煤粉特征温度及热量释放特性

通过热重和差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)同步热分析仪在空气气氛条件下研究不同煤阶煤粉的燃烧特性.将煤粉在挥发分燃烧及焦炭燃烧过程分为4个不同的反应区域.研究得出,煤粉低温氧化主要从150~200,℃区段开始显著发生,200,℃之前,不同加热速率下的煤粉低温氧化并无明显区别;随着煤阶的增加,吸氧增重量逐渐降低;煤粉在挥发分燃烧及焦炭燃烧区段内对应的最大热流量均随加热速率的增加而增加,且释热加速度也随之增加;相同加热速率下,煤阶增加导致释热加速度减小.煤粉在高温段氧化最大热流值对应的温度Tmax、着火温度Ti、强着火温度Tig及其他特征温度均随加热速率及煤阶的增加而增加.     

不同粒径煤粉在O2/CO2气氛下的燃烧特性

用TG研究了不同粒径煤粉在空气和O2/CO2气氛下的燃烧特性,对比分析了两种气氛下不同粒径对煤粉特征温度和特征指数的影响情况.结果表明,O2/CO2气氛下,粒径对煤粉燃烧的影响要大于空气气氛,且挥发分含量越高的煤种其影响越大.相比空气气氛,O2/CO2气氛下煤粉的燃烧特性随粒径变化会呈现较大的波动性,且随着煤种挥发分含量的增加,小粒径段煤粉的波动性增强.可以通过提高氧浓度来减少燃烧波动的影响.     

混煤燃烧特性分析及速度预测

基于热重分析方法研究煤粉的燃烧特性对燃烧速度的影响。通过对煤粉燃烧速度过程的预测有利于煤粉在电厂混煤掺烧过程中的充分利用。根据煤粉燃烧实验求出活化能和频率因子,求出两升温速率下的TG(T)、DTG(T)曲线。导出实验数据。在阿累尼乌斯定律基础上,求解燃烧速率的数学模型。用燃烧模型预测了同一种煤样在第三个升温速率下燃烧速率随燃尽度的变化趋势。     

单煤粉颗粒着火特性的激光辅助高速摄像测量

针对煤粉的着火特性,基于平面火焰燃烧器,应用自行开发的连续激光辅助高速摄像的测量方法对煤粉颗粒的着火过程进行了连续捕捉,系统地研究了空气条件下着火过程中的单煤粉颗粒的尺寸、形貌、温度和着火延迟特性.研究发现环境温度1 800 K的空气气氛下,粒径分布为74～98μm的神华烟煤为均相着火;煤粉颗粒析出的挥发分首先氧化燃烧并形成球形的包覆火焰;待挥发分消耗后,继而发生煤焦异相的着火燃烧;煤粉颗粒温度分布进一步证明了煤焦燃烧是非均匀的.     

中心轴插式等离子体点火特性数值模拟

以Fluent软件为计算平台,针对中心轴插式等离子体点火燃烧器内部三维湍流流场及点火特性进行数值模拟,计算煤粉混合物在通过整个燃烧器时内部温度场、着火过程成分变化和煤粉的燃尽率等,分析其点火燃烧器内部的燃烧特征.分析了在给定来流条件下,不同等离子体喷枪功率下,点火煤粉燃烧器内中心截面温度分布;分析了点火煤粉燃烧器内CO、O2和CO2的质量浓度分布与温度分布的关系.     

600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明：2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

600MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明:2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

锡林浩特褐煤燃烧特性试验研究

在热天平上对通过程序升温静态燃烧系统的试验,根据锡林浩特褐煤在不同粒度、不同升温速度和不同反应气氛下的TG/DSC曲线,研究着火温度、燃尽温度等特征参数,并根据动力学反应方程确定试验煤种的表观反应动力参数;在一元煤粉气流燃烧模拟系统试验台上,研究直流燃烧情况下,氧浓度、煤粉浓度、煤粉细度、炉壁温度与褐煤燃烧特性、结渣特性及烟气污染物排放特性的关系;研究在分级燃烧条件下燃烧产物中有害成分的生成、燃尽度变化及结渣特性的关系;研究一次风速及煤粉浓度对试验煤种的着火特性、燃烧特性及有害物排放特性.     

基于工业分析的恒温下煤粉燃尽特性预测模型

利用自制恒温热重装置对14种电厂用煤粉在高温下进行燃烧实验.引入工业分析组合参数x_1、x_2和燃尽时间比值K_(T_1)~(T_2),研究工业分析参数和温度对煤粉燃尽特性的影响,并在此基础上建立煤粉燃尽时间的预测模型,对检验煤粉在不同温度下的燃尽时间进行预测并与实验值进行对比.结果表明:不同温度下,组合参数x_1、x_2与煤粉燃尽时间均符合二次函数关系;当温升幅度相同时,初始温度越高,煤粉前期燃烧失重速率的增加幅度越小;相同的T_1、T_2下,不同煤粉的燃尽时间比值K_(T_1)~(T_2)基本相等;固定温度T_1,燃尽时间比值K_(T_1)~(T_2)与lgT_2符合线性关系;预测模型对煤粉燃尽时间的预测具有较高的准确度.     

煤粉高温富氧无油点火实验和数值模拟研究

提出了利用高温氧气与高浓度煤粉气流直接混合来实现煤粉气流点火的无油点火方式,采用煤粉高温氧气无油点火实验装置对煤粉气流的高温氧气无油点火过程进行了研究,利用数值模拟方法对该点火装置的流场特性进行了分析.结果表明：当氧气加热温度超过750℃后,设计工况条件下利用高温氧气可以顺利安全地实现煤粉气流的点火;提高一次风温度、增大一次风煤粉浓度及高温氧气风量或减小一次风速度有利于煤粉气流的着火和燃烧;煤粉气流在点火装置中心管喷口正前方首先开始着火,流场平均温度可达2 000 K以上,最高温度超过3 000 K,温度最高的区域位于中心管轴线的两侧.     

Gasification of a pulverized sub-bituminous coal in CO2 at atmospheric pressure in an entrained flow reactor

Char gasification by CO₂ may play an important role in oxy-fuel applications and affect particle temperature histories and overall reaction rates during combustion. This paper presents the results of a complete set of experiments of char gasification in CO₂ performed with a pulverized Indonesian sub-bituminous coal in an entrained flow reactor under realistic conditions; series of burnout curves at different reactor temperatures (1040–1300 °C) and CO₂ concentrations (0.7–100%) reveal consistent trends in the gasification rates. The study included also devolatilization and oxidation tests with this coal in the same experimental facility. The data are used to derive apparent kinetics for the three processes, in a manner similar to that followed in a previous work for the oxidation of a pulverized coal. The gasification kinetic parameters and reaction rates measured are then compared with values taken or derived from previous works by others, obtained by thermogravimetric analysis or experiments in entrained flow reactors. Finally, the relevance of char gasification in the overall reaction rate under conditions representative of those in an industrial boiler is explored, in particular for the case of oxy-coal combustion.     

利用分布活化能模型研究木材的热解和燃烧机理

在热天平上考察了三种木材在不同气氛和升温速率下的热解行为,并利用分布活化能模型研究了三种木材的热解动力学.结果表明:在空气气氛下,热失重分为三个阶段,失重率为500/~6000/时,三种木材的活化能值都在110~250 kJ/mol,且非单调增加;在氮气气氛下,热失重分两个阶段,失重率在1000/~8500/时,三种木材的活化能值都在165~230 kJ/mol,且呈“W”形变化.活化能的分布函数,反映了木材在热解、气化、燃烧过程中不同阶段的反应活性变化规律,有助于了解木材的热解和燃烧机理.     

Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments

Oxygen-enhanced and oxygen-fired pulverized coal combustion is actively being investigated to achieve emission reductions and reductions in flue gas cleanup costs, as well as for coal-bed methane and enhanced oil recovery applications. To fully understand the results of pilot scale tests and to accurately predict scale-up performance through CFD modeling, accurate rate expressions are needed to describe coal char combustion under these unconventional combustion conditions. In the work reported here, the combustion rates of two pulverized coal chars have been measured in both conventional and oxygen-enriched atmospheres. A combustion-driven entrained flow reactor equipped with an optical particle-sizing pyrometry diagnostic and a rapid-quench sampling probe has been used for this investigation. Highvale subbituminous coal and a high-volatile eastern United States bituminous coal have been investigated, over oxygen concentrations ranging from 6 to 36 mol% and gas temperatures of 1320-1800 K. The results from these experiments demonstrate that pulverized coal char particles burn under increasing kinetic control in elevated oxygen environments, despite their higher burning rates in these environments. Empirical fits to the data have been successfully performed over the entire range of oxygen concentrations using a single-film oxidation model. Both a simple nth-order Arrhenius expression and an nth-order Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic equation provide good fits to the data. Local fits of the nth-order Arrhenius expression to the oxygen-enriched and oxygen-depleted data produce lower residuals in comparison to fits of the entire dataset. These fits demonstrate that the apparent reaction order varies from 0.1 under near-diffusion-limit oxygen-depleted conditions to 0.5 under oxygen-enriched conditions. Burnout predictions show good agreement with measurements. Predicted char particle temperatures tend to be low for combustion in oxygen-depleted environments.     

运行参数对锅炉煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量影响的数值研究

为了达到锅炉的优化运行以保证煤粉气流及时着火和充分燃尽，采用IPSA两相流动模型和煤粉燃烧综合模型，在不同的一次风率和煤粉细度的工况下，对1台350MW锅炉煤粉燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，得出了炉内燃烧器区域以及出口处烟气温度场和燃烧产物的组分浓度分布。分析了一次风率和煤粉细度对煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量的影响规律，并确定了优化的运行参数。结果表明：一次风率对煤粉气流的着火影响较大，而对出口处烟气温度、氧量以及飞灰含碳量影响较小。煤粉细度对煤粉气流的着火、燃烧以及燃尽均有较大影响。图8表2参9     

Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis of Nannochloropsis oculata combustion in air atmosphere

The thermal behavior of Nannochloropsis oculata combustion in air atmosphere were investigated by performing experiments on STA PT1600 Thermal Analyzer at heating rates of 10°C/min, 40°C/min and 70°C/min and range of temperatures from room temperature to 1200°C. The kinetic parameters were evaluated by using Kissinger and Ozawa methods. The result showed that Nannochloropsis oculata combustion occurred in five stages. Started with initial devolatilization, the main thermal decomposition and combustion process, transition stage, the combustion of char and the last stage was the slow burning reaction of residual char. In line with increasing heating rate, the mass loss rate increased as well, but it delayed the thermal decomposition processes toward higher temperatures. The average activation energy at the main thermal decomposition stage and the stage of char combustion were approximately 251 kJ/mol and 178 kJ/mol, respectively.     

分级燃烧最佳一次风空气系数的实研究

在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行了不同煤种、不同细度的分级燃烧试验。实验发现,分级燃烧对高挥发份 煤种以及同一煤种的细煤粉的Nox排放浓度的降低效果更显著,而且在分级燃烧条件下,同一煤种细煤粉的 飞灰含量较粗煤粉低。另外,还得到了不同煤种在分级燃烧条件下的最佳一次风空气系数。图9表2参3     

O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧反应动力学的试验研究

在热重分析仪上进行了模拟空气气氛及不同O2浓度(21%、30%、40%、80%)的O2/CO2气氛下3种不同品质煤粉(龙岩无烟煤、贵州烟煤、元宝山褐煤)的燃烧特性试验,确定了3种煤粉的燃烧特征参数并进行了动力学分析.结果表明,O2/CO2气氛下煤粉的燃烧分布曲线与O2/N2气氛下有明显不同,在相同O2浓度的条件下,O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧速率低,燃尽时间长;随着O2浓度的增加,燃烧DTG曲线向低温区偏移,着火温度及燃尽温度降低,燃尽时间缩短,可燃性指数及燃尽指数明显提高;O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应,动力学参数随燃烧气氛与煤质变化的不同有较大差异.     

微富氧条件下煤粉燃烧及NO生成特性的研究

利用热重分析技术对微富氧条件下煤粉的燃烧特性进行了研究,并与富氧条件下煤粉的燃烧特性进行了对比,利用固定床测定了燃煤NO的生成规律,分析了反应气氛和煤种的影响．结果表明：随着氧体积分数增加,微富氧条件下煤粉的燃烧向低温区移动,综合燃烧特性指数S逐渐增大;在相同的氧体积分数下,由于N2和CO2的物性差异,煤粉的微富氧燃烧特性优于富氧燃烧特性,但当氧体积分数升高到40％时,两种气氛的燃烧特性差别不大;反应气氛和煤种均对燃料氮的转化率影响显著;氧体积分数升高或N2的参与会使反应温度上升,影响燃料氮的转化率;煤的挥发分和元素氮的质量分数也会影响燃料氮的转化率．     

Combustion characteristics of Turkish lignites at oxygen-enriched and oxy-fuel combustion conditions

Combustion and oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of two Turkish lignites (Orhaneli and Soma) were investigated by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) method. Experiments were carried out under oxygen-enriched air and oxy-fuel combustion conditions with 21, 30, 40% oxygen concentrations. Three heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C/min were considered and the isoconversional kinetic methods of FWO, KAS, and Friedman were employed to estimate activation energies. The uncertainty assessment in obtaining the activation energy values was also considered. The obtained results indicated that the combustion of volatiles at both air and oxy-fuel conditions were approximately identical. However, at air combustion conditions, the decomposition of CaCO₃ took place at temperatures above 700 °C. This decomposition process was independent of the oxygen concentration and took place when the temperature reached to a certain threshold. The decomposition of CaCO₃ did not accomplish in oxy-fuel conditions as far as the temperature was higher than 900 °C. Combustion in oxy-fuel conditions had higher activation energy values comparing to conventional combustion atmosphere. The activation energy values were approximately unchanged at the start of combustion regardless of oxygen concentration or combustion atmosphere at about 165 kJ/mol and 150 kJ/mol for Orhaneli and Soma lignites, respectively. The apparent activation energies were higher at elevated oxygen concentrations. The uncertainties values related to FWO method were lower than KAS and Friedman methods. The calculated average uncertainty values were found to be at the range of 5–15% for most of the cases.     

O2/CO2/N2气氛下玉米秸秆混煤燃烧特性及动力学分析

以玉米秸秆和煤粉为原料,在不同原料配比,不同升温速率下,利用热重分析仪在模拟锅炉气氛下进行燃烧实验,采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法建立动力学模型,研究模拟锅炉气氛下玉米秸秆及其混煤燃烧的燃烧特性及其动力学,对比相同实验条件空气气氛下的燃烧工况结果表明,燃料的综合燃烧特性指数SN随升温速率的增大而成倍增长,因掺入煤粉的比例加倍而减半;随着掺混煤比例的增大,失重速率(DTG)曲线上固定碳燃烧阶段逐渐分化为2个失重峰,模拟锅炉气氛下分化现象更为明显;煤粉的掺入会使燃烧过程所需表观活化能波动增大。