我国登革2型／4型病毒株嵌合E基因免疫原性的研究

目的 构建含有我国登革2型／4型病毒株嵌合E基因片段的真核表达质粒,观察重组质粒DNA的免疫原性,为登革多价疫苗的研究提供依据。方法 首先将包含我国登革2型病毒43株E蛋白Ⅰ/Ⅱ抗原区和4型病毒B5株E蛋白Ⅲ抗原区的嵌合E基因片段克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1中,通过测定确定嵌合基因序列的正确性。然后将重组质粒以肌肉注射途径,免疫Balb/C小鼠。通过间接免疫荧光法对采集的鼠血清中的病毒特异抗体进行检测。结果 构建的含有我国登革2型／4型病毒株嵌合E基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA-D2/4,经序列测定表明,导入的嵌合E基因片段的序列是正确的。将重组质粒DNA免疫小鼠,在初次免疫后的第3周,可同时检测到针对登革2型和4型病毒的特异荧光。结论 所构建的含有不同血清型的我国登革病毒株嵌合E基因片段的真核重组质粒,可诱导小鼠同时产生针对两个血清型病毒的特异抗体,该研究为新型登革多价疫苗的研制提供了依据。     

登革2型病毒NGC株E基因在NIH3T3细胞中的表达及初步鉴定

目的　构建登革 2型病毒E基因的真核表达载体 ,实现登革病毒E蛋白的真核表达。方法　采用逆转录 多聚酶链反应 (RT PCR)扩增登革 2型病毒 (NGC株 )包膜糖蛋白E基因全长片段 ,克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3的Pcmv启动子下游 ,构建重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3 E ,用脂质体转染法转染NIH3T3细胞 ,表达产物以免疫荧光、SDS PAGE和蛋白质印迹进行分析检测。结果　成功构建了重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3 E ,通过脂质体转染法导入NIH3T3细胞 ,免疫荧光、SDS PAGE和蛋白质印迹分析检测表明 ,E基因在NIH3T3细胞实现了真核表达 ,产物相对分子质量 (Mr)为 6 0× 10 3。结论登革病毒E基因真核表达载体的构建及E基因的真核表达为研究登革病毒E蛋白的结构与功能、研制登革病毒诊断试剂及核酸疫苗奠定了基础     

我国登革2型病毒E基因的克隆与表达研究

以我国登革２型病毒４３（Ｄ２－４３）株ＲＮＡ为模板，采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术扩增了Ｅ基因。扩增的ｃＤＮＡ片段约１２９０ｂＰ， 与预期大小相一致，经ＨｉｎｄⅢ酶切鉴定和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交证实了Ｅ基因片段的特异性。将Ｅ基因的扩增片段首先克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐtⅡＫＳ~＋质粒ＤＮＡ中，利用重组子中载体的酶切位点，将该基因片段再克隆到高效表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０中。用ＰＣＲ技术从２０个重组子中筛选出６个阳性克隆　，经ＳａｌⅠ和ＰｓｔⅠ酶切进一步鉴定，证明这６个重组质粒中均含有Ｅ基因片段。采用温控诱导，４小时表达的蛋白量约占菌体总蛋白的２０％。经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析证明，表达的蛋白可与该病毒株的多克隆腹水抗体和登革２型病毒标准株的单克隆抗体起特异反应。     

我国登革2型病毒43株基因组全长cDNA的构建

目的 构建我国登革2型病毒43株基因组全长cDNA,为进一步研究其体外RNA转录产物的感染性,阐明致病机理及探索新型疫苗奠定基础。方法 根据登革2型病毒参考株NGC株的核苷酸序列,利用DNASTAR软件设计覆盖登革2型病毒43株基因组的6对重叠引物。从感染登革2型病毒43株的乳鼠脑中提限病毒基因组RNA,采用RT－PCR分别扩增6条基因片段,并将其分别与pGEM－T载体进行连接。重组质粒用PCR进行快速鉴定,并在377A型自动测序仪进行序列分析。然后利用单一酶切位点,分别自阳性重组子上切下各基因片段,在体外分别进行5′半分子和3′半分子的连接,最后将5′和3′半分子连接成基因全长的cDNA。扩增各接头两侧长约457－691bp的基因片段,连接至T载体后测序,从而对全长cDNA进行鉴定。结果 共扩增出6条约1．5－2．5kb的基因自然,并在体外进行连接,获得了全长cDNA。结论 通过测序证实成功地构建了我国登革2型病毒43株基因组全长cDNA分子。本研究结果将为阐明我国登革病毒株的毒力及致病机理奠定基础。     

登革Ⅰ型病毒E蛋白在293T细胞中的分泌表达

目的 分泌表达登革Ⅰ型病毒prM/E基因,为研究该蛋白的免疫学功能和特性奠定基础.方法 用RT-PCR法获得登革Ⅰ型病毒广州分离株全长prM/E基因,在prM基因前添加乙型脑炎病毒的信号肽或同时替换E基因羧基末端的20%为乙脑病毒E基因相应的部分,分别将其克隆入真核表达载体pcDNAS/FRT中,获得三种重组质粒DlprME-pc5,D1JsprME-pc5,D1JsprM80E20JE-pc5.用脂质体法分别将重组质粒DNA转入293T细胞,通过免疫荧光、Western印迹检测外源基因在真核细胞中的分泌表达.结果 用免疫荧光法检测到分别转染了三种重组质粒的293T细胞的胞质中均有登革Ⅰ型病毒蛋白的表达.Western印迹检测转染了D1prME-pc5重组质粒的293T细胞上清中没有特异蛋白条带,转染了经基因改造的重组质粒D1JsprME-pc5和D1JsprM80E20JE-pc5的细胞上清中均存在登革Ⅰ型病毒的特异蛋白条带.结论 转染了三种重组质粒的293T细胞均可表达登革Ⅰ型病毒prM/E蛋白,只有在prM基因前添加了信号肽的重组质粒转染后蛋白才获得分泌表达.     

我国D2—43株PrM—E基因的复制型载体质粒DNA的免疫原性研究

目的 通过观察含我国登革2型病毒株（D2－43）的PrM-E基因的复制型SFV重组质粒DNA的免疫原性,为登革新型疫苗的研制提供依据。方法 将PrM-E基因自T载体上切下,插入复制型SFV病毒载体质粒DNA中。将此重组质粒DNA以电穿孔法导入BHK21细胞,表达产物的特异性用间接免疫荧光法进行鉴定。采用去除内毒素的质粒提取试剂盒制备重组质粒DNA,然后以不同剂量通过肌肉注射途径免疫Balb/c鼠,鼠血清中的抗体用间接免疫荧光法进行检测。结果 含PrM-E基因的重组SFV质粒DNA在BHK21细胞中可表达登革2型病毒的特异蛋白;经免疫Balb/c鼠后,鼠血清可与登革D2－43感染的C6／36抗原片起特异的抗原抗体反应。结论 含登革2型病毒PrM-E基因的复制型SFV病毒载体质粒DNA在Balb/c鼠中可诱导登革2型病毒特异抗体的产生,但抗体水平较低。     

登革2型病毒NGC株E基因扩增和部分序列分析

目的 体外扩增、克隆登革2型病毒（NGC株）包膜糖蛋白E基因约1．5kb的基因片段,并对目的基因片段进行部分碱基序列测定和分析。方法 采用逆转录聚合酶链反应扩增出E目的基因片段,经限制性内切酶Kpn1/Xbal酶切后用低熔点琼脂糖挖块回收法回收纯化,插入真核表达载体pcDNA3的多克隆位点,构建重组体pcDNA3-E,转化大肠杆菌DH5a,通过对目的基因片段的部分碱基序列测定鉴定克隆的正确性,并分析其氨基酸变异。结果 从登革2型病毒（NGC株）中扩增出约1．5kb的DNA片段,目的基因片段的部分测序与参考序列的同源性为96．53％,7个氨基酸发生变异,4个变异氨基酸与登革2型病毒Jamaica株相应位置的氨基酸相同。结论 体外成功扩增并克隆DV2（NGC株）全长E基因片段,其序列变异及与其他毒株的同源性研究为登革病毒致病机理和疫苗的研究提供材料。     

登革2型病毒NGC株E基因在NIH3T3细胞中的表达？…

目的 构建登革２型病毒Ｅ基因的真核表达载体,实现登革病毒Ｅ蛋白的真核表达。方法 采用逆录－多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）扩增登革２型病毒（ＮＧＣ株）包膜糖蛋白Ｅ基因全长片段,克隆人真核表达载体ｐｃＤＮＡ３的Ｐｃｍｖ启动子下游,构建重组真核表达质粒ｐｃＤＮＡ３－Ｅ,用脂质体转染法转染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞,表达产物以免疫荧光、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和蛋白质印迹进行分析检测。结果 成功构建了重组真核表达质粒ｐｃＤＮ     

登革病毒Ⅱ型E基因片段在大肠杆菌中的表达及免疫原性分析

目的分析登革病毒Ⅱ型（DEN2）重组包膜蛋白的免疫原性，为登革Ⅱ型亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法扩增DEN2E基因片段（254—395AA），与表达载体pET-30a连接，构建重组表达载体，在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达重组蛋白。重组蛋白经高效液相色谱（HPLC）柱纯化后，进行阻断DEN2感染C6／36细胞试验，同时用重组蛋白免疫小鼠，采用中和实验法测定血清中和抗体效价。结果该基因片段在大肠杆菌中高效表达重组蛋白，重组蛋白可被抗DEN2多克隆抗体识别，纯化后的重组蛋白能有效地抑制DEN2感染C6／36细胞，经重组蛋白免疫的小鼠可产生中和抗体。结论表达的DEN2重组包膜蛋白具有良好的免疫原性，能诱导中和抗体的产生。     

登革2型病毒NS3蛋白NTPase/RNA解旋酶结构域的原核表达及活性研究

目的 表达登革病毒非结构蛋白NS3 NTPase／RNA解旋酶结构域（dNS3），纯化表达产物并对其活性作初步研究。方法提取感染登革2型病毒的BHK-21细胞总RNA，RT-PCR扩增目的基因，经NcoⅠ、HindⅢ双酶切后连入表达载体pET28a，转化宿主菌BL21（DE3），优化诱导表达条件，SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹鉴定表达蛋白。表达产物经亲和层析纯化，超滤浓缩脱盐，孔雀绿钼酸铵法检测NTPase活性。结果成功构建重组表达载体pET28a-dNS3并在大肠杆菌中获得可溶性表达，纯化产物经测定具有良好的NTease活性及抗原性。体外条件下证实登革2型病毒非结构蛋白NS5（RDRP）对dNS3的ATPase活性有促进作用，提示在病毒复制时NS3与NS5间的相互作用对NS3的生物活性及对病毒复制过程可能具有调控作用。结论本研究为基于抑制NS3 NTPase／RNA解旋酶活性的抗病毒药物的筛选提供了实验依据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.