours and tolerances of amphidromous fishes, particularly in New Zealand. We report the results of a series of observational and experimental studies on bluegill bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), including spawning sites and behaviours, larval characteristics at hatch, phototactic responses of larvae, and larval survival at different salinity levels. Spawning primarily occurred in the lower reaches of the river, and larvae from different nests exhibited marked differences in, and trade-offs between, larval characteristics at hatch, potentially affecting larval success. Larvae were positively phototactic to intense light, an unexpected result based on diel drift patterns and international research. Finally, larvae exhibited markedly higher survival rates when reared at intermediate salinities compared to freshwater or seawater, suggesting estuaries may play an important role as nursery grounds for bluegill bully and other amphidromous fish.     

不同盐度和培育密度对杂交刺参幼体生长发育的影响

分析了6个不同盐度和5个培育密度对中国刺参和日本红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)杂交幼体的生长、存活和附着的影响。盐度实验结果显示,受精后第5天,30和35盐度组幼体成活率最高,分别为46.7%和40.0%。第2天至第5天,30盐度组耳状幼体的生长最快,到第5天平均体长达到最大值672.18μm;30盐度组的幼体附着率最高,为17.8%,而15和20盐度组中均没有出现附着的稚参。培育密度实验结果显示,受精后第5天,0.1个/mL密度组的幼体成活率最高,为66.7%,但各密度组的幼体成活率差异均不显著。0.5个/mL密度组幼体生长最快,到第10天达到最大平均体长,为801.38μm;在所有培育密度实验组中,0.5个/mL密度组的幼体附着率最高,为19.1%。因此,为实现单位水体的苗种产量最大化,刺参杂交幼体培育的最佳盐度为30,最适宜的培育密度为0.5个/mL。