pH值和烧结温度对溶胶-凝胶方法制备堇青石粉体性能的影响

以正硅酸乙酯、镁盐和铝盐为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法合成堇青石粉体,通过TGA-DSC、XRD等测试手段,讨论了反应体系pH值和烧结温度对产物晶相和性能的影响.结果表明:体系pH值为2的试样,在900℃时,出现尖晶石相和假蓝宝石相,升温到1000℃的时候,开始有μ-堇青石出现,在1250℃煅烧2h几乎全部转化为α-堇青石,体系pH为7的试样,在900℃时,有μ-堇青石形成,经1250℃煅烧后,β-堇青石相增多,μ-堇青石相和镁铝尖晶石相消失,合成粉体的平均晶粒尺寸随pH值增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,在不同温度煅烧下的压片试样,体系pH值为7的试样收缩最大.     

Fe2O3对MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃介电性能的影响

以化学纯试剂为原料采用高温熔融法制备MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (MAS)系微晶玻璃,利用差热分析仪(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)以及介电检测等手段对Fe2O3在MAS系微晶玻璃中介电性能的影响进行探究.结果表明:Fe2O3有降低微晶玻璃核化和晶化温度的作用;随着Fe2O3的加入,试样的主晶相由堇青石向镁铝尖晶石转变,试样的介电常数和介电损耗逐渐减小并且电阻率增高;当Fe2O3的添加量大于6;时,微晶玻璃的介电性能变化不大,趋于稳定.     

Nd2O3对稻壳合成多孔堇青石陶瓷的影响

用稻壳为硅源和成孔剂,以Nd2O3为添加剂,在1350 ℃烧成了多孔堇青石陶瓷.利用XRD分析了试样在烧结过程中的物相变化,利用SEM观察了烧结试样的显微结构,并测定了烧结试样的抗弯强度、气孔率.结果表明:与未掺Nd2O3的试样相比,掺杂3 wt;Nd2O3后,烧结试样的气孔率无明显变化,但其抗弯强度增加了约4倍,且堇青石的形成温度显著降低.     

钾钠含量对堇青石蜂窝陶瓷性能的影响

以高岭土、滑石和氧化铝为主要原料采用生料一次烧结工艺制备低膨胀堇青石蜂窝陶瓷,研究了碱金属氧化物K2O和Na2O(用R2O表示)含量对试样热膨胀系数、显气孔率和抗压强度的影响,并利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜分析了试样的物相组成和断面形貌.研究表明,R2O含量在0.22;以下时制备的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷的热膨胀系数可达0.56×10 -6/℃,从0.22;增加到0.52;时,热膨胀系数增加到1.58×10-6/℃,显气孔率逐渐降低,而抗压强度增大;R2O含量为0.12;的基础配方试样主要由定向排列的片状堇青石晶粒构成,呈疏松多孔结构,气孔小,随着R2O含量的增加,气孔尺寸变大而数量减少.     

多孔堇青石的制备

以MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃为前驱体,合成了枝晶形态的堇青石晶体,并通过酸处理成功制备了多孔堇青石.利用DSC分析(Differential Scanning calorimeter, DSC)、X射线衍射分析(X-ray Diffraction Analysis, XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)、比表面积及孔径分析等测试方法,研究了形核温度对玻璃析晶性能及晶体形貌的影响,同时探讨了氢氟酸刻蚀时间对多孔堇青石比表面积及孔径的影响.结果表明:768 ℃为形成理想枝晶形貌最适合的形核温度;在947～966 ℃晶化处理均可得到高纯度的堇青石晶体;使用5vol;的氢氟酸刻蚀微晶玻璃40 min,获得的多孔堇青石比表面积达到59.4 m2/g,平均孔径10.9 nm.     

高发射率红外辐射涂料的制备与性能研究

以价格低廉的过渡金属氧化物Fe2O3和MnO2为主要原料,辅以少量的CuO和Co2O3,在还原气氛下制备了红外辐射基料.在此基础上,添加一定量的堇青石和硅溶胶、三氧化二铝、三氧化二铬等粘结剂制备红外辐射涂料,以提高其抗热震性.通过正交试验优化了原料配方,所制备的红外辐射涂料在红外波段,尤其在2.5～5 μm的近红外波段范围内具有很高的发射率,且抗热震性能优良.研究结果表明:在影响红外辐射涂料抗热震性的因素中,粘结剂的加入量是主要因素,堇青石的加入量是次要因素,粘结剂配方的影响不明显.此外,用XRD、SEM和光谱发射率测试等对试样的物相、微观结构及辐射性能进行了表征.     

Fe2O3掺杂对MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃析晶和性能的影响

采用高温熔融法和两步法微晶热处理制备了MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系堇青石微晶玻璃和铁尖晶石微晶玻璃.利用DSC分析、X射线衍射、FTIR和扫描电子显微镜等手段研究了Fe2O3对玻璃的析晶性能、显微结构和物理性能的影响.结果表明,Fe2 O3的加入可有效降低析晶活化能,促进晶体的析出.当Fe2O3含量达到7.44;时,主晶相由堇青石变为铁尖晶石.Fe2O3掺杂使样品的介电常数由3.2增大至5.8、热膨胀系数由1.941× 10-7增大至7.74×10-6、维氏硬度由7.131GPa增大至11.655 GPa,同时介电损耗由0.05降低至0.015.     

造孔剂及烧结温度对堇青石支撑体性能的影响

以人工合成堇青石粉为原料,使用碳粉、淀粉、聚苯乙烯微球为造孔剂,采用挤压成型和固态粒子烧结法制备多孔堇青石陶瓷支撑体.研究了造孔剂种类、用量及烧结温度对支撑体开孔率、抗压强度、空气渗透速率等性能的影响,并用XRD和SEM分析了不同造孔剂对样品的物相组成及断面形貌的影响.研究结果表明:添加造孔剂不会改变试样的物相组成,但对试样的基本性能影响显著,其中添加聚苯乙烯微球的试样开孔率最大,微孔间连通性最好,造孔效果最好;烧结温度能使材料致密化,可以有效提高抗压强度,当温度为1300℃、添加10;的聚苯乙烯微球时制备出的支撑体性能最优.此时开孔率为53.81;,抗压强度为8.36 MPa,空气渗透速率为5.99 m3·h-1·Pa-1·m-2,耐碱腐蚀率为99.97;.     

淀粉固化法制备堇青石多孔陶瓷

以合成堇青石粉体为原料,以未改性的食用土豆淀粉为固化剂和造孔剂,利用淀粉固化成型工艺成功制备了堇青石多孔陶瓷,并研究了淀粉的添加量与浆料前驱体的粘度、多孔陶瓷的显气孔率、孔径分布及显微结构间的关系.实验结果表明:随着淀粉含量(10wt;～40wt;)的增加,浆料前驱体的粘度先略有增大后显著降低,多孔陶瓷的显气孔率显著增加,而气孔平均孔径明显减小.     

铝粉度对自蔓延高温合成AlB2-Al2O3复合粉体的影响

以金属Al粉和B2O3粉为原料,采用自蔓延高温合成法(SHS)制备AlB2-Al2O3复合粉体.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪分析手段,对所制得的复合粉体进行了表征.研究了Al粉粒度(100目、300目和600目)对自蔓延高温合成方法制备AlB2-Al2O3复合粉体的燃烧学、相组成及微观结构的影响.结果表明:铝粉粒度越小,燃烧温度越高、燃烧波速度越快,复合粉体中AlB2相含量增加,实验测得600目铝粉反应的燃烧温度为2060K,燃烧波速度为2.08 mm/s.复合粉体以AlB2和Al2O3为主晶相,显微结构为数量较少、粒径约5μm的AlB2粉弥散分布于粒径约2 μm的Al2O3和Al的混合粉中.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.