良性前列腺增生患者长期联合药物治疗的临床观察

目的 观察非那雄胺联合特拉唑嗪治疗老年良性前列腺增生(BPH)的疗效.方法 对2002年6月到2010年12月我院53例老年BPH患者,连续服用非那雄胺(5 mg/d)和特拉唑嗪(2 mg/d)治疗进行临床观察,记录治疗前、治疗后2年、5年患者IPSS评分、夜尿次数、前列腺体积、膀胱残余尿量的变化.结果 治疗后患者IPSS评分、夜尿次数、前列腺体积、膀胱残余尿量疗效明显优于治疗前(P＜0.05),治疗5年后患者IPSS评分、夜尿次数、前列腺体积优于治疗2年后(P＜0.05),而治疗5年后患者膀胱残余尿量与患者治疗2年后无差别.结论 长期服用非那雄胺和特拉唑嗪治疗老年BPH患者疗效确切,且未出现明显不良反应.     

良性前列腺增生内科综合治疗的必要性和可能存在的问题

良性前列腺增生(BPH)是老年男性特有的一种良性增生性疾病,主要表现为随着年龄的增长,前列腺腺体及基质出现增生并导致前列腺体积增大,而体积增大的前列腺可导致膀胱出口梗阻,引起膀胱逼尿肌功能的一系列改变,因此而导致患者出现尿频、尿急、夜尿增多、排尿踌躇,尿线变细,排尿滴沥甚至尿潴留等下尿路症状(LUTS);BPH尽管为一种良性疾病,如处理不及时,也可导致致命的并发症,如上尿路积水和肾衰竭等.     

良性前列腺增生内科综合治疗的必要性和可能存在的问题

良性前列腺增生(BPH)是老年男性特有的一种良性增生性疾病,主要表现为随着年龄的增长,前列腺腺体及基质出现增生并导致前列腺体积增大,而体积增大的前列腺可导致膀胱出口梗阻,引起膀胱逼尿肌功能的一系列改变,因此而导致患者出现尿频、尿急、夜尿增多、排尿踌躇,尿线变细,排尿滴沥甚至尿潴留等下尿路症状(LUTS);BPH尽管为一种良性疾病,如处理不及时,也可导致致命的并发症,如上尿路积水和肾衰竭等.     

组织弹性成像硬度预测药物治疗老年良性前列腺增生病人夜尿症状的效果

目的探讨前列腺组织弹性成像硬度预测α受体阻滞剂治疗老年良性前列腺增生(BPH)病人夜尿症状的效果。方法收集136例因夜尿增多服用α受体阻滞剂单药治疗的>60岁的BPH病人的临床资料,包括年龄、BMI、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、IPSS排尿症状评分(IPSSv)、IPSS存储症状评分(IPSSs)、最大尿流率(Qmax);经直肠超声测量总前列腺体积(TPV)、移行区体积(TZV)、残余尿量(residual urine,PVR),通过前列腺移行区组织实时剪切波弹性成像(shear wave sonoelastography,SWE)得到弹性模量(Emean)。采用Logistic回归分析使用药物后夜尿症状改善的影响因素。结果136例病人中54例(39.7%)夜尿症状改善。与夜尿未改善的病人相比,夜尿改善组病人的年龄、TPV、TZV、Qmax和弹性模量Emean更小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组BMI、IPSS、IPSSv、IPSSs和PVR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素分析显示,年龄(OR=2.837,95%CI:1.352~5.827)和Emean(OR=4.258,95%CI:2.065~8.710)是BPH病人夜尿改善的独立影响因素。Emean预测老年BPH病人用药后夜尿改善的AUC为0.747(95%CI:0.628~0.852),最佳截断值为38.4 kPa,灵敏度和特异度分别为74.14%、70.68%。结论前列腺组织弹性成像硬度可以预测α受体阻滞剂治疗BPH夜尿症状的效果。     

老年良性前列腺增生症患者夜尿症及其相关因素分析

目的探讨老年前列腺增生症患者的夜尿次数及其相关影响因素。方法选取328例初诊或曾药物治疗但停药3个月以上的前列腺增生症患者，记录患者的一般情况、夜尿次数、前列腺及膀胱功能相关指标，并对其结果进行分析。结果随着患者夜尿次数增多，生活质量评分（QOL）逐渐升高。夜尿次数0～1次者平均QOL评分3．45分，夜尿次数2～3次者平均QOI，评分3．57分，夜尿次数4次及以上者平均QOL评分5．08分。通过多因素回归分析显示，患者的年龄及残余尿量与夜尿次数呈正相关，OR值分别为1．06（1．01～1．10）和1．01（1．00～1．01），单次尿量与夜尿次数呈负相关，OR值为1．00（0．99～1．00），差异均有统计学意义（均为P〈0．05）。而前列腺体积和最大尿流率与夜尿次数无相关性。结论夜尿次数增多影响患者的生活质量；相比前列腺增生而言，年龄和膀胱储尿功能对夜尿次数的影响更为重要。     

琥珀酸索利那新治疗良性前列腺增生术后膀胱过度活动症的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨琥珀酸索利那新治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)术后并发膀胱过度活动症(OAB)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 115例接受BPH手术的患者中,治疗组(n=58)术后第4d睡前口服索利那新治疗20 d,对照组(n=57)术后服用莨菪碱片,观察患者在拔出导尿管前后排尿情况,并以尿动力学检查、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)和膀胱过度活动症评分(OABSS)评价患者排尿情况.结果 治疗组IPSS评分由28.3分下降到11.3分,OABSS评分由(14.2±1.2)分下降到(2.9±0.7)分(P＜0.01).对照组IPSS评分由27.3分下降到11.8分(P＜0.01),OABSS评分由(14.2±1.6)分下降到(11.3±1.1)分,治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 BPH术后正确地使用索利那新,能缓解膀胱过度活动给患者带来的痛苦症状,有利于患者的术后康复.     

老年人夜尿增多的评价和治疗

国际尿控学会 （international continence society.ICS）将夜尿 （nocturia） 定义为患者夜间醇来排尿[1].在老年人中.夜尿增多普遍存在.严重影响患者睡眠和生活质量[2].夜尿增多可由多种泌尿系统疾病或/和非泌尿系统疾病引起,年龄相关的生理、结构、激素以及组织学变化是老年人发生夜尿增多的重要因素[3].     

老年科门诊BPH患者临床症状指标的相关性分析

目的 了解老年科门诊良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者前列腺体积、最大尿流率、生活质量评分(QOL)和下尿路症状评分(IPSS)之间的相互关系.方法 采用横断面调查的方法,对中国南北两地区11个城市(北方4城市,南方7城市)33个三级甲等医院2 027例>60岁的BPH门诊患者进行研究.结果 全国老年科门诊60岁及以上BPH患者前列腺体积(41.8±19.7) ml、最大尿流率(9.6±2.7) ml/s、QOL (2.6±1.2)分及IPSS (13.3±7.2)分.采用多元线性回归分析发现,BPH患者IPSS与前列腺体积、最大尿流率和QOL相关.结论 老年科门诊BPH患者临床症状指标之间存在相互关系.     

天津地区中老年男性原发性高血压与良性前列腺增生和下尿路症状的相关性

目的探讨天津地区普通居民中50岁以上男性人群中原发性高血压与良性前列腺增生(BPH)以及下尿路症状(LUTS)之间的关系。方法 2011年2月开始于天津医科大学总医院进行健康体检的天津地区老年男性中剔除其他相关因素后筛选出413名受试者,采用单因素和多因素分析法研究其一般人口学特征、国际前列腺评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、最大尿流率(MFR)、膀胱壁厚度、残余尿、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、前列腺体积8个方面与收缩压和舒张压之间的相关性。结果天津地区普通人群中老年男性BPH患病率为56.17%,患病年龄50～81岁,平均年龄59.7岁。统计分析显示BPH合并原发性高血压者122例,高血压组BPH患病率(69.3%)明显高于非高血压组(46.6%),BPH合并高血压组患病年龄明显高于单纯BPH组(P<0.05);BPH合并高血压组中,收缩压与患者发病年龄提前显著相关。下尿路症状方面,IPSS评分、最大尿流率、残余尿及膀胱壁厚度与高血压无明显相关性。结论天津地区普通中老年男性人群原发性高血压尤其是高收缩压可能促进BPH的发生。     

良性前列腺增生药物治疗方法

良性前列腺增生(BPH)是老年男性常见病,随着我国进入老龄化社会,该病发病率有着明显的增加,患者年老体弱,长期夜尿次数多、排尿不畅等不仅造成心理上的烦躁甚至恐惧的情绪,还增加了心血管疾病发生的风险.有的患者还伴有痔疮、脱肛、血便、疝气和下肢静脉曲张等多种并发症.可见,BPH已严重影响了老年男性晚年生活质量.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并夜间多尿患者尿动力学改变情况分析

目的 观察存在夜间多尿的OSAHS患者的尿动力学变化.方法 前瞻性纳入武汉大学人民医院2002年9月至2008年6月存在夜间多尿、并经多导睡眠监测(PSG)诊断的OSAHS患者,共入选患者23例,其中男19例,女4例,年龄46～81岁,中位年龄68岁.记录患者夜晚及持续气道正压(CPAP)压力滴定夜晚的夜尿次数、夜尿量、夜尿渗透压和尿钠浓度,于研究当夜11时和次晨7时留取静脉血测定脑钠肽及心房利钠肽(ANP)水平.同时对每位患者进行尿动力学检查,包括尿流率,充盈期膀胱压,压力-流率及尿道压测定,并在使用CPAP治疗3个月后再次进行尿动力学检查.结果 PSG检查结果显示,本组患者均存在中重度OSAHS,平均睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)为(48±15)次/h.OSAHS患者夜间尿量明显增多,尿钠浓度增加,尿渗透压降低,次晨7时ANP水平升高,CPAP治疗3个月后可恢复正常.患者行CPAP压力滴定当夜排尿次数明显少于PSG监测当夜排尿次数.尿动力学检查显示本组患者尿动力学主要特征是逼尿肌收缩无力、膀胱感觉迟钝、低顺应性膀胱、逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调.CPAP治疗后,逼尿肌收缩力增强,并恢复膀胱顺应性.结论 CPAP可有效减少OSAHS患者的夜间多尿症状,OSAHS患者夜尿量增多、尿渗透压下降及尿钠浓度增高症状可能与ANP升高有关,OSAHS病程可能损害膀胱逼尿肌功能.CPAP治疗可减少ANP分泌,同时改善膀胱逼尿肌收缩力.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the urodynamic changes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and nocturnal polyuria. Methods From Sept. 2002 to Jun. 2008, 23 patients with nocturnal polyuria were diagnosed as having OSAHS by polysomnography(PSG). The number and output of nocturia, the osmotic pressure and the excretion of Na + were recorded during both the PSG night and CPAP titrating night. Plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) were also measured at IIPM in the 2 nights and 7AM in the next mornings. Urodynamic studies including urine flow, bladder pressure during filling, pressure-flow study during voiding and urethral pressure were carried out in these patients. Urodynamic studies were performed again after treatment with CPAP for 3 months. Results PSG showed that the patients with nocturnal polyuria had moderate to severe OSAHS, in which the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) being 48 ± 15 events per hour. The number of nocturnal voiding during the PSG night was more than that during the CPAP titrating night. During the PSG night, the output of nocturia, the nocturia excretion of Na+, ANP levels (at 7am in the next morning after PSG night)increased and the osmotic pressure of nocturia decreased. CPAP therapy could reverse these abnormalities.The main characteristics of urodynamics in these patients included weak detrusor contraction, hypoesthesia in filling cystometry, and decreased bladder compliance, and detrusor ex-ternal sphincter dyssynergia. After 3 months of CPAP treatment, both the myotility of the detrnsor of bladder and the bladder compliance improved. Conclusions CPAP therapy can effectively reverse the nocturnal polyuria in OSAHS patients. In OSAHS patients, the features of nocturia, including the changes of output, osmotic pressure and the excretion of Na+ , may be related to the secretion of high-level of ANP. During the course of chronic progressively OSAHS pathophysiology, detrusor function of bladder may be damaged. CPAP therapy could decrease the nocturnal excretion of ANP, and improve the myotility of the detrusor of bladder.     

Conversion to Silodosin in Men on Conventional α1‐Blockers for Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objectives: α₁‐blockers have commonly been used as first‐line medical therapy for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Recently, a highly selective α_1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist, silodosin, was developed in Japan. We examined the efficacy and safety of conversion from conventional α₁‐blockers to silodosin in men with BPH. Methods: Conversion to silodosin was proposed to consecutive patients on conventional α₁‐blockers for symptomatic BPH for at least 6 months. The effects of conversion were examined by the International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life index, overactive bladder symptom score, peak flow rate, residual urine volume, and adverse events at 12 weeks. The efficacy of silodosin was also evaluated by patients' impression. Results: Eighty‐one men underwent conversion, for the most part because of dissatisfaction with the efficacy of their current treatment in improving nocturia or weak stream. The International Prostate Symptom Score total score significantly improved from 12.7 ± 5.9 at baseline to 10.6 ± 5.4 at 4 weeks (P < 0.001) and 10.9 ± 5.8 at 12 weeks (P < 0.01). The progress was mostly due to improvement in voiding symptoms, although reduction of storage symptoms was also significant. The quality of life index also significantly decreased with conversion to silodosin. Efficacy as judged by patients' impression was 76% (37/49) at 12 weeks of treatment. None of the overactive bladder symptom score, peak flow rate, and residual urine volume exhibited significant change. No serious adverse events were observed during the study period. Conclusion: Conversion to silodosin may be beneficial in men who are dissatisfied with conventional α₁‐blockers for BPH, and be particularly useful in improving voiding symptoms.     

Clinical Efficacy of α 1‐blocker Naftopidil in Patients with Overactive Bladder Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objectives: We evaluated the clinical efficacy of α1‐blocker naftopidil in patients with overactive bladder associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: A total of 29 patients (range 50–83 years of age, mean 66.7 years) who had severe storage symptoms associated with BPH were studied. The inclusion criteria were (i) a total of seven or more points in storage symptom scores (frequency, urgency and nocturia) of the International Prostate Symptom Score (I‐PSS) and (ii) a quality of life (QOL) index of two or more. Subjective (I‐PSS and QOL index) and objective (uroflowmetry, post‐void residual and filling cystometry) parameters were evaluated before and 3 months after treatment with naftopidil. Results: Total I‐PSS significantly decreased after treatment, with significant improvement of both storage and voiding symptoms scores and QOL index. Improvement of QOL index was most correlated with the reduction of storage symptoms scores. In nine patients who had involuntary detrusor contractions during filling cystometry before treatment, bladder volume at first desire to void significantly increased (from a mean of 174 to 260 mL), and involuntary detrusor contractions disappeared in three patients after treatment. Conclusion: Naftopidil improves not only voiding symptoms, but also storage symptoms associated with BPH, and is effective for improving bladder storage function in patients with detrusor overactivity.     

Efficacy of Additional Dutasteride on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Patients with Alpha‐1 Blocker‐Resistant Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objective: We investigated the effects of dutasteride on urination and quality of life (QOL) in patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who showed poor improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with alpha‐1 blockers. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 108 patients with BPH who took dutasteride for more than 3 months from October 2009 to October 2011. The patients showed poor improvement in LUTS despite administration of alpha‐1 blockers for more than 3 months; all had an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of eight or greater. We investigated changes in prostate‐specific antigen and prostate volume and performed uroflowmetry and medical interviews to assess IPSS‐QOL score and BPH impact index (BII). Results: Mean prostate volume was 52.8 ± 22.2 mL, and the mean period of dutasteride administration was 284 ± 118 days. Prostate volume decreased 24.1% from baseline to 6 months after administration. Voiding symptoms and storage symptoms showed improvements with longer administration periods, but only nocturia showed no clear improvement. There was a 0.9‐point decrease in BII after 6 months. There was no statistically significant association between the rate of prostate volume reduction and improvement in voiding and storage symptoms. Conclusion: Additional administration of dutasteride to patients with alpha‐1 blocker‐resistant BPH led to improvements in all voiding and storage symptoms except nocturia, and showed no correlation between the prostate volume reduction rates and improvement in LUTS.     

Furosemide versus Gosha‐Jinki‐Gan,a Blended Herbal Medicine,for Nocturnal Polyuria: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of two types of drugs, furosemide and gosha‐jinki‐gan (GJG), for treatment of nocturia with nocturnal polyuria using a randomized crossover method. Methods: A total of 36 patients with nocturnal polyuria were recruited for this study. We assessed the International Prostate Symptom Score (I‐PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), frequency volume charts, blood pressure, urine chemistry, serum B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and body fluid compartments. Results: Both furosemide and GJG significantly improved the nocturia score in the I‐PSS, the I‐PSS Quality of Life (QOL) score, actual nocturnal frequency and hours of undisturbed sleep compared with those at baseline. Nocturnal frequency and nocturnal urine volume were more significantly reduced by furosemide treatment than with GJG treatment. The I‐PSS total score and nocturnal urine volume significantly improved only by furosemide treatment. Conclusion: Furosemide treatment definitively improved nocturia with nocturnal polyuria. GJG treatment may also induce mild improvement of nocturnal polyuria, although further study is required to confirm its efficacy.     

Nocturnal polyuria in older people: pathophysiology and clinical implications

OBJECTIVES: To review the physiological changes of aging which affect the systems involved in urine formation and to consider how these changes interact with changes in bladder function, thereby leading to the onset of nocturnal polyuria with associated urinary frequency, nocturia, and incontinence. Based on this information, data are presented on the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions which reduce the rate of urine formation and, thus, can be of benefit in reducing symptoms, especially during the nighttime. METHODS: Peer-reviewed journal articles were identified by MEDLINE Search and by review of the literature. CONCLUSIONS: As a consequence of age-associated diminished renal concentrating capacity, diminished sodium conserving ability, loss of the circadian rhythm of antidiuretic hormone secretion, decreased secretion of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and increased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone, there is an age-related alteration in the circadian rhythm of water excretion leading to increased nighttime urine production in older people. The interaction of nocturnal polyuria with age-related diminution in functional bladder volume and detrusor instability results in the symptoms of urinary frequency, nocturia and, in some persons, incontinence. The additional impact of Alzheimer's disease on these physiological and aging changes, as well as on a diminished perception of bladder fullness, leads to an even greater risk of urinary incontinence in these patients. Treatment of nocturnal polyuria with the antidiuretic hormone analog, DDAVP (desmopressin), can result in decreased nocturnal urine production with improvement in symptoms of frequency, nocturia, and incontinence.     

Role of angiogenesis in bladder response to partial outlet obstruction

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease that has its etiology in the abnormal growth of the adult human prostate gland that accompanies the aging process in men. The symptomatic presentation of this disease, however, is related largely to degenerative changes in the bladder that occur as a result of the increasing urethral resistance and partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) caused by the growing prostate gland. BPH is characterized by bladder hypertrophy, significant decreases in urinary flow and compliance, presence of residual urine after voiding, voiding urgency and incontinence (). Obstructed bladder dysfunction secondary to BPH is a slow, progressive disease that is so strongly associated with human aging that it is an expected occurrence of the male aging process. Although the symptoms of BPH are usually not life threatening, they effect an extremely negative quality of life for men who suffer from them. However, many men delay seeking medical treatment for early BPH since bladder function can remain relatively normal as the hypertrophying bladder initially compensates for the progressive increase in urethral resistance caused by prostatic obstruction. The limited changes in micturition pressure and flow characteristics that occur during compensated function are not usually disabling enough to motivate seeking medical attention, which, often, is not sought until the symptoms become typical of advanced disease. Recent advances in detection methods enable identification of patients with significant BPH during compensation before the bladder becomes dysfunctional (decompensated). A more complete understanding of the disease processes that underlie the loss of bladder function associated with BPH might enable the development of treatments that better protect these early-stage BPH patients from the more debilitating aspects of the disease. This review updates the understanding of obstructive bladder dysfunction via the use of animal models.     

Relation of nocturnal polyuria of the elderly to essential hypertension

Nocturnal polyuria is common in the elderly. In this condition the normal circadian rhythm of urine production is reversed so that urine flow is higher at night than during the day. Elderly men with nocturnal polyuria are commonly referred for prostate surgery, which, not surprisingly, fails to relieve their symptoms. Compared with controls, patients with nocturnal polyuria have higher nocturnal sodium excretion but not higher nocturnal free-water clearance. Similar results have been obtained in children with nocturnal enuresis. Use of vasopressin analogues to induce water retention in elderly patients with nocturnal polyuria is illogical and potentially hazardous; nocturia can be more safely alleviated by diuretic therapy. Nocturnal polyuria in the elderly is associated with hypertension: this is consistent with studies in younger age groups that show that essential hypertension is associated with nocturia and with increased night/day ratios for sodium excretion. We propose that nocturnal polyuria and essential hypertension share some of the same pathophysiological determinants. Specifically, we suggest that a defect in the nitric-oxide pathway may lead to resetting of the pressure-natriuresis relation in the kidney, sodium retention, and compensatory nocturnal natriuresis. This suggestion is consistent with evidence that ageing and essential hypertension are both associated with defects in the nitric-oxide pathway. Our hypothesis has obvious therapeutic implications. More generally, studying the pathogenesis of nocturnal polyuria in the elderly may advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.