神经内窥镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法．分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法梗阻性脑积水原因分别为第三脑室后部肿瘤5例，中脑顶板胶质瘤2例，Chiari畸形2例，另12例为不明原因引起的导水管梗阻或狭窄。同位素^99Tcm-TPA脑池显像显示为非脑脊液吸收障碍性阻塞性脑积水。神经内窥镜从侧脑室经蒙氏孔进入第三脑室，在乳头体前方第三脑室底最薄处造一瘘口与脚间池相通。结果术后随访12～26个月，所有患者脑积水症状均缓解，脑室体积缩小。结论神经内窥镜行第三脑室底造瘘治疗非脑脊液吸收障碍性脑积水是一种有效的微创手术。     

神经内镜治疗梗阻性脑积水(附20例报告)

目的总结神经内镜下手术治疗20例梗阻性脑积水的临床经验。方法 17例为导水管阻塞引起的双侧型脑积水,另3例为单侧室问孔堵塞引起的单侧型脑积水;17例用神经内镜经侧脑室额角入路,经室间孔行第三脑室底脚问池造瘘,3例透明隔造瘘治疗。结果所有造瘘过程均顺利,瘘口通畅。17例双侧型脑积水行单纯第三脑室底造瘘术,15例效果满意,2例无效,改行内镜引导下的脑室-腹腔分流术治愈,另3例单侧型脑积水行透明隔造瘘,效果良好。总有效率达到90．0％。结论神经内镜治疗梗阻性脑积水简便、微创、有效,是首选的方法。     

第三脑室底造瘘治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的：探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用在神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法。分析手术成功与失败的原因,方法：对21例不同原因造成的梗阻性脑积水患者进行了23次神经内视镜下的第三脑室底造瘘手术。结果：随访1-33个月,平均19个月,显效15例,有效2例,4例无效患者改行V-P分流术,2例接受2次造瘘;手术并发症包括颅内感染2例,严重硬膜下积液1例,暂时性脑疝1例,暂时性动眼神经麻痹1例,中脑及丘脑出血各1例,无死亡病例,结论：神经内窥镜下的第三脑室底造瘘对治疗梗阻性脑积水是一种安全、有效的手术方法,但为了提高手术疗效,减少手术并发症,应采用良好的手术器械、熟练掌握手术方法,选择适当手术患者。     

神经内镜在治疗脑积水中的应用

目的 探讨神经内镜在脑积水诊断治疗中的应用方法及价值。方法 1998年10月－2000年1月我院应用神经内镜治疗99例各类脑积水病人，采用4种手术方法（包括三脑室底造瘘，透明隔造瘘术，囊肿脑室造瘘术，脑室－腹腔分流术），对手术适应症，并发症及预后等做了初步探讨。结果 98例效果满意，临床症状消失或明显缓解，影像学脑室变小，分流管位置满意；1例临床症状、影像学均无变化。并发症：2例三室底造瘘病人术后短期出现发热、头痛加重；1例分流管调整拔管时脑室内出血；无感染、分流管梗阻、致残及死亡。结论 神经内镜在脑积水的诊断和治疗中可以发挥重要作用，利于明确诊断，选择适宜的手术方案。同时在直视下准确操作，具有微创，高效，并发症少的优势。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

梗阻性脑积水是神经外科的常见疾病之一,因患者往往伴有不同程度的颅内高压症状,随着病程的迁延,直接影响患者的生活质量。本院自2008年5月至2009年2月共收治梗阻性脑积水患者17例,     

分流失败小儿脑积水的神经内镜治疗

目的探讨小儿分流调整失败后应用神经内镜技术治疗的方法和体会。方法应用单纯内镜手术方法，对6例脑室-腹腔分流调整失败患儿进行分流管调整术，脉络丛烧灼术，第三脑室造瘘术。结果5例先天性梗阻性脑积水、1例松果体区占位行脑室腹腔分流术后发生堵塞患儿，应用神经内镜技术进行治疗，手术过程顺利；3例患者有不同程度发热，持续时间2～7d；随访6个月至24个月病情明显好转，脑积水改善，分流管通畅。结论神经内镜对脑室-腹腔分流调整失败患儿进行治疗，具有微创、安全、准确、并发症少、经济等优点，是神经外科较好的治疗方法。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效观察

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术（ETV）治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效。方法 2013年5月至2015年5月ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水42例。结果 成功造瘘39例,因术中出血二期行脑室-腹腔分流术3例。术中出现心率减慢4例、造瘘口少量出血3例,术后短暂发热21例、可疑感染1例、头皮切口漏2例。术后随访3~36个月,平均（10.4±2.7）个月;改善36例（85.7%）,无改变4例（9.5%）,恶化2例（4.8%）。术后3个月复查CT或MRI显示:侧脑室缩小33例（78.8%）,侧脑室无明显变化但前角间质性水肿减轻5例（11.9%）,侧脑室无变化4例（9.5%）。结论 ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水效果较好,手术操作简单,安全系数高,并发症少。     

神经内镜第三脑室造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水32例临床分析

最近几年,随着影像学技术、内窥镜器械的进步,显微解剖研究有了进一步提高,第三脑室底部造瘘术（ETV）成为神经外科治疗梗阻性脑积水的一种重要方法[1]。自2005年以来,我科应用硬性神经内镜行第三脑室造瘘手术治疗梗阻性脑积水32例,取得较好疗效。现报道如下。     

神经内窥镜治疗脑积水

目的：探讨神经内窥镜在脑积水治疗中的作用。方法：应用神经内窥镜单独或辅助手术。对123例脑积水患者根据其类型不同采用不同的手术方式;对58例导水管狭窄性脑积水行内窥镜下第三脑室底脚间池造瘘术;28交通性脑积水行脉络丛凝固术;8例单侧脑室积水行透明隔穿通术;14例丘脑肿瘤合并双侧室间孔堵塞性脑积水行透明隔穿通,肿瘤活检并内窥镜引导下放置V-P分流管;15例,进展迅速的交通性脑积水行内窥镜引导放置V-P分流管的颅内端。结果：随访3-36个月。123例中108例（88%）有效,无严重并发症。结论：神经内窥镜用于脑积水的治疗,明显改善手术疗效,降低并发症,可使部分患者免除体内置管,对分隔型及其他类型脑积水,内窥镜应作为术中重要辅助工具。     

神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水及其术后颅内压的监测

目的探讨神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术（ETV）治疗梗阻性脑积水的效果及其术后颅内压（ICP）监测的意义。方法采用ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水36例，其中术后行ICP动态监测9例。结果术后患者症状缓解33例（91．7％），复查头颅CT或MRI示脑室系统较术前缩小；3例（8.3％）肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水症状缓解不明显，改行脑室-腹腔分流术。本组无死亡病例。9例术后行ICP监测结果示：①ETV术后18h内平均ICP〈10mmHg，18h后平均ICP轻度上升，稳定于10-12mmHg之间，肿瘤引起的脑积水ICP上升较快；②4例单纯导水管梗阻性脑积水术后使用甘露醇，用药后1-2h ICP下降1-2mmHg，2h后ICP逐渐恢复至用药前水平。结论①ETV后18h内ICP稍低，可能与术中放出脑脊液过多有关，可暂不应用脱水药物；②肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水应积极治疗原发病变。     

The Efficacy Analysis of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Infantile Hydrocephalus

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for infantile hydrocephalus.

Methods

Retrospectively reviewed the 17 infantile hydrocephalus cases who were treated with ETV between July 2009 and June 2013. The study includes 17 patients (4 Han and 13 Hui) between the ages of 51 and 337 days. Five cases with encephalitis history and 2 cases with cerebral hemorrhage, with the remaining 10 cases congenital hydrocephalus. ETVs were performed for all patients with 1 case failing because the severe ventricle inflammatory adhesion, excessive exudation, and vague basilar artery.

Results

Among the 16 successful cases 7 cases improved remarkably : heads and ventricles reduced and cerebral cortexes thickening morphologically. The ventricles of the remaining cases were unchanged.

Conclusion

The ethnic minority account for the majority of the patients in this study. ETV is effective for infantile obstructive hydrocephalus.     

松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的治疗分析

目的 总结松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2016年9月至2019年9月经脑室镜下活检术+第三脑室底造瘘术治疗的15例生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的临床资料。无甲胎蛋白（AFP）升高的病人,术后给予全脑全脊髓放疗（36 Gy）+肿瘤区放疗（42 Gy）;存在AFP升高的病人,术后给予全脑全脊髓放疗+EP（顺铂+足叶乙甙）方案化疗。结果 15例均成功进行脑室镜下活检术,明确诊断;其中14例第三脑底造瘘成功,1例造瘘不成功改行改行透明隔造瘘+Ommaya囊置入术。15例术后随访8~45个月,平均24个月;1例放化疗过程中出现白细胞低、发热,病情加重,家属要求自动出院后死亡;其余14例精神、发育等情况良好,均未出现脑积水复发及肿瘤复发与播散。结论 松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并脑积水,脑室镜下病变活检+第三脑室底造瘘术,既可以明确诊断,还可以治疗脑积水;术后根据进行针对性放化疗,预后良好。     

Treatment Outcome of Hydrocephalus Associated with Vestibular Schwannoma

Background and PurposeManaging hydrocephalus in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) is controversial. We evaluated the clinical factors associated with hydrocephalus.MethodsBetween 2000 and 2019, 562 patients with VS were treated at our institute. We applied endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), external ventricular drainage (EVD), and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts to patients with hydrocephalus. The relationships of patient, tumor, and surgical variables with the hydrocephalus outcome were assessed.ResultsPreoperative hydrocephalus (Evans ratio ≥0.3) was present in 128 patients. Six patients who received a preresectional VP shunt were excluded after analyzing the hydrocephalus outcome. Seven of the remaining 122 patients had severe hydrocephalus (Evans ratio ≥0.4). Primary tumor resection, VP shunting, ETV, and EVD were performed in 60, 6, 57, and 5 patients, respectively. The hydrocephalus treatment failure rate was highest in the EVD group. Persistent hydrocephalus was present in five (8%) and seven (12%) patients in the primary resection and ETV groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that severe hydrocephalus, the cystic tumor, and the extent of resection (subtotal resection or partial resection) were associated with hydrocephalus treatment failure.ConclusionsLarger ventricles and a higher cystic portion are predictive of persistent hydrocephalus. We recommend attempting near-total tumor resection in patients with VS.     

Transient Obstructive Hydrocephalus due to Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Background

Acute transient obstructive hydrocephalus is rare in adults. We describe a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) who experienced the delayed development of acute transient hydrocephalus.

Case Report

A 33-year-old man with a previously diagnosed Spetzler-Martin Grade 5 arteriovenous malformation presented with severe headache, which was found to be due to IVH. Forty hours after presentation he developed significant obstructive hydrocephalus due to the thrombus migrating to the cerebral aqueduct, and a ventriculostomy placement was planned. However, shortly thereafter his headache began to improve spontaneously. Within 4 hours after onset the headache had completely resolved, and an interval head CT scan revealed resolution of hydrocephalus.

Conclusions

In patients with IVH, acute obstructive hydrocephalus can develop at any time after the ictus. Though a delayed presentation of acute but transient obstructive hydrocephalus is unusual, it is important to be aware of this scenario and ensure that deterioration secondary to thrombus migration and subsequent obstructive hydrocephalus do not occur.     

Simultaneous endoscopic third ventriculostomy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt for infantile hydrocephalus

Objective We analyzed a series of consecutive hydrocephalic infants treated with implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) simultaneously. Materials and methods Between 1995 and 2006, we treated the 111 hydrocephalic infants. Among those patients, 31 infants underwent VPS and ETV simultaneously, and 45 patients underwent only VPS. The ETV plus VPS group had 17 males and 14 females with a mean age of 6.32 months. The VPS only group consisted of 25 males and 20 females with a mean age of 4.43 months. There was no difference in etiology of hydrocephalus or clinical characteristics between the two groups. We compared shunt effectiveness by calculating the pre- and postoperative ventricular index and shunt failure rates during the follow-up period between the two groups. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 140 months (mean, 53.23 months) in the ETV plus VPS group and from 6 to 148 months (mean, 75.98 months) in the VPS only group. The success rate was 83.9% (26 of 31) in the ETV plus VPS group and 68.9% (31 of 45) in the VPS only group. There were three infections and two shunt obstructions in the ETV plus VPS group versus eight obstructions, five infections, and one overdrainage in the VPS group. The preoperative and postoperative ventricular ratio of both groups showed statistically significant change (P < 0.000). Conclusion This simultaneous procedure could be the first choice of action for the hydrocephalic patients less than 1 year old.     

体外可调压分流管经皮穿刺腰大池-腹腔分流术治疗交通性脑积水

目的探讨体外可调压分流管经皮穿刺腰大池-腹腔分流术治疗交通性脑积水的可行性及其优势。方法对23例各种原因引起的交通性脑积水病人行体外可调压分流管经皮穿刺腰大池-腹腔分流术,评价此手术与传统手术的优越性。结果随访3~18个月,23例病人治疗效果明显,经CT检查见脑室系统均恢复正常大小,无分流过度或不足表现,并发症少。结论体外可调压分流管经皮穿刺腰大池-腹腔分流术治疗交通性脑积水的手术效果均优于固定阈值分流管微创腰大池-腹腔分流手术及传统脑室-腹腔分流术。     

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first-choice method?

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is considered a safe procedure and is a method of choice in treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus nowadays. In case of Sylvian aqueduct stenosis, the success rate reaches 90%. In children younger than 6 to 24 months, respectively, however, some authors report lower effectiveness ranging between 0% and 64%. The reasons of ETV failure are discussed: hyporesorption in patients with obstruction as a consequence of hemorrhage or infection, suboptimal ETV performance, especially in premature newborns, or the theory of different cerebrospinal fluid circulation in newborn babies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2006 in our clinic, 14 patients younger than 6 months having presented with obstructive hydrocephalus were treated endoscopically. Obstruction was revealed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The etiology of hydrocephalus was congenital aqueduct stenosis in five patients, posthemorrhagic obstruction in eight patients, and combination of posthemorrhagic and postinfection etiology in one patient. ETV was considered successful when no shunt operation was needed in the patient. RESULTS: ETV was successful in eight patients who experienced regression of signs of intracranial hypertension and were not forced to undergo ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunting. In one patient, a successful repeat ETV was performed. In the remaining six patients, V-P shunt implantation was necessary. Total success rate in our group of patients was 57%. The only complication was subdural hygroma in one patient requiring evacuation. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, we recommend ETV as the method of choice in children younger than 6 month of age.     

立体定向内窥镜下三脑室底部造瘘术

目的：从三脑室底部造瘘术的经验总结,提高梗阻性脑积水的疗效。方法：１９９６年１月至１９９９年１２月,我科共实施立体定向三脑室底部造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水１９例。术前均作ＭＲＩ检查,鞍背与脑干之间距离大于５ｍｍ,梗阻原因为导水管狭窄１４例,松果体区肿瘤３例,三脑室后部肿瘤２例。全部病例均在Ｌｅｋｓｅｌｌ－Ｇ型定向仪辅助下,ＭＲＩ导向,应用德国生产的Ｓｔｏｒｚ硬质神经内窥镜,由右额钻孔右侧侧脑室入路。根据术中内窥镜下脑室内解剖结构,参考立体定向靶点坐标及轨迹,选择造瘘口位置。造瘘口一般位于鞍背后方,两个乳头体前方,用单极电凝器电凝后,穿通之,再用球囊导管扩大造瘘口,直径在６、～８ｍｍ之间。结果：全组病人造瘘成功,造瘘口未见出血。术后高颅压症状缓解明显。术后１周颅脑ＣＴ复查显示脑室系统缩小不明显,一个月后可见明显缩小,     

梗阻性脑积水经第三脑室底造瘘术后颅内压变化规律

目的回顾性总结经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)治疗梗阻性脑积水的手术技巧、疗效及术后颅内压(ICP)的变化规律及动态ICP监护的价值。方法经内镜行ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水共146例,病因包括导水管狭窄98例、颅内肿瘤48例(第三脑室及松果体区肿瘤)。术后行动态ICP监护53例(导水管狭窄36例、肿瘤17例),平均监护时长96 h。结果随访8个月至6年,术后脑积水明显缓解或消失138例(94.5%),8例脑积水缓解不明显或无效(5.5%),改行脑室腹腔分流术。ICP监护显示:术后6 h内平均ICP明显下降,低于10 mm Hg,此后缓慢轻度上升,96 h稳定于12 mm Hg;单纯导水管狭窄性脑积水平均ICP上升较缓慢、波动较小,最后达到10 mm Hg;而肿瘤性脑积水上升较快、波动较大,最后达到15 mm Hg。并发症28例(19.2%):术后发热22例,双额部硬膜外血肿1例、切口脑脊液漏2例、脑室少量积血2例、硬膜下积液1例。本组无死亡。结论 1第三脑室底造瘘治疗梗阻性脑积水(尤其是导水管狭窄脑积水)安全、有效,应作为其首选治疗手段;2术后行ICP动态监护,不仅可监测颅内压的变化,判断手术是否有效,同时可以观察有无脑室继发性出血等并发症及指导术后用药。