Galectin-3对甲状腺乳头状癌早期病变的诊断意义

 目的 比较Galectin-3（Gal-3）在甲状腺乳头状癌及其早期病变和甲状腺良性病变中的表达差异，明确其临床意义。方法 采用免疫组化EnVision二步法检测329例甲状腺手术标本中Gal-3蛋白的表达情况。结果 Gal-3蛋白在甲状腺乳头状微癌及甲状腺乳头状非典型增生中的表达阳性率分别为83．3％、77．8％，显著高于结节性甲状腺肿（30．9％）、腺瘤（43．7％）及甲状腺炎（16．1％）。结论 甲状腺Gal-3表达在甲状腺乳头状微癌及非典型增生组织中显著高于甲状腺良性病变，Gal-3检测使甲状腺乳头状癌早期病变易于发现。     

The Significance Of Galectin-3 Expression in the Immunocytochemical Evaluation of Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of immunohistochemical expression of Galectin-3 in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. We studied the fine needle aspiration specimens of 38 patients who had evaluated for nodular goiter and undergone a thyroid surgery between 2004–2005. Slides had been stained immunocytochemically with Galectin-3. The cytoplasmic staining of Galectin-3 was analyzed. Three cases of five follicular carcinomas had positive staining for Galectin-3, while two had not. Two cases with follicular adenomas were negative for Galectin-3. Five cases of six papillary carcinomas had positive staining for Galectin-3, while one case (the case with a papillary microcarcinoma) had not. The single cases with medullary and anaplastic carcinomas were negative for Galectin-3. None of the cases with a benign thyroid pathology had positive staining for Galectin-3. Galectin-3 immunocytochemical staining, had a sensitivity of 61.5%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 83.3% for thyroid malignancies. For the evaluation of follicular neoplasm, Galectin-3 immunocytochemical staining had a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 50%. Galectin-3 expression in thyrocytes is a strong indicator of a malignant proliferative lesion especially for papillary and to an extent in follicular thyroid neoplasms. Galectin-3 could be used as a supplementary marker for cytological diagnosis.     

甲状腺乳头状癌与乳头状增生的病理研究

  目的 探讨Galectin3，CK19及Ki-67在甲状腺乳头状癌与乳头状增生中的表达，寻找有助于两者鉴别诊断的标志物。方法 运用免疫组化方法检测100例甲状腺乳头状癌、100例良性乳头状增生中Galectin3，CK19及Ki-67的表达。结果 Galectin3，CK19及Ki-67在甲状腺乳头状癌阳性表达率分别为100 %，97 %及93 %，而在乳头状增生中表达率分别为13 %，30 %及1 %，3种蛋白在乳头状癌与良性乳头状增生间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在乳头状癌中2种或3种蛋白同时阳性表达为94.3 %，而乳头状增生为0。结论 Galectin3，CK19及Ki-67是鉴别诊断甲状腺乳头状癌与乳头状增生的有用标志物，尤其联合使用更有价值。     

恶性潜能未定的高分化甲状腺肿瘤中CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO的表达及意义

目的 探讨细胞角蛋白19(cytokeratin 19,CK19)、Galectin-3、Hector Battifora mesothelial cell-1(HBME-1)和甲状腺过氧化物酶(thyroid peroxidase,TPO)在恶性潜能未定的高分化甲状腺肿瘤(well-differentiated thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential,WDT-UMP)中的表达及意义.方法 用免疫组织化学法检测38例WDT-UMP、80例甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)和40例良性甲状腺病变周围正常组织(对照组)中CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO的表达情况.结果 WDT-UMP中CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO的阳性率分别为55.2%、68.4%、60.5%和86.8%;CK19、Galectin-3和HBME-1以弱阳性或阴性为主,TPO呈弱阳性至强阳性表达.PTC中CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO的阳性率分别为100.0%、95.0%、97.5%和7.5%;CK19、Galectin-3和HBME-1以弥漫强阳性表达为主,TPO以阴性表达为主.对照组中CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO的阳性率分别为10.0%、7.5%、5.0%和97.5%;CK19、Galectin-3和HBME-1基本不表达或弱阳性表达,TPO以强阳性表达为主.CK19、Galectin-3和HBME-1在PTC中的表达均高于WDT-UMP(均P<0.01).CK19、Galectin-3和HBME-1在PTC和WDT-UMP中的表达均高于对照组(均P<0.01).TPO在PTC中的表达低于WDT-UMP和对照组(均P<0.01).联合应用CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO鉴别PTC与WDT-UMP时,可获得较高的敏感度、特异度和诊断准确率,分别为96.2%、50.6%和81.6%.结论 CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1和TPO可作为鉴别WDT-UMP、PTC和甲状腺良性病变的潜在标志物.     

Atypical thyroid nodules express both HBME-1 and Galectin-3, two phenotypic markers of papillary thyroid carcinoma

Ninety-six thyroid lesions were immunohistochemically evaluated for HBME-1 and Galectin-3 expression including nodules with cytological atypia, the latter defined as nuclear features suggestive but not diagnostic of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thirty nodules with cytological atypia, 49 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 4 follicular carcinomas and 13 oxyphilic tumors were examined. Forty-one of the 49 PTCs, 16 atypical thyroid nodules and 3 non-malignant oxyphilic tumors exhibited a combined expression of HBME-1 and Galectin-3. In 6 of the sixteen atypical thyroid nodules the immunoreactivity for both markers was strong and diffuse, simulating the pattern observed in PTC. We conclude that thyroid nodules with cytological atypia and strong/diffuse positivity for both HBME-1 and Galectin-3, two well recognized markers of PTC, represent a starting phenotypic change towards PTC, for which a benign or borderline counterpart has not yet been defined. The expression of HBME-1 and Galectin-3 in some thyroid nodules is related to the presence of cytological atypia suggestive but not diagnostic of PTC. The phenotypic similarity between this subset of thyroid nodules with cytological atypia and PTC is also confirmed by our data according to which Galectin-3 and HBME-1 have been found to be highly sensitive for PTC.     

Galectin-3在分化型甲状腺癌细胞中的表达及其临床意义

背景与目的:在诊治甲状腺结节时,首要问题是定性诊断。虽细针穿刺细胞学检查是术前定性诊断的重要方法,但其自身的局限性影响了诊断的正确率,本研究试图寻找可用于鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节的分子生物学指标。方法:收集30例分化型甲状腺癌、10例甲状腺腺瘤、10例结节性甲状腺肿患者的细胞涂片标本及临床病理资料。利用免疫细胞化学技术检测galectin-3在甲状腺针吸涂片和印片细胞中的表达。以术后常规组织病理的诊断结果为金标准。结果:印片免疫细胞化学筛查方法的灵敏度96.66%,特异度100.00%,阳性预测值100.00%,阴性预测值95.23%,正确率98.00%。印片常规细胞学筛查方法的灵敏度86.66%,特异度100.00%,阳性预测值100.00%,阴性预测值83.33%,正确率92.00%。针吸细胞免疫细胞化学筛查方法的灵敏度86.66%,特异度100.00%,阳性预测值100.00%,阴性预测值83.33%,正确率92.00%。针吸常规细胞学筛查方法的灵敏度76.66%,特异度100.00%,阳性预测值100.00%,阴性预测值74.07%,正确率86.00%。galectin-3在分化型甲状腺癌的细胞中高表达,而在甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿的细胞中不表达,表达的差异具显著性(P<0.05)。结论:galectin-3在分化型甲状腺癌中高表达,在甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿中不表达。galectin-3的免疫细胞化学检测对分化型甲状腺癌和甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿的鉴别有参考价值。     

Galectin-3促进甲状腺乳头状癌细胞转移机制的研究

背景与目的：甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid cancer,PTC)是人体常见的肿瘤之一。半乳凝集素-3(Galectin-3)是一种参与调控肿瘤发生、发展的多功能蛋白。Galectin-3广泛表达于多种肿瘤组织及肿瘤患者的血清中。该研究旨在探索Galectin-3调控PTC细胞转移的相关机制。方法：对40例PTC组织切片进行Galectin-3染色及评分。对PTC细胞B-cpap行无血清培养后分别检测细胞内外的Galectin-3的表达水平。用两种不同方法抑制Galectin-3在细胞内外的表达后利用CCK8法及细胞划痕法检测细胞功能的改变。利用免疫荧光及共聚焦摄像技术观察在细胞内敲低Galectin-3表达后细胞形态的改变。结果：颈部淋巴结转移患者组织切片的Galectin-3染色评分显著高于临床无转移者(P<0.05)。抑制细胞内外Galectin-3的表达均能抑制PTC细胞迁移,但对于增殖的影响不同。敲低细胞内Galectin-3表达后,PTC细胞形态发生改变。结论：PTC患者组织中的Galectin-3表达与肿瘤转移相关。抑制细胞内外的Galectin-3表达均能显著降低肿瘤细胞的迁移。     

CK19HBME-1Galectin-3等表达在甲状腺乳头状微小癌与良性病变鉴别诊断中的意义

目的 分析甲状腺乳头状微小癌(PMC)的临床病理学特征,观察CK19、HBME-1、Galectin-3、CD56及p63在PMC和良性甲状腺病变中的表达差异,及其在良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的意义.方法 回顾性分析78例PMC患者的临床病理学资料,采用免疫组化方法检测CK19、HBME-1、Galectin-3、CD56和p63在51例PMC及48例甲状腺良性病变(18例乳头状增生活跃、17例结节性甲状腺肿、13例淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎)中的表达情况,术后随访6～269个月.结果 78例PMC患者中,出现核异型重叠69例(88.5%),核沟67例(85.9%),核内包涵体50例(64.1%),乳头结构60例(76.9%).51例PMC患者中,有50例(98.0%)同时出现CK19、HBME-1和Galectin-3中、强阳性表达(P＜0.0001),而良性病变(乳头状增生活跃、结节性甲状腺肿、淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎)患者未见同时出现CK19、HBME-1和Galectin-3中、强阳性表达.随访结果显示,有7例(9.0%)PMC患者腺叶内再发生,3例(3.8%)出现淋巴结转移,无远处转移及死亡患者.12例(15.4%)术中冰冻病理诊断未能取到PMC病灶者,其直径均≤3 mm.结论 不论乳头状结构的有无,同时出现核异型重叠、极性紊乱、毛玻璃核、核沟及核内包涵体是诊断PMC的关键,间质浸润、间质硬化及复杂分支的真性乳头结构是PMC诊断的主要依据.术中冰冻诊断对直径≤3 mm的PMC有一定的局限性.CK19、HBME-1和Galectin-3均呈中、强阳性表达是PMC特征性表现,也是鉴别甲状腺良恶性病变的重要指标.

Abstract：

Objective To characterize the morphological features of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) and assess the significance of expression of CK19, HBME-1, Galectin-3, CD56 and p63 in differential diagnosis of PMC from benign thyroid lesions. Methods Clinicopathologic features of 78cases PMC were reviewed. Immunohistochemical analysis of CK19, HBME-1, Galectin-3, CD56, and p63 in 78 cases of PMC and 48 cases of benign thyroid lesions ( 18 cases of papillary hyperplasia, 17 cases of nodular goiter and 13 cases of lymphocytic thyroiditis) was conducted. The patients were followed up for from 6 to 269 months after surgical operation. Results 69 cases nuclear atypia and overlapping nuclei (88.5%), 67 cases nuclear grooves( 85.9% ), 50 cases nuclear pseudoinclusions(64.1% ) and 60 cases papillary architecture (76.9%) were detected in 78 cases of PMC. Moderate to strong co-expression of CK19, HBME-1 and galectin-3 was observed in 98.0% (50/51) in the PMC group but in none of the benign disease group. The expression of CD56 and p63 was negative in both groups. In the postoperative follow-up period of 6-269 months, 7 cases (9.0%) developed intrathyroid recurrence, 3 cases (3.8%)developed lymph node metastasis, no distant metastasis or death was observed. In 12 cases ( 15.4% ) the PMC lesion smaller than 3 mm in diameter was not found by frozen section diagnosis. Conclusions Overlapping nuclei, nuclear atypia, polar disorder, ground glass nuclei, nuclear grooves and nuclear pseudoinclusions are most important for the diagnosis of PMC with or without papillary architecture. The appearance of definite interstitial invasion, interstitial sclerosis and true complex papillary architecture are more helpful to make right diagnosis. Intraoperative frozen section is of limited value for a reliable diagnosis of PMC in diameter ≤3 mm. Moderate to strong co-expression of CK19, HBME-1 and Galectin-3 is a very useful indicator for differential diagnosis of PMC from benign thyroid lesions.     

Ras相关区域家族1A半乳糖凝集素3和甲状腺过氧化物酶mRNA在甲状腺乳头状癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨Ras相关区域家族1A(RASSF1A)、半乳糖凝集素3(Galectin-3)和甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)mRNA在甲状腺乳头状癌组织及其他滤泡源性良性病变组织中的表达情况和临床意义.方法 收集73例甲状腺肿块手术标本,其中甲状腺乳头状癌23例,结节性甲状腺肿16例,甲状腺腺瘤29例,桥本氏病5例.采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),检测73例甲状腺组织标本中RASSF1A、Galectin-3和TPO mRNA的表达情况.结果 RASSF1A、Galectin-3和TPO mRNA在23例甲状腺乳头状癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为26.1%、82.6%和21.7%,均与其他滤泡源性良性病变中的表达率差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);RASSF1A、Galectin-3和TPO mRNA在各滤泡源性良性病变中的表达率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).在甲状腺滤泡源性良恶性病变中,RASSF1AmRNA与Galectin-3 mRNA的表达呈负相关(Pearson点相关系数=-0.4090,χ2=12.2088,P=0.000);RASSFIA mRNA与TPO mRNA的表达旱正相关(Pearson点相关系数=0.2763,χ2=4.8217,P=0.028).结论 RASSF1A和TPO mRNA在甲状腺乳头状癌组织中的表达普遍缺失,而Galectin-3mRNA表达率较高.RASSF1A、Galectin-3和TPO mRNA与甲状腺乳头状癌的发生和发展密切相关,可作为诊断和鉴别诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的标志物,且联合检测的结果 更可靠.     

半乳糖凝集素3表达与血液系统恶性肿瘤的相关性

半乳糖凝集素3(Galectin-3)由LGALS3(14q21-22)基因编码,是Galectin家族的一员,由正常细胞及肿瘤细胞分泌,在血清及血浆中均可检测到,目前被认为可作为评估恶性肿瘤、心力衰竭患者病情的重要指标.Galectin-3在许多实体肿瘤中高表达,会导致患者对化疗药物敏感性差、治疗后易复发、生存率低、生存期短,可作为许多实体瘤包括甲状腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌等的预后指标.近年来国外研究发现在多种血液系统恶性肿瘤中存在Galectin-3的高表达,且与疾病的预后密切相关.文章对Galectin-3与血液系统恶性肿瘤的相关性进行综述,旨在进一步探讨Galectin-3在血液系统恶性肿瘤中的表达情况及与肿瘤发生、发展及预后的关系,寻找血液系统恶性肿瘤Galectin-3靶向治疗的理论依据.     

Galectin-3与肿瘤的研究进展

Galectin-3是Galectin(半乳凝素)家族的一员,能识别糖蛋白和糖脂的特异性低聚糖结构,参与多种生理和病理过程,包括细胞生长和凋亡、细胞黏附、新生血管形成和肿瘤浸润与转移等。Galectin-3在肿瘤的发生、发展及转移中起重要作用。Galec-tin-3在某些肿瘤组织中高表达,其在不同类型肿瘤,如结直肠癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌及肺癌等患者中的高表达水平,与低生存、肿瘤复发、预后差及对化疗药物敏感性降低相关。对于某些肿瘤,Galectin-3有可能成为一个有价值的诊断标志和治疗靶点。     

Expression of galectin-3 in fine-needle aspirates as a diagnostic marker differentiating benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding protein that has been reported to be expressed preferentially in thyroid malignancies. The current study was designed to substantiate this finding further and to establish a presurgical diagnostic modality of differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms by analyzing galectin-3 expression in fine-needle aspirates. METHODS: The expression of galectin-3 was examined immunohistochemically in total of 172 specimens: 45 primary and 20 metastatic papillary carcinomas, 8 primary and 2 metastatic follicular carcinomas, 5 primary and 3 metastatic anaplastic carcinomas, 3 primary medullary carcinomas, 25 follicular adenomas, 3 goiters, and 58 adjacent normal thyroid tissue. Alternatively, epithelial cells were isolated from the fine- needle aspirates of 14 thyroid nodules and subjected to immunoblotting analysis of galectin-3. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that all thyroid malignancies of follicular cell origin (including papillary, follicular, and anaplastic carcinomas) showed high and diffuse expression of galectin-3, whereas one of the three medullary carcinomas of parafollicular cell origin displayed weaker and focal expression of galectin-3. In contrast, neither benign thyroid adenomas, goiters, nor normal thyroid tissues expressed galectin-3. Immunoblot analysis of the isolated epithelial cells detected galectin-3 in nine thyroid nodules that were proven histologically to be malignant ( eight papillary carcinomas and one follicular carcinoma) after surgical intervention, whereas galectin-3 was not detected in five nodules proven to be benign follicular adenomas. CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3 serves as a marker of thyroid malignancy of follicular cell origin. Analysis of galectin-3 expression in fine-needle aspirates enhances the differential diagnostic accuracy between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms.     

Challenge in the Pathological Diagnosis of the Follicular- Patterned Thyroid Lesions

Background: The follicular-patterned thyroid lesions (FPTLs) include hyperplastic nodules (HN), follicular adenoma (FA), non-invasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), follicular carcinoma (FC), and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPTC). Sometimes the pathologists cannot accurately separate these lesions from each others on a histological basis. Aims: To evaluate the utility of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of FPTLs. Materials and methods: Immunohistochemical analysis, incorporating 83 cases of histologically confirmed FPTLs out of which 20 carcinomas, 51 benign FPTLs (38 HN and 13 FA), and 12NIFTP were separated from each others using four immunostains (HBME-1, CK19, Galectin-3, and CD56). Results: We found statistically significantly more frequent expression of HBME-1, CK19, Galectin-3 proteins in carcinomas as compared to benign FPTLs (p = <0.01). HBME-1 and Galectin-3 were the most sensitive markers for the diagnosis of malignant FPTLs (75%). Galectin-3 was the most specific marker for the diagnosis of carcinoma (90.3%). Conclusions: The histomorphological features remain the cornerstone of the diagnosis of FPTN. Although HBME-1, Galectin-3, and CK19 immunostains have some diagnostic value in the separation of malignant from benign FPTLs, they are variably expressed in the benign and malignant FPTLs. No single immunostain has sufficient sensitivity and specificity and therefore their diagnostic use is controversial. Future studies are mandated to find more reliable markers that can separate between benign and malignant FPTLs.     

免疫组化技术在甲状腺液基细胞学诊断为Ⅲ类-意义不明确细胞非典型病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨利用免疫组化技术在甲状腺液基细胞学诊断为Ⅲ类-意义不明确细胞非典型病变中的应用价值。方法:选取96例甲状腺细针穿刺液基细胞学诊断为Ⅲ类-意义不明确细胞非典型病变病例,所选病例均通过手术获得术后组织病理诊断结果,细胞涂片完成后利用剩余液基保存液制作细胞块,将术后组织病理与细胞块同时进行CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1、TPO四种抗体免疫组织化学检测。依据组织病理结果将选取病例分为甲状腺乳头状癌组和良性组,分析两组中四种抗体在细胞块免疫组化染色中的表达情况,并进行对比分析,以验证在免疫组化中细胞块与组织病理表达的一致性。结果:选取的96例甲状腺细针穿刺液基细胞学Ⅲ类病例,其中18例因剩余细胞量少蜡块制作不成功,78例细胞块制作成功的病例依据组织学诊断分为甲状腺癌组及良性组。甲状腺癌组中CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1表达率明显高于良性组（P均=0.000）,而TPO在良性组中的表达率明显高于甲状腺癌组（P=0.000）,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,四种免疫组化标记物诊断甲状腺癌均具有较高的敏感性、准确性和特异性。甲状腺癌组中免疫组化结果对比分析CK19、Galectin-3、HBME-1、TPO在细胞块与组织病理中的表达一致,无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论:细胞块免疫组化在甲状腺细针穿刺液基细胞学诊断为Ⅲ类-意义不明确细胞非典型病变中应用价值较大,其结果与术后组织病理符合率高,能提高细胞学诊断的准确率。     

Immunocytochemical evaluation of thyroid neoplasms on thin-layer smears from fine-needle aspiration biopsies

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most reliable diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules. A difficult cytologic diagnosis may be supported by an immunocytochemical study. The efficacy of a panel made up of RET, HBME-1, and Galectin-3 antibodies was evaluated in smears processed by thin-layer cytology (TLC). DESIGN: Thyroid FNABs (n = 99) with both conventional (CS) and thin-layer cytology (TLC) smears were studied. The cases were diagnosed as follows: 5 benign lesions (BL), 13 papillary carcinomas (PC), and 81 follicular proliferations (FP). The category of FP was divided into three subgroups according to nuclear features of follicular cells: Follicular neoplasm (FN NOS), oxyphilic follicular neoplasm (OFN), and follicular lesion with nuclear pleomorphism (FLWNP). Immunostains for HBME-1, Galectin-3, and RET were carried out on TLC slides. RESULTS: Among 49 cases undergoing surgery, all 10 PC and 2 BL were histologically confirmed, whereas 15 out of 37 FP (40.5%) were malignant. The complete immunocytochemical panel (ICCP) was positive in 9 of 10 malignancies (90%) and negative in both BLs. Out of 37 FP, the ICCP yielded positive in 15 cases (4 benign, 11 malignant) and negative in 11 (all benign). In the FLWNP subgroup, the ICCP was positive in 11 (84.6%) and negative in 2 histologically benign cases. CONCLUSION: The combined panel of antibodies and the nuclear pleomorphism of follicular cells were effective in distinguishing between thyroid nodules requiring surgery from thyroid nodules requiring just follow-up.     

Galectin-3和CD44v6在甲状腺结节中的表达及其意义

目的 了解Galectin-3和CD44v6在甲状腺良恶性结节中的表达差异,探讨两项指标在鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性方面的临床应用价值。方法 采用免疫组化ABC法,检测143例甲状腺良恶性结节的石蜡标本中Galectin-3蛋白及CD44v6蛋白的表达差异。结果 Galectin-3和CD44v6在甲状腺癌中的阳性率显著高于良陆结节及正常组织中的阳性率（P〈0．01）。Galectin-3联合CD44v6检测在鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性方面的敏感性、特异性和诊断准确率分别为80．8％、93．4％和88．8％,而单独检测Galectin-3时,敏感性、特异性和诊断准确率分别为96．2％、90．1％和92．3％。结论 Galectin-3和CD44v6（尤其是前者）的免疫组化检测有助于甲状腺癌的鉴别诊断。     

Ubiquitous expression of galectin-3 mRNA in benign and malignant thyroid tumors

We measured the relative expression levels of galectin-3 mRNA to beta-actin mRNA in normal thyroid tissues, thyroid tumor tissues and thyroid-derived fibroblasts. Galectin-3 mRNA was expressed ubiquitously in both benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Although a significant increase in its expression was observed in papillary carcinomas, no significant difference was observed between follicular carcinomas and adenomas. In contrast to the previous optimistic reports using immunohistochemical analysis of the galectin-3 protein expression, these results demonstrate that galectin-3 mRNA may not be a suitable target for molecular-based diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas.     

甲状腺透明变梁状肿瘤6例临床病理分析

目的:探讨甲状腺透明变梁状肿瘤（hyalinizing trabecular tumor,HTT）临床病理特点、诊断及其鉴别诊断。方法:对6例HTT组织进行组织形态学观察及免疫组化标记,总结其临床资料和组织病理特征,选用抗体包括Tg、TTF-1、CK19、Galectin-3、CgA、Ki67等。结果:本组6例患者5女1男,发病平均年龄44岁,肿瘤直径1.5~4.0cm（平均3.0cm）;镜下瘤组织呈梁状,界限清楚,可见薄的纤维膜包绕;瘤细胞呈椭圆形、梭形或多角形,胞浆嗜酸性,细颗粒状,伴有透明变性基质;细胞核可见核沟及假包涵体,核分裂象偶见。免疫组化显示瘤细胞表达Tg、TTF-1、Galectin-3、Ki67等,其中Ki67表达定位于细胞膜。结论:甲状腺HTT具有较独特的病理组织学改变和免疫表型,诊断依靠形态学特征,免疫组化标记有助于与甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤、甲状腺乳头状癌、甲状腺髓样癌等相鉴别。     

Galectin-3及p-AKT在乳腺浸润性导管癌的表达及意义

目的研究Galectin-3和p-AKT在乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC）中的表达及意义。方法应用免疫组织化学Envision二步法检测97例乳腺IDC和20例乳腺腺病组织中Galectin-3和p-AKT蛋白的表达情况。结果 Galectin-3和p-AKT表达在乳腺IDC（阳性率分别为84.5%、77.3%）和良性病变中（阳性率分别为25.0%、30.0%）差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;在乳腺IDC中,死亡组Galectin-3和p-AKT表达（97.1%、91.4%）明显高于生存组（77.4%、69.4%）（P〈0.01）,p-AKT表达与淋巴结转移相关（P〈0.01）,Galectin-3和p-AKT表达与乳腺IDCTNM分期、组织学分级无关,与年龄相关;Galectin-3表达和p-AKT表达呈正相关（r=0.606,P〈0.05）。结论乳腺IDC中Galectin-3和p-AKT表达可能促进肿瘤演进,高表达Galectin-3和p-AKT的乳腺IDC具有更高侵袭性和淋巴结转移能力,并提示预后不佳。对Galectin-3和p-AKT作用机制的深入研究有可能使其成为乳腺IDC患者个体化治疗的新靶标。     

Malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cells by galectin-3

Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside binding lectin, is highly expressed in thyroid carcinomas of follicular cell origin, whereas neither benign thyroid adenomas nor normal thyroid tissues express galectin-3. We previously showed that antisense inhibition of galectin-3 expression markedly reduced the malignant phenotype of thyroid papillary carcinoma cells. In the present study we transfected galectin-3 cDNA into TAD-2 normal thyroid follicular cells. Stable transfectants expressing galectin-3 acquired the phenotype of serum-independent growth, clonogenicity in soft agar, as well as loss of contact inhibition. We also compared the gene expression profile of the galectin-3 transfectants to that of the vehicle control, which revealed that a series of genes were differentially expressed between the two. They include proliferating cell nuclear antigen, replication factor C, and retinoblastoma genes that participate in G1-S transition. These results indicate the transformation of thyroid follicular cells by galectin-3 and possible involvement of galectin-3 in cell cycle.