轧制工艺对建筑用耐候钢显微组织的影响

采用热模拟试验和显微组织分析研究了变形温度、变形量等轧制工艺参数对09CuPCrNiMo耐候钢显微组织的影响。结果表明:09CuPCrNiMo耐候钢在变形温度740～860℃和变形量20%、60%轧制后的组织为铁素体与马氏体双相组织。随着变形温度的降低,钢的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。随着变形量的增大,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。在变形温度740℃和变形量60%的低变形温度大变形量下,钢的晶粒平均尺寸为3.4μm,晶粒细化最为明显。随着变形温度的升高,钢的组织中马氏体体积分数逐渐升高。随着变形量的增加,马氏体体积分数逐渐减少。     

热处理工艺对403Nb钢组织与蠕变性能的影响

为扩大403Nb耐热钢的使用范围,比较研究了热连轧及热处理态403Nb钢的组织及蠕变性能。结果表明:403Nb钢在高温轧制时发生了动态回复及动态再结晶,组成相包括:α-Fe、Cr23C6及少量的NbC。其中,碳化物颗粒粗大,分布不均。经1050℃淬火后,获得了板条马氏体及残留的NbC。随着淬火温度的提高,晶粒有所长大,当温度达到1150℃时,出现较多沿晶界分布的δ铁素体。采用优化的热处理工艺,即1100℃淬火、650℃回火时,在原马氏体板条内及板条间弥散析出大量纳米级以Cr23C6为主的碳化物,此时,钢的使用温度及蠕变寿命可大幅度提高。文中阐述了钢组织的形成机制。     

不同亚温淬火温度下10CrMnMo双相钢的微观组织

对10CrMnMo双相钢在不同亚温淬火温度下热处理后的试样进行了显微组织、SEM形貌、显微硬度测试、马氏体含量以及马氏体-铁素体两相的晶粒尺寸分析。结果表明,不同的淬火温度致使马氏体和铁素体的显微形态和分布状况发生变化,淬火温度为720 ℃时马氏体呈狭长的岛状分布,随着淬火温度的升高,马氏体呈片状与岛状共存,到820 ℃时板条马氏体与铁素体呈纤维状共存;同时,马氏体体积分数也随之增加,由720 ℃淬火时的10.41%增加到820 ℃时的48.19%;马氏体、铁素体的晶粒大小都随着淬火温度的升高而减小,铁素体晶粒尺寸由720 ℃淬火时的14.23 μm减小到820 ℃时的4.15 μm,马氏体尺寸则由5.74 μm减小至2.45 μm,且不同淬火温度下铁素体晶粒尺寸均大于马氏体晶粒尺寸;双相钢中铁素体组织的显微硬度随着淬火温度的升高而增加,由720℃时的168.21 HV1增加至820 ℃时的235.15 HV1;马氏体组织的显微硬度则随淬火温度的升高而降低,由720 ℃时的713.14 HV1降低到820 ℃时的525.41 HV1。     

10CrMnMo双相钢在不同亚温淬火温度下的微观组织

对10CrMnMo双相钢在不同亚温淬火温度下热处理后的试样进行了显微组织、SEM形貌、显微硬度测试、马氏体含量以及马氏体-铁素体两相的晶粒尺寸分析。结果表明,不同的淬火温度致使马氏体和铁素体的显微形态和分布状况发生变化,淬火温度为720℃时马氏体呈狭长的岛状分布,随着淬火温度的升高,马氏体呈片状与岛状共存,到820℃时板条马氏体与铁素体呈纤维状共存;同时,马氏体体积分数也随之增加,由720℃淬火时的10.41%增加到820℃时的48.19%;马氏体、铁素体的晶粒大小都随着淬火温度的升高而减小,铁素体晶粒尺寸由720℃淬火时的14.23μm减小到820℃时的4.15μm,马氏体尺寸则由5.74μm减小至2.45μm,且不同淬火温度下铁素体晶粒尺寸均大于马氏体晶粒尺寸;双相钢中铁素体组织的显微硬度随着淬火温度的升高而增加,由720℃时的168.21HV1增加至820℃时的235.15HV1;马氏体组织的显微硬度则随淬火温度的升高而降低,由720℃时的713.14HV1降低到820℃时的525.41HV1。     

铌合金钢的控制冷却工艺研究

通过控制冷却速度的方法,研究了两组体育器械用Nb微合金化C-Si-Mn-Cr-Nb钢不同冷却速度下的显微组织和显微硬度的变化规律。结果表明,随着冷却速度的降低,两组钢的铁素体晶粒尺寸都逐渐减小,铁素体的体积分数都逐渐降低,在同样的冷却速度下,有Nb钢的铁素体晶粒尺寸更小、铁素体体积分数更低。Nb微合金化,对钢起到了晶粒细化和析出强化的作用,可以提高铁素体的硬度,但对贝氏体显微硬度的影响相对较小。     

403Nb钢的组织特征与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了403Nb钢的蠕变性能特点、变形特征、组织及其变化规律。结果表明：403Nb钢具有明显的温度敏感性,在试验条件下,403Nb钢蠕变激活能为463 kJ/mol,组织为回火板条马氏体,相邻马氏体板条组间取向几乎垂直。在马氏体中存在高密度的位错和尺寸约0.2μm的残留NbC,在马氏体板条界,特别是晶界处沉淀大量更为细小的纳米Cr23C6。蠕变期间,NbC十分稳定,但晶界处（Cr,Fe）23C6部分向（Cr,Fe）7C3转变。403Nb钢的蠕变变形机制是晶界滑移、位错滑移及由位错增值束集引起的动态再结晶,对上述过程碳化物起到阻碍作用,提高了钢的蠕变抗力。     

弛豫时间对1200MPa级热轧双相钢组织性能的影响

基于合金减量化原则,采用以超快冷技术为核心的新一代TMCP技术制备了1200 MPa级热轧双相钢,研究了弛豫时间对试验钢组织和性能的影响。研究表明:随着弛豫时间增加,试验钢铁素体晶粒尺寸和体积分数均增加,屈服强度降低,伸长率均在10.0%以上;组织中马氏体均以块状马氏体为主,并由块状向小岛状转变,其体积分数减少,抗拉强度降低,屈强比减小,n值增加。弛豫时间影响到铁素体和马氏体的体积分数及内部结构。弛豫9 s的试验钢,铁素体体积分数为44.2%,铁素体晶粒尺寸为3.4μm,组织中块状马氏体中板条束条宽细化至0.3μm及较多的小岛状马氏体有利于n值,抗拉强度达到1258 MPa,伸长率为12.0%,屈强比最低为0.55,n值高达0.13,其综合性能最好。     

冷轧及退火制备的超细晶粒双相Mn12Ni2MoTi(Al)钢

采用XRD,SEM,TEM,硬度测试和拉伸实验研究了冷轧Mn12Ni2Mo Ti(Al)钢经不同工艺退火后的显微组织及力学性能.结果表明,马氏体Mn12Ni2Mo Ti(Al)钢经65%冷轧及710~745℃退火处理后转变成主要由奥氏体晶粒和铁素体晶粒组成的亚微米级超细晶粒双相组织,并且弥散分布着第二相析出物颗粒;在退火中形成的富Ti,Mo及Si的第二相颗粒阻碍了超细再结晶晶粒的粗化,从而提高了钢的屈服强度和热稳定性;经710℃,24 h长时间退火后,超细晶粒双相钢的平均晶粒尺寸仍然小于500 nm;超细晶粒双相钢延伸率随室温奥氏体体积分数增加而增加,室温奥氏体体积分数随退火温度升高或退火时间延长先增加后降低,且在745℃,0.5 h退火时达到最大值.超细晶粒钢的屈服强度和总延伸率可达到900 MPa和23%以上,比同种材料淬火马氏体钢提高了约一倍.     

终轧温度对热轧双相钢DP580组织及性能影响

通过光学显微镜、疲劳实验机和拉伸实验机等设备,以首钢热轧双相钢DP580为研究对象,研究了两种典型终轧温度对其组织、拉伸性能、疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:不同终轧温度导致铁素体尺寸、马氏体含量及形态存在明显差异。终轧温度升高,铁素体尺寸显著增加,马氏体呈现岛状,体积分数较高但形状不规则且多棱角;终轧温度降低,铁素体晶粒尺寸较小且含量较高,马氏体岛弥散均匀分布。对比力学性能发现,不同终轧温度下DP580钢的屈服强度差别较大,认为高终轧温度时产生的较大尺寸铁素体可导致屈服强度偏低。对比应力疲劳S-N曲线发现,高温终轧时DP580钢疲劳寿命较低,认为铁素体尺寸较大以及形状不规则、且多棱角的马氏体岛加速了裂纹的萌生及扩展。     

Nb含量对Si-Mn系热轧双相钢组织与力学性能的影响

研究了Nb含量对热轧Si-Mn系双相钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,不同的Nb含量可改变双相钢中马氏体的显微结构,从而出现不同的力学性能。当Nb含量控制在0.073%左右时,双相钢显微组织为不规则的多边形铁素体、少量的残余奥氏体以及岛状和板条状马氏体,其中马氏体的体积分数为18.3%,且内部位错密度较高,强度级别可以达到780~800 MPa。     

低温退火温度对Laves相Cr2Nb固相热反应合成的影响

研究了退火时间为3h时，退火温度对Cr-Nb机械合金化（MA）粉的Laves相Cr2Nb固相热反应合成的影响规律，获得了30hMA粉在退火时间为3h时能使Laves相Cr2Nb固相热反应合成充分进行的最低退火温度。优化出的cr2Nb固相热反应合成低温退火温度，可为通过MA＋热压（或烧结）工艺路线制备具有微／纳米晶结构的高强高韧Cr2Nb合金或Cr2Nb基复合材料提供理论指导。     

合金元素对Laves相增强Nb基合金的相组成

采用机械合金化与热压烧结工艺制备了添加合金元素V和Fe的Laves相增强的Nb基复合材料。研究了添加质量分数4%V和Fe的Nb/NbCr2-4.0V和Nb/NbCr2-4.0Fe配比成分的元素粉,经MA20h后在1250℃热压30min所获得的Nb/NbCr2合金的组织和性能。结果表明:在热压过程中原位合成出细小弥散分布的三元Laves相Nb(Cr,V)2和Nb(Cr,Fe)2,并且V和Fe原子只占据Laves相中的Cr原子位置。制备出的Laves相增强Nb基合金接近全致密,组织细小均匀,晶粒尺寸小于500nm。Nb/NbCr2-4.0V和Nb/NbCr2-4.0Fe合金的断裂韧性分别达到5.3和6.3MPa·m1/2,其中Nb/NbCr2-4.0Fe合金不仅抗压强度达到2256MPa,其屈服强度和塑性应变也分别达到2094MPa和6.03%。     

合金元素在ZrCr2 Laves相中的晶格占位及其对力学性能的影响

应用Rietveld模拟计算和实验X射线衍射分析合金元素V、Nb和Mo在ZrCr2 Laves相金属间化合物中的晶格占位，研究合金化对ZrCr2 Laves相力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：合金元素V和Mo占据ZrCr2 Laves相金属间化合物中Cr原子的晶格位置，而Nb则占据Zr原子的晶格；添加合金元素V、Nb和Mo使ZrCr2 Laves相化合物硬度及脆性度降低，断裂韧度显著提高，即合金化对ZrCr2 Laves相起软化作用。初步探讨合金元素对ZrCr2 Laves相力学性能的影响机制。     

Corrosion behavior of Zr–Nb–Cr cladding alloys

Zr-Nb-Cr alloys were used to evaluate the effects of alloying elements Nb and Cr on corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys. The microstructures of both Zr substrates and oxide films formed on zirconium alloys were characterized. Corrosion tests reveal that the corro- sion resistance of ZrxNb0.1Cr （x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1; wt%） alloys is first improved and then decreased with the increase of the Nb content. The best corrosion resistance can be obtained when the Nb concentration in the Zr matrix is nearly at the equilibrium solution, which is closely responsible for the formation of columnar oxide grains with protective characteristics. The Cr addition degrades the corrosion resistance of the Zrl.lNb alloy, which is ascribed to Zr（Cr,Fe,Nb）2 precipitates with a much larger size than β-Nb.     

Ion Implantation as a tool to study the oxidation behaviour of TiAl-based intermetallics

TiAl-based Intermetallic alloys are being considered as structural materials for high-temperature applications due to their low density and substantial mechanical strength at high temperatures. The effect of various elements added by ion implantation on the oxidation behaviour of near-γ Ti-48Al-2Cr and Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (compositions are given in at-%) in air at 800°C has been studied. Ions implanted (10¹⁷ Ions/Cm²) were Al, Ti, Cr, Mo, Y, Mn, Pt, Nb, and Si in case of Ti-48Al-2Cr and Nb in case of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb. Comparison was made with the oxidation behaviour of Ti-48Al2Cr-2Nb and Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Si alloys in which quaternary elements were added by alloying. It is Concluded that ion implantation can serve as a research tool to study, in the frame of screening tests, the influence of various elements on the corrosion behaviour of materials.     

Relationship between phase composition and corrosion resistanceof Ni-Ti-Nb based shape memory alloys

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Distribution behaviour of alloying elements in α2(α)/γ lamellae of TiAl-based alloy

Primary α₂(α)/γ lamellae structure in a Ti–47Al–2Nb–1Cr–1V alloy (in at.%) was obtained depending on different cooling rates from the high-temperature α single phase region after the alloy was solution treated there. Atom probe (AP) microanalysis and TEM with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were run to examine the partitioning behaviour of Nb, Cr, V, O and C in the high-temperature α/γ lamellae. The results show that V and Cr, and interstitial elements C and O are enriched in the high-temperature α phase, while Nb is homogeneous in the two phases. The EELS result qualitatively agrees with that of AP microanalysis. No segregation of these alloying elements was detected along the observed high-temperature α/γ interface.     

Microstructure and wear properties of low-alloy phosphoric gray cast irons

The effects of various alloying elements on the microstructure and wear properties of phosphoric gray cast irons were examined. The wear properties of gray cast irons were examined with wear tests in the lubricated condition at various final loads and sliding speeds. It is found that the microstructure and the morphology and size of flaky graphite do not change much with a small addition of alloying elements such as V, Nb, Mo and Cr. However, the wear resistance of phosphoric gray cast iron is found to increase significantly with an increasing amount of alloying element. For a given amount of alloying element, it is found that V and Nb are very effective, whereas Mo and Cr are less effective in increasing the wear resistance of phosphoric gray cast iron. The increase in the hardness of steadite caused by the segregation of carbide-forming elements is found to be responsible for the excellent wear resistance of low-alloy phosphoric gray cast irons.     

Effects of alloying elements on plastic deformation of single crystals of MoSi2

Effects of alloying elements on the compression deformation behavior of single crystals of MoSi₂ have been investigated in the temperature range from room temperature to 1500°C. The alloying elements studied include V, Cr, Nb and Al that form a C40 disilicide with Si and W and Re that form a C11_b disilicide with Si. The addition of Al is found to decrease the yield strength of MoSi₂ at all temperatures while the additions of V, Cr and Nb are found to decrease the yield strength at low temperatures (below 800°C) and to increase the yield strength at high temperatures (above 1300°C). In contrast, the additions of W and Re (C11_b formers) are found to increase the yield strength at all temperatures. Of the ternary elements investigated, Al and Nb seem to be the most effective in improving the low-temperature deformability of MoSi₂ while Re and Nb seem to be the most effective in improving the high-temperature strength, judging from the observed yield strength.     

OUT OF PILE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NEW ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS IN 500 ℃/10 3MPa STEAM

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