Angiotensin Antagonism in Patients with Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in western society. It is now widely accepted that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and, in particular, angiotensin II (A-II) play a key role in the pathophysiology of CHF. Large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the principal enzyme responsible for A-II production, improve symptoms and survival in patients with CHF. This enzyme is also responsible for the breakdown of the vasodilator hormone bradykinin. Administration of ACE inhibitors is associated with increased plasma bradykinin levels and this is thought to contribute to the vascular changes associated with ACE inhibitor therapy. However, RAAS inhibition with ACE inhibitors remains incomplete because ACE inhibitors do not block the non-ACE-mediated conversion of angiotensin I to A-II. Angiotensin receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers; ARBs) antagonize the action of A-II at the A-II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor, whilst allowing the potentially beneficial actions of A-II mediated via the A-II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor. Evidence that the clinical benefit demonstrated with ACE inhibitors in patients with CHF may extend to ARBs has only emerged recently. Combination therapy with both an ACE inhibitor and an ARB has a number of potential advantages and has been investigated in several large-scale clinical trials recently. In patients with CHF, first-line therapy should include an ACE inhibitor and a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. The addition of an ARB provides symptomatic relief but has not been shown to improve survival. Where an ACE inhibitor is not tolerated, treatment with an ARB would seem an appropriate alternative. There is insufficient data to support the routine use of ARBs as first-line therapy in the management of CHF.     

Drug Treatment of Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure

Decompensated heart failure (HF) may be defined as sustained deterioration of at least one New York Heart Association functional class, usually with evidence of sodium retention. Episodes of decompensation are most commonly precipitated by sodium retention, often associated with medication noncompliance. Our therapeutic approach to hospitalized patients is based on the documented hemodynamic responses to vasodilator therapy, with redistribution of mitral regurgitant flow to forward cardiac output and decompression of the left atrium. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring is seldom required for the effective management of patients with HF and there are risks associated with pulmonary artery catheterization. The currently available parenteral vasoactive drugs for decompensated heart failure include: (i) vasodilators such as nesiritide, nitroprusside and nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate); (ii) catecholamine inotropes, primarily dobutamine; and (iii) inodilators such as milrinone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Vasodilators are most appropriate for those patients who are primarily volume-overloaded, but with adequate peripheral perfusion. In this class of agents, nesiritide (recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide) offers advantages over currently available drugs. Nesiritide produces rapid and sustained decreases in right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, with reduction in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and increases in cardiac index. The hemodynamic effects of nesiritide infusion were sustained over a duration of 1 week and the drug may be used without intensive monitoring in patients with decompensated HF. Treatment with dobutamine is indicated in patients in whom low cardiac output rather than elevated pulmonary pressure is the primary hemodynamic aberration. However, milrinone reduces left atrial congestion more effectively than dobutamine, and is well tolerated and effective when used in patients receiving β-blockers. In-patient therapy for decompensated HF is a short term exercise for symptom relief and provides an opportunity to re-assess management in the continuum of care.     

药物治疗管理服务在慢性心力衰竭患者中的应用效果评价

目的：评价药物治疗管理服务在慢性心力衰竭患者管理中的应用效果。方法：选取2018年3 月至2020年9月深圳市南山区公立医院确诊为慢性心力衰竭患者,根据性别、年龄、心功能、射血分数、血肌酐、血压分级、是否合并糖尿病进行1∶1配对,筛选配成45组病例,随机分为对照组和干预组。对照组仅接受常规用药教育与指导,干预组接受药师的药物治疗管理服务。6个月后,从经济效果(药品费用月支出)、临床效果(药物不良反应导致住院人次、疾病控制不佳就诊人次)、社会效果(用药依从性、满意度)三个方面进行评估比较。结果：随访期间,发现干预组107个药物治疗相关问题,6个月随访结束时,与对照组相比,干预组患者药品费用月支出显著减少(以下均为对照组 vs.干预组)[元：(798.7±410.3)vs.(637.7±332.7),P=0.044]、用药依从性提高[分：(6.95±0.79) vs.(7.67±0.69),P=0.000)]、两组患者满意度[(分：(83.33±8.59)vs.(91.67±8.79), P=0.000]、疾病控制不佳导致就诊人次数[次：(1.444±1.32)vs.(0.733±0.86),P=0.003]差异均有统计学意义,两组因药物不良反应导致住院人次数无显著性差异[次：(0.044±0.21)vs.(0.000±0.00), P=0.156]。结论：实施基于MTM的药学服务模式,可有效节省医疗费用支出、降低因疾病控制不佳就诊次数、提高患者满意度和用药依从性,在经济、临床和人文效果方面均有一定收获,深入考察后可将其推广至其他慢病管理。     

药师随访助力慢性心衰患者药物治疗管理

目的 建立慢性心衰患者药师门急诊随访管理体系,探讨药师指导患者规范化药物治疗的效果。方法 在首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院及内蒙古通辽市第二人民医院建立门急诊心衰患者药师随访体系,医师与药师共同制定慢性心衰患者个体化的药物治疗方案,分别评价肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem,RAAS）抑制药及β受体阻滞药使用整体情况及用量达靶剂量的比率,治疗前后患者心功能及心脏结构变化情况、生化指标变化、安全性等。结果 随访患者RAAS抑制剂和β受体阻滞药用量达靶剂量的比率均为80.0%。规范化药物治疗后患者心功能较治疗前显著改善;初始左室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD）增大的患者治疗后左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fractions,LVEF）显著升高,LVEDD显著减小。药师随访干预后患者心率、血压、NT-proBNP、白蛋白、血钾水平指标较干预前显著改善。随访期间3例患者因恶性心衰死亡,其余患者无一过症状性低血压发生,耐受良好。结论 建立门急诊慢性心衰患者药师随访指导患者规范化药物治疗,大部分患者RAAS抑制药及β受体阻滞药等药物用量能达到指南推荐的靶剂量,并获得满意临床疗效及安全性。     

慢性心力衰竭患者的临床护理体会

目的通过临床分析,探讨慢性心力衰竭患者的临床护理效果。方法选取我院从2010年11月至2012年11月间接诊的100例慢性心力衰竭患者,按照1∶1的比例将他们分为观察组(A组)与对照组(B组)。对照组实施常规性的护理,观察组实施整体性的护理,每组护理疗程都为10d,仔细观察这两组患者的症状缓解时间、住院时间、SDS评分的变化及患者的满意度等。结果两组患者在SDS评分的变化比较中,两组差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);在症状缓解时间、住院时间及满意度评比中,观察组均好于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对慢性心力衰竭患者实施整体性护理干预后,能够提高患者的治疗效果,非常值得临床推广应用。     

Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Heart Failure

The firm association of diabetes mellitus with congestive heart failure (CHF) has been undoubtedly established. Recent reports support the presence of the reciprocal interrelationships between CHF and glucose abnormalities. The present review provides an overview of some aspects of the multifactorial interrelationships between heart failure and diabetes mellitus. Patients with heart failure are generally at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several factors may be involved, such as a lack of physical activity, hypermetabolic state, intracellular metabolic defects, poor muscle perfusion, and poor nutrition. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and leptin are elevated in patients with heart failure. Activation of the sympathetic system in CHF not only increases insulin resistance but also decreases the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells, increases hepatic glucose production by stimulating both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and increases glucagon production and lipolysis. People who develop type 2 diabetes mellitus usually pass through the phases of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, pancreatic beta-cell stress and damage leading to progressively decreasing insulin secretion, and impaired fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels. Once hyperglycemia ensues, the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications also increases. It is possible that the cornerstone of diabetes mellitus prevention in patients with CHF could be controlled by increased physical activity in a cardiac rehabilitation framework. Pharmacologic interventions by some medications (metformin, orlistat, ramipril and acarbose) can also effectively delay progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in general high risk populations, but the magnitude of the benefit in patients with CHF is unknown. In patients with CHF and overt diabetes mellitus, ACE inhibitors may provide a special advantage and should be the first-line agent. Recent reports have suggested that angiotensin receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers), similar to ACE inhibitors, provide beneficial effects in patients with diabetes mellitus and should be the second-line agent if ACE inhibitors are contraindicated. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors should probably now be considered routinely for all diabetic patients with CHF, irrespective of their initial serum cholesterol levels, unless there is a contraindication.     

954例肺心病心力衰竭住院病例回顾性分析

目的：分析肺心病心力衰竭住院患者临床特点和治疗情况。方法：整理两所医院确诊的成人肺心病心力衰竭住院病例，按每10年建立数据库，对临床特点进行分析。结果：人选954例，占同期心力衰竭住院病例的24．73％（954／3858），此比例逐年代减少（P〈0．01）。平均年龄（66．26±9．30）岁，呈老龄化趋势（P〈0．01）。≥60岁占79．4％（757／954），而且其比例基本逐年代增加（P〈0．01）。入院心功能以NYHAⅢ、Ⅳ级为主，占92．2％（880／954）。合并冠心病、房颤、高血压病和呼吸衰竭的比例逐年代增多（均P〈0．01）。应用较多的药物有利尿剂（53．4％）、洋地黄制剂（37％）、硝酸酯制剂（58．2％）、α-受体阻滞剂（52．5％）、茶碱类（78．6％）、钙拮抗剂（23．4％）、β-受体兴奋剂（5．2％）、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI，10．8％）、β-受体阻滞剂（2．3％）。利尿剂、硝酸酯制剂、洋地黄制剂、ACEI的应用逐年代增加，β-受体兴奋剂逐年代减少，α-受体阻滞剂和茶碱类以20世纪80年代应用比例最少。总的住院病死率为13．9％（133／954）．以20世纪70年代最低，其次是90年代，80年代最高。因肺性脑病、呼吸功能衰竭等所导致的死亡居多．占94．7％（126／133）。结论：高龄、合并冠心病和心功能较差可能成为肺心病心力衰竭的流行特点；肺心病心力衰竭治疗以利尿剂、硝酸酯制剂、洋地黄制剂、α-受体阻滞剂为主。     

充血性心力衰竭患者心率变异性分析

为评价心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）对充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）预后判断的意义,对３０例心脏病伴ＣＨＦ和３０例有非心脏而无明显ＣＨＦ患者的ＨＲＶ指标进行了测定,并与３０例正常人作对比分析,结果显示,ＣＨＦ组,非ＣＨＦ组ＨＲＶ均显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＣＨＦ组最大心率与最小心率差值缩小,提示ＨＲＶ降低对ＣＨＦ患者的预后判断有重要价值。     

慢性心力衰竭患者80例临床分析

目的对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者的治疗及预后进行分析。方法选择CHF患者80例,随机分为两组,对照组40例,常规抗心衰治疗（强心、利尿、扩血管和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂ACEI或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂）;观察组40例,在常规抗心衰治疗基础上,加用卡维地洛,观察4周,随访l8个月。治疗前后对比心功能、血压、心率、左室收缩末内径（LVESD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）的变化。结果在改善心脏结构和心功能,减少住院次数和心率,观察组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论β受体阻滞剂治疗CHF,能更好地改善心功能,减少CHF患者临床事件的发生,是一种安全、有效的方法。     

阿替洛尔在老年心力衰竭患者中的效果观察

目的观察阿替洛尔治疗老年慢性心力衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法选取自2017年1月至2018年1月于大连市中心医院心内科收治的慢性心力衰竭病例60例,采用信封法随机分为试验组和对照组,其中对照组30例,采用西医吲哚普利、呋塞米、美托洛尔口服治疗的方法,试验组30例,吲哚普利、呋塞米、阿替洛尔口服观察两组患者的左心功能(LVEF)和B型尿钠肽(BNP)情况。结果试验组优于对照组,有统计学差异(P <0.05)。结论阿替洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭可以提高患者心功能,降低BNP,临床效果显著,值得推广使用。     

芪苈强心胶囊治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察芪苈强心胶囊治疗慢性心力衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法将120例患者随机分为两组,对照组常规应用血管转换酶抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、利尿剂等,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用芪苈强心胶囊治疗,疗程8周。观察Lee氏心力衰竭积分、左室舒张末内径、左室射血分数(LVEF)、血浆NT-proBNP水平及肝肾功、电解质。结果两组治疗后Lee氏心力衰竭积分、左室舒张末内径、左室射血分数(LVEF)、血浆NT-proBNP水平均明显改善(P<0.01),但治疗组患者治疗后的改善更明显,优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论芪苈强心胶囊联合西药常规治疗慢性心力衰竭患者,可以更有效地改善患者心功能,缓解临床症状,且安全性较好。     

Heart Rate Reduction with Ivabradine in Patients with Acute Decompensated Systolic Heart Failure

Introduction

In patients with acute decompensated systolic heart failure (ADSHF) high resting heart rate (HR) could be either a compensatory mechanism or contribute to worsening heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in patients with ADSHF and resting HR >70 bpm, the early (within 24 h) and late (at discharge) effects of oral administration of ivabradine on HR reduction.

Methods

Ten consecutive patients with ADSHF, left ventricular ejection fraction <40 % and HR >70 bpm, without other acute conditions or inotropic therapy, began open-label treatment with oral ivabradine according to a pre-established Heart Failure Unit protocol. We obtained clinical and laboratory data at four periods: admission (T0), immediately before initiation of ivabradine (T2), 24 h after initiation of ivabradine (T3), and at discharge (T4).

Results

Ivabradine was administered in 60 % of the patients before the second day. HR decreased 10.7 ± 7.2 bpm at T3 (p < 0.001) and 16.3 ± 8.2 bpm at T4 (p = 0.002). The systolic blood pressure decreased at T3 (p = 0.012), returning to baseline values at T4. There was no change in diastolic and mean blood pressure. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class improvement by two levels was associated with lower HR at T4 (p = 0.033). HR and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-ProBNP) at baseline correlated significantly [Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) = 0.789, p = 0.013]. Total Nt-ProBNP reduction correlated with the HR before (r = 0.762, p = 0.028) and after (T3: r = 0.647, p = 0.083; T4: r = 0.738, p = 0.037) ivabradine addition.

Conclusion

In the present cohort of patients with ADSHF and HR >70 bpm, the selective reduction of HR with oral ivabradine was safe and efficient.     

充血性心力衰竭病人的正常甲状腺功能病态综合征

目的 探讨充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）病人中正常甲状腺功能病态综合征（ＥＳＳ）的发生情况,及其对ＣＨＦ预后的影响。方法 对５５例冠心病合并ＣＨＦ的病人进行甲状腺功能监测,给予ＣＨＦ常规治疗。其中低Ｔ３低Ｔ４综合征组尚给予小剂量左旋甲状腺素（Ｌ－Ｔ４）作补充治疗。结果 ５５例中有２５例伴有ＥＳＳ,包括２１例低Ｔ３综合征和４例低Ｔ３低Ｔ４综合征。经４周治疗,非ＥＳＳ组无１例死亡,低Ｔ３综合征组死亡２例,低     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者的药学监护

目的：探讨对老年慢性心力衰竭患者进行药学监护的重点和方法。方法：临床药师从老年慢性心力衰竭患者的病理生理特点出发,针对应用利尿药、β受体阻断药和洋地黄等药物进行阐述,分析和总结老年慢性心力衰竭患者药学监护的重点和方法。结果：临床药师应从药物治疗的安全性和有效性两方面着手,包括随访患者的电解质、肝肾功能等指标,以其特殊病理生理状态下的药物选择及剂量调整为切入点,通过监护疗效、规避可能出现的不良反应,开展个体化的药物监护。结论：临床药师的药学服务在药物合理安全运用、治疗及给药方案的优化上发挥了积极作用。     

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure afflicts 2 to 4 million people in the US and nearly 15 million people worldwide. Accepted goals of heart failure treatment include: (i) improvement of symptoms; (ii) prevention of disease progression; and (iii) reduction in morbidity and mortality. Complex pharmacological therapies achieve these goals, but not in all patients with heart failure. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) represents a new therapeutic approach in patients with chronic heart failure. CRT is only applicable to a subgroup of patients with ventricular conduction system delay, characterized by prolonged QRS duration. Bundle branch block impacts 20 to 30% of patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III–IV heart failure and consists predominantly of left bundle branch block. When left ventricular (LV) conduction delay is superimposed upon ventricular dysfunction, it appears to be a marker of disease severity. These conduction abnormalities have deleterious effects both on systolic function and LV filling, and they can induce or enhance mitral functional regurgitation. CRT attempts to correct the deleterious effect of dysynchrony by increasing LV filling time, decreasing septal dyskinesis and reducing mitral regurgitation. Several observational studies and randomized, controlled trials have shown the benefit of CRT in a subgroup of patients with heart failure, with conduction delays. Improvements were found in the mean distance walked in 6 minutes, quality of life (QOL), NYHA functional class, in peak oxygen uptake (V?O₂), total exercise time, reduction of hospitalization, LV function and reduction of the LV end-diastolic diameter. These studies support the therapeutic value of ventricular resynchronization in patients with severe heart failure, who have intraventricular conduction delay but who do not have a standard indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. In respect to these study results, possible indications for a biventricular pacing device at this time are as follows: NYHA functional class III, LV ejection fraction <35%, sinus rhythm, QRS duration >150 msec and drug refractory despite individual optimal heart failure therapy. CRT significantly improved symptoms, exercise tolerance and QOL in most patients. However, further studies are needed to assess long-term clinical effects and prognosis, as well as economic benefit of this therapeutic approach.     

Thiazolidinediones in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure

Individuals with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing heart failure, usually as a consequence of coronary artery disease, although a specific diabetic cardiomyopathy, secondary to a microangiopathy, may also exist. The thiazolidinediones, a relatively new class of insulin-sensitizing agents used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, have a number of complex metabolic actions on surrogate markers of atherogenesis, supported by the results of the recently published PROACTIVE (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events) trial. Unfortunately, the use of thiazolidinediones in individuals with diabetes mellitus and heart failure is limited because of a propensity to cause fluid retention. The underlying mechanisms of fluid retention have yet to be fully elucidated, but appear to be a dose-related class effect, exacerbated by combination therapy with insulin, and in some cases may be localized to peripheral edema. In parallel, echocardiographic studies show no significant effect of thiazolidinediones on cardiac structure or function. The design of epidemiologic studies describing an increased risk of developing heart failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus prescribed thiazolidinediones has been questioned, and a study of 'new users' of antihyperglycemic treatments found no increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure with thiazolidinedione therapy. There is also increasing evidence for the potential benefits of insulin sensitization in patients with diabetes mellitus and known heart failure, and a large observational study of over 16 000 patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of heart failure found a reduced mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87; 95% CI 0.80, 0.94) in those prescribed thiazolidinediones. This benefit was offset by an increased risk of readmission with heart failure (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.00, 1.09). Despite an increase in fluid-related events, recent studies suggest that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure (New York Heart Association grade I/II) can be treated with thiazolidinediones with appropriate monitoring and adjustment of heart failure therapies. These findings would suggest the need for large-scale, prospective trials to investigate the safety and potential benefits of thiazolidinedione use in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure.     

充血性心力衰竭患者血浆肾上腺髓质素水平观察

研究充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）患者在不同心功能状态下及治疗前后血浆肾上腺髓质素（ＡＭ）含量,同时分析其与内皮素（ＥＴ）和血管紧张素 Ⅱ（Ａｎｇ Ⅱ）含量之间的关系。用放射免疫法测定了 ５１例 ＣＨＦ患者和 ３０例对照组的血浆 ＡＭ、ＥＴ和 Ａｎｇ Ⅱ含量。结果发现,ＣＨＦ组不同程度的心功能患者血浆 ＡＭ、ＥＴ、Ａｎｇ Ⅱ含量均较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,且血浆 ＡＭ、ＥＴ、Ａｎｇ Ⅱ含量随心功能恶化而升高,随心功能改善而下降,但仍高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＣＨＦ ,患者治疗前后血浆ＡＭ与ＥＴ、Ａｎｇ Ⅱ含量均呈显著正相关。提示血浆ＡＭ升高可能与ＥＴ和Ａｎｇ Ⅱ含量升高有关,可反映心力衰竭严重程度和作为判断疗效的一项指标。     

评价无创动脉检测技术在心力衰竭患者中应用的价值

目的:评价无创动脉检测技术在心力衰竭患者中应用价值。方法:选取180例心力衰竭患者为对象,根据NYHA分级标准分成3组(心功能Ⅱ级组,心功能Ⅲ级组,心功能Ⅳ级组),检测踝臂指数(ABI)、臂踝脉搏波传导速度(BaPWV)、左心射血分数(LVEF)数据、NT-proBNP等,并分析相关性。结果:3组ABI、BaPWV、NT-proBNP、LVEF差异显著,P0.05,且ABI与NT-proBNP、BaPWV呈负相关,NT-proBNP与BaPWV两者呈正相关。结论:无创动脉检测技术无创安全,可有效评估心力衰竭病情,为治疗参考。     

重症肺炎合并心衰患者的护理分析

目的:探讨重症肺炎合并心衰患者的临床护理措施。方法:选取某院在2015年11月~2016年12月间收治的81例重症肺炎合并心衰患者,将其按照随机法分为两组,观察组41例采用综合护理,对照组40例采用常规护理,观察并对比两组患者的护理效果。结果:观察组患者护理满意度为92.68%,住院时间为(15.62±2.14)d;对照组患者护理满意度为72.5%,住院时间为(22.69±2.67)d。两组相比较,观察组患者的护理满意度、住院时间均优于对照组,差异显著,有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:临床上应用综合护理对于重症肺炎合并心衰患者的效果显著,能够缩短患者住院时间,消除患者的焦虑,提高患者的护理满意度,值得在临床上推广应用。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭患者60例护理体会

目的探讨老年慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床护理措施。方法回顾性分析我院近年来收治的60例患者的临床资料。结果心功能改善1级45例(75%),改善2级或以上11例(18.3%),所有观察对象在用药过程中未发生需要停药的低血压、心动过缓等。结论慢性充血性心力衰竭是老年心脏病患者的常见并发症,其病情危重、变化大,需要进行严密的病情观察和精心的护理以达到有效的治疗效果。