不同氮浓度对温室番茄生长发育和叶片光谱特性的影响

营养液培养法研究不同氮浓度对温室番茄的生长发育及叶片光谱特性的影响。结果表明,在01~5 mmol/L范围内,随着营养液中氮浓度的增加,番茄的叶面积指数、株高、叶片数、花穗数、产量和叶片的吸光度都增大,但是超过一定的范围,植株的生长和发育均会受到抑制,说明适宜的氮素促进了植株的生长和发育。其中,处理N15的叶面积指数达到了3.0,叶片数和花穗数分别是26.7和7.0,均高于其它处理。不同处理间番茄产量均存在极显著的关系,以N15处理最高,N5的最低。从叶片的光谱图中可提取出与叶绿素有关的特征波段。在本试验条件下,番茄水培时营养液适宜的氮浓度为15 mmol/L。     

飞船搭载番茄种子SP1的生物学效应

研究了 4个番茄品种经飞船搭载后 ,番茄种子的发芽、植株生长、果实和抗病性的影响。结果表明 :搭载番茄种子的发芽率和发芽势有一定的变化 ,这种变化随品种而异。番茄种子经搭载处理后 ,其平均初花期推迟 0 7～ 5 4d ,且株间变异增加 ;植株有矮化的趋势。空间条件对番茄第一花序节位、花序间隔节位、小花数、座果率及果实大小有一定的影响。此外还发现在叶形、果色等有变异的植株     

内蒙古河套灌区粮饲兼用高粱和谷子拔节期农艺性状对土壤盐分梯度的响应

粮饲兼用作物种植模式对内蒙古河套地区的农业、畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以粮饲兼用的2个高粱品种(‘F438’和‘2562’)和2个谷子品种(‘张杂19号’和‘张杂13号’)为试验材料,在内蒙古河套灌区五原县进行大田试验,研究2种作物拔节期的农艺性状对不同土壤盐碱水平的响应特征,并探讨作物不同农艺性状与土壤电导率(EC)的相关性。结果表明:以播种前样地的土壤EC为对照,至拔节期2个谷子品种土壤EC低于高粱品种;随土壤EC升高,谷子‘张杂13号’和‘张杂19号’的可见叶片数量、高粱‘F438’和‘2562’的叶片数均显著减少,表明高土壤含盐量显著抑制了2种作物的生长;高盐碱土壤显著限制了2种作物的株高和茎粗,谷子比高粱对土壤盐碱度的耐受能力更高;2种作物的叶面积对土壤盐碱水平都较敏感,低盐碱水平条件下叶面积已显著降低;随土壤盐碱程度增加, 2种作物叶片叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势, 2个高粱品种叶绿素含量受土壤盐碱梯度干扰相对较小。相关性分析结果表明,拔节期2种作物的茎粗、株高、叶面积和可见叶片数与土壤EC呈显著负相关。比较4个作物品种,谷子品种‘张杂19号’对土壤盐碱度的耐受能力较高,具有更强的盐碱地种植适应潜力。本研究结果对探明粮饲兼用作物在盐碱地种植模式的适应机制提供了科学依据,对内蒙古河套地区传统农业种植模式优化和畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

猪粪与化肥配比对基质栽培番茄生长与产量的影响

研究了猪粪与化肥N配比对苏南地区温室基质栽培番茄(辽宁英石大红)生长与产量的影响,试验设猪粪N占总N的比例为0%、30%、50%、70%、100%与无肥对照(CK)6个处理.结果表明:与纯化肥处理比较,猪粪N显著地增加番茄的茎粗、果枝台数、座果数与茎叶生物量,茎粗与座果数分别增加16.8%～27.4%与32.1%～53.6%,但对番茄的株高、叶片数、第一果枝位高度影响较小.②猪粪处理的番茄产量显著地高于化肥处理,比化肥处理增产26.6E.6%,不同猪粪处理之间差异不显著.随着猪粪N增加,番茄前中期果的比例减少、病果率增加,但30%猪粪N处理的番茄不仅产量最高(69.9t/hm2),而且前中期果实的产量与比例也最高(60.7%),是合适的有机无机N的比例.③以腐熟的猪粪与化肥作基肥为主,配合一次追施少量化肥,试验期间仅以水灌溉,能基本满足番茄107天生育期内的养分供应,获得60.7～69.9t/hm2的番茄产量.     

吡虫啉和多菌灵单施及同时施用对番茄生长的影响

在实地调研的基础上,以山东寿光当前普遍栽种的两个番茄品种中杂9号和中杂106号为指示植物,研究了当地施用较典型的杀虫剂吡虫啉和杀菌剂多菌灵单施及同时施用对番茄生长及生理生化指标的影响。结果表明：吡虫啉在0~0.07 mg.L-1范围内、多菌灵在0~0.4 mg.L-1范围内,无论单施或同时施用对两个番茄品种的植株鲜重和叶绿素含量都有一定的促进作用;吡虫啉超过0.14 mg.L-1、多菌灵超过0.8 mg.L-1,随着单施或同时施用浓度的提高,对两个番茄品种的植株鲜重和叶绿素含量的抑制作用越来越明显,且中杂9号番茄对吡虫啉和多菌灵的耐受性高于中杂106号番茄。如中杂106号番茄B2.8D1.6处理的植株鲜重仅为B0.035D0.2处理的20%,B2.8D1.6处理的叶绿素含量仅为对照处理的8%。两种番茄的过氧化物酶活性均随吡虫啉浓度的增加而显著增加（P〈0.05）,多菌灵在试验处理浓度范围对其影响不显著。吡虫啉和多菌灵单施或同时施用均显著提高了中杂9号番茄过氧化氢酶活性（P〈0.05）,而中杂106号番茄由于本身过氧化氢酶活性较高,农药的施用对其酶活性影响并不显著。两种番茄的丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性比较高,施用农药对二者影响相对较小。单施B2.8、单施D1.6以及同时施用B2.8D1.6后中杂106号番茄的游离脯氨酸含量显著提高（P〈0.05）,分别是对照处理的2.4、2.4倍和2.6倍。     

几种镁肥对番茄肥效的比较研究

通过盆栽试验研究了几种镁肥对番茄不同生长时期的叶片叶绿素含量、株高、挂果数量、果实产量及生物量的影响。研究结果表明,施用镁肥可明显提高番茄生长后期的叶绿素含量、株高及挂果数量,而且果实产量和生物量增产效果明显;活化MgO镁肥的处理番茄生长后期叶片的叶绿素含量、株高及挂果数量明显优于仅施MgO镁肥的处理;果实产量和生物量显著增产,甚至优于MgSO4处理。     

CO2与养分交互作用对番茄幼苗叶片碳、氮积累及碳、氮比动态的影响

营养液栽培条件下,以番茄(品种,合作906)为材料,研究CO2施肥与4种不同养分供应强度的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长及其叶片中的碳、氮浓度与碳、氮比动态变化的影响。结果表明,在不同营养液养分浓度下,CO2施肥能增加番茄幼苗生物量的积累,提高生长速度;增加番茄幼苗叶片中氮、碳积累量与吸收速率;而且对CO2作用效果的响应随营养液养分浓度的提高而增加。在所有处理中碳、氮积累量与吸收速率随生育期的延长呈上升趋势。说明在番茄育苗后期要增加施肥量,而且在CO2施肥的情况下施肥量增加的量要大。CO2施肥对生长在不同营养液中番茄叶片中的碳、氮比在不同生长阶段的影响是不同的,但在同一CO2浓度条件下,番茄幼苗各个取样阶段均表现为碳、氮比随营养液浓度的降低而增加。对番茄幼苗碳、氮积累量、总干生物量与生长时间的关系研究表明,氮积累量、总干生物量与生长时间均符合二次曲线变化。     

不同供铁水平对番茄产量及果实风味品质的影响

以番茄品种"中杂101号"为试材,研究了不同供铁水平对番茄产量和果实风味品质相关指标的影响。结果表明,无论缺铁还是多铁处理,番茄叶片叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性和MDA含量都显著低于正常铁处理。果实方面,番茄的产量下降,果实的酸度增加,甜度和Vc含量降低,品质下降;此外,果实中的活性物质番茄红素、总酚、总黄酮含量下降,而且果实的芳香物质种类也发生了变化。说明适宜浓度的铁是番茄高产、优质的必要条件。     

缺镁或高浓度镁抑制番茄生长及叶片酶活性

为探究日光温室条件镁营养与番茄生长及叶片酶活性的关系,以番茄塞纳品种为供试材料,在水培温室条件下设置0、0.5、1.0、1.5、3.0 mmol/L 5个不同镁浓度水平(分别记作Mg0、Mg0.5、Mg1.0、Mg1.5、Mg3.0),测定不同镁浓度对不同生育期番茄地上部、根系、光合参数、叶片酶活性等的影响,研究结果为设施条件下准确诊断镁营养丰缺症状及矫正缺镁措施提供理论及实践依据。结果表明:(1)番茄3个生育期株高、茎粗Mg0平均较Mg1.0分别减少41.3%和20.4%,Mg3.0较Mg1.0分别减少26.2%和12.4%;后两个生育期Mg0和Mg3.0较Mg1.0分枝数分别减少23.3%和12.1%,花序数均减少33.3%,缺镁或镁过量时叶面积也显著小于镁适宜的处理。(2)苗期Mg0和Mg3.0处理下根系总长、表面积、体积、直径等参数均分别显著小于Mg1.0和Mg1.5时相应的参数,开花座果期Mg0和Mg3.0处理根系体积、平均直径、投影面积均显著大于Mg1.0,根系显著变短变粗。     

不同番茄品种镁吸收特性比较

【目的】 通过研究不同番茄品种对镁吸收的差异,为缺镁地区番茄镁高效品种筛选提供理论依据。 【方法】 以北方日光温室主栽的3个番茄品种中杂9号、改良毛粉、金棚朝冠为研究对象,将培育苗分别于15℃和30℃下,在镁浓度为0、0.6、1.2、1.8、2.4、3.0 mmol/L的营养液中吸收 24 h,通过养分吸收动力学方法确定吸收参数来比较不同番茄品种间的差异。同时将相同的3个番茄品种在不加镁 (0 mmol/L) 和中等镁 (1 mmol/L) 浓度条件下水培45 d,比较镁吸收量、镁流入速率及番茄对镁吸收利用的差异。 【结果】 养分动力学试验结果表明,15℃时番茄对镁的吸收速率高于30℃,两个温度条件下,3个番茄品种对镁的吸收速率均表现为改良毛粉 > 金棚朝冠 > 中杂9号。3个品种最大吸收速率 (I _max) 和亲和力系数 (K_m) 均有显著差异,I_max和K_m值均为改良毛粉 > 金棚朝冠 > 中杂9号。培养45 d的结果表明,在缺镁和中等镁浓度条件下,3个番茄品种镁吸收量、镁流入速率均有显著差异,其中改良毛粉镁吸收量显著低于金棚朝冠和中杂9号,金棚朝冠和中杂9号间差异未达显著水平。 【结论】 温度影响番茄对镁的吸收,但并未改变品种间的差异。低镁条件下,金棚朝冠和中杂9号对镁具有较大吸收潜力,改良毛粉的吸收潜力显著低于前两者。      

Effects of Fruit Numbers and Plant Status on Fruit Size in the Strawberry

Abstract

Based on yield and fruit size data from a number of experiments implying effects of nitrogen nutrition, drip-irrigation, plant material and planting times, and including cultivars “Dania”, “Elsanta”, “Bogota” and “Pandora”, distinct negative relationships between fruit size and fruit number per plant or fruit/leaf ratio, were established. Apart from that, fruit size may be affected by plant material and cropping year, the latter probably related to weather conditions. Achene spacing was influenced by year, and increased by irrigation under drought conditions. Relevance of factors influencing fruit size is discussed. It is concluded that an increase in the number of flower meristems (or a more vigorous vegetative growth) might aggravate internal competition, which in turn impairs flower development, resulting in a reduced flower quality and consequently smaller fruits.     

Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of amino acids and seaweed (Ascophylum nodosum) extract on growth,yield, and storage life of different bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars grown under hydroponic conditions

The study was set up to evaluate the efficiency of amino acids and seaweed on vegetative growth, reproductive phase, yield, and postharvest storage quality of hydroponically grown bell pepper cultivars “Sven Rz F-1” and “Red Knight.” Different concentrations of amino acid and seaweed were sprayed on bell pepper plants under hydroponic conditions. Pre-harvest foliar application of amino acids and seaweed significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, yield per plant, number of marketable fruits per plant, average fruit diameter, fruit wall thickness, and average single fruit weight. Amino acid and seaweed significantly improved postharvest physicochemical quality of both bell pepper cultivars under extended cold storage conditions. Conclusively, amino acid as well as seaweed extract not only improved growth, development, yield, and overall quality of bell pepper cultivars but also increased storage life with reduced weight loss and decay along with better physicochemical quality.     

钴对番茄生长发育影响的初步研究

采用盆栽试验研究了钴对番茄生长发育及产量的影响,同时还研究了钴在番茄植株体内的分布情况和土壤中有效钴含量的变化状况。初步研究结果表明:钴能提高番茄植株功能叶片叶绿素含量、花蕾数和开花数、地上部分鲜重;而对植株的株高、复叶数和根重(AW)无显著影响。但钴对产量构成因素中的作用较明显,能显著提高坐果率、单株结果数和产量。钴在植株体内各部位的含量及土壤有效钴的含量均随施钴量的增加而显著增加。在本试验条件下,钴的最大处理(64mg kg-1土)未对番茄产生不良影响。     

Evaluation of tomato growth and soil properties under methods of seedling bed preparation in an alfisol in the rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria

Tillage is expected to influence growth, yield and nutrient status of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) plant, but there is scarcity of research to investigate the relationship between tillage and performance parameters of tomato. Hence the variation in soil physical and chemical properties, tomato growth, plant nutrient contents and fruit yield in response to different tillage methods and seedling bed types and positions, were investigated on an alfisol (Ferric Luvisol) at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. Different bed types for transplanted tomato seedlings were created using herbicide-based zero tillage, manual clearing (a form of zero tillage), top, side and base positions of ridges and mounds for planting seedlings of early and late season tomato crops. The soil at the top, side and base positions of ridges and mounds had lower bulk densities that was associated with greater root length, plant height, number of stems, branches and number of leaves and weight of tomato fruits, and leaf nutrient contents compared with zero tillage and manually cleared soils. Planting on ridge or mound positions increased the number of fruits and fruit weight by 200 and 100%, respectively, compared with planting on untilled soils. Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with root growth and leaf nutrient content. Tomato requires tillage for optimum productivity.     

海带与浒苔混合提取液对草莓生长及品质的影响

海藻提取液能够促进植物生长而广泛用于肥料增效剂,本研究以海藻混合降解提取液制备海藻肥,探讨海带与浒苔不同配比对温室草莓生长和品质的影响。结果表明:海带与浒苔混合降解效果优于单独降解,且海带与浒苔质量比为1∶2时的混合提取液在草莓上的表现效果最好,可使草莓叶绿素含量增加3.59%,相对叶面积增加32.93%,叶厚增加4.44%,同期开花数增加67.86%,同期结果数增加25%,果实横径日均生长速度增加18.87%,增产15.27%,糖度增加15.41%,Vc含量增加6.75%。试验结果还显示,浒苔提取液对草莓促生长作用优于海带提取液。该结果表明,不同原料组配的海藻提取液在草莓种植中表现出更优的作用效果,可为浒苔资源化利用和提高海藻肥利用效率提供参考。     

多功能保水剂对黄瓜生长及产量的影响

本文研究新型多功能保水剂对黄瓜生长,产量,品质及水分利用率的影响。试验结果表明,这种新型多功能保水剂可以提高土壤绝对含水量,有效的促进黄瓜营养生长,黄瓜产量、结果数、单果重和水分利用率,分别提高了13.12%、10.34%、2.52%、13.12%,但对品质影响不大。     

岩棉短程栽培模式中营养液对番茄生长及果实品质的影响

为实现设施番茄短程栽培过程中营养液的高效供给及标准化管理,寻求短程栽培模式中最优的营养液供给方式,在兼光型植物工厂条件下,研究了营养液电导率值(electric conductivity,EC值)、灌溉频率对番茄植株形态和果实品质的影响.试验以岩棉为栽培基质,3水平EC值为2、4和6 dS/m,3水平灌溉频率为1、3和5次/d,采用全因子试验设计方法,进行9组处理.采用综合评价方法获取最佳的营养液EC值和灌溉频率,并对植株形态和果实品质指标进行数理统计分析.结果表明:营养液EC值和灌溉频率影响植株的株高、茎粗、叶数、叶面积、叶形指数和根面比,同时也影响果实的平均质量、可溶性固形物(soluble solids content)和果形指数.其中EC值对平均果实质量影响显著(P＜0.05),灌溉频率对叶面积和平均果实质量影响极显著(P＜0.01);试验因素的交互作用对茎粗和果形指数影响极显著(P＜0.01),对SSC影响显著(P＜0.05).EC值为4 dS/m,灌溉频率为5次/d的营养液灌溉方式能兼顾植株发育和果实品质良好,该灌溉方式下SSC与平均果实质量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).该研究可为设施短程栽培番茄优质高产提供指导依据.     

Grapevine Growth and Physiological Responses to Iron Deficiency

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting fruit tree crops growing in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region. A better understanding of changes in the growth and physiological characteristics of grapevine plants during the development of Fe deficiency will help to improve Fe fertilizer management recommendations. An experiment was conducted in field conditions to determine the effects of Fe deficiency during vegetative growth on leaf photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, pigments, and other physiological parameters. Iron deficiency considerably decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation. Depressed photosynthesis and plant growth resulted in increased fruit abscission and changes in dry matter among plant tissues. The results help explain the effects of Fe deficiency on suppression of grapevine growth and yield and provide information for improving the diagnosis of Fe deficiency in grapevine production.     

Effect of three vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae species and phosphorus on reproductive and vegetative growth of three strawberry cultivars 1

A study was undertaken to evaluate the yield, fruit size, and vegetative growth of three strawberry cultivars inoculated with three vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) species at three phosphorus (P) fertility levels. Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation and P fertility had no effect on inflorescence or flower number, total yield, fruit weight, or crown number. Higher levels of P did not increased total dry shoot weight, total fresh shoot, weight leaf area, total dry root weight, and leaf number in the present of VAM. However, the cultivars responded differently to VAM inoculation. Vesicular‐ arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation in combination with P at all levels increased total dry and fresh shoot weight, leaf area, and leaf number compared to application of P alone. The results indicated that it may be possible to increase strawberry stolon production by inoculating the strawberry plants with VAM, a technique which might be useful in nurseries to produce certified strawberry plants.