儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗致可逆性后部白质脑病综合征二例

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗后合并可逆性后部白质脑病综合征的病因、临床表现、影像学特征及治疗.方法 分析2例可逆性后部白质脑病综合征患儿的临床资料并复习文献.结果 2例患儿主要表现均有嗜睡、头痛、视物不清、伴有癫癎发作,影像学以可逆性白质异常病变为特征.多位于半球后部白质.经正确治疗后,患儿的临床表现消失,影像学恢复正常.结论 可逆性后部白质脑病综合征的临床表现无特异性,经恰当治疗均可恢复正常.     

儿童肾脏疾病合并后部可逆性脑病综合征临床特点（附4例报告）

目的　提高对儿童肾脏疾病合并后部可逆性脑病综合征（PRES）的临床表现、影像学特征和治疗策略的认识。方法　回顾性分析2010年7月至2018年6月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院肾脏内科收治的4例肾脏疾病合并PRES患儿的临床资料及影像学结果,结合文献分析其临床特点。结果　患儿原发病分别为急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎1例、肾病综合征2例、非典型溶血尿毒综合征1例,起病前有血压控制不良或细胞毒性药物使用史,以抽搐为首发症状,伴有头痛、头晕、视物模糊、血压急剧增高。典型头颅磁共振成像（MRI）示双侧大脑顶枕叶皮质或皮质下白质片状长T1T2 信号,对称或不对称,严重者可累及侧脑室旁、小脑、脑干。4例PRES经过及时降血压和对症治疗后,1～2 d症状缓解,2 ～3周影像学异常完全消失。结论　高血压、药物引起的血管源性脑水肿是发生儿童肾脏疾病合并PRES的主要原因,PRES的诊断依赖于头颅MRI的特征性改变,及时有效的降压和对症治疗可在短期内有效控制病情,治疗中应积极控制高血压,及时停用或减量诱发PRES的细胞毒性药物。     

儿童肾脏疾病合并后部可逆性脑病综合征临床特点（附4例报告）

目的　提高对儿童肾脏疾病合并后部可逆性脑病综合征（PRES）的临床表现、影像学特征和治疗策略的认识。方法　回顾性分析2010年7月至2018年6月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院肾脏内科收治的4例肾脏疾病合并PRES患儿的临床资料及影像学结果，结合文献分析其临床特点。结果　患儿原发病分别为急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎1例、肾病综合征2例、非典型溶血尿毒综合征1例，起病前有血压控制不良或细胞毒性药物使用史，以抽搐为首发症状，伴有头痛、头晕、视物模糊、血压急剧增高。典型头颅磁共振成像（MRI）示双侧大脑顶枕叶皮质或皮质下白质片状长T1T2 信号，对称或不对称，严重者可累及侧脑室旁、小脑、脑干。4例PRES经过及时降血压和对症治疗后，1～2 d症状缓解，2 ～3周影像学异常完全消失。结论　高血压、药物引起的血管源性脑水肿是发生儿童肾脏疾病合并PRES的主要原因，PRES的诊断依赖于头颅MRI的特征性改变，及时有效的降压和对症治疗可在短期内有效控制病情，治疗中应积极控制高血压，及时停用或减量诱发PRES的细胞毒性药物。     

儿童肾脏疾病合并可逆性后部脑病综合征6 例临床分析

目的探讨儿童肾脏疾病合并可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的临床特点。方法回顾分析2015-2018年确诊的6例肾脏疾病合并PRES患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果 6例患儿中男4例、女2例,年龄3～14岁。原发病分别为肾病综合征2例、紫癜性肾炎2例、过敏性紫癜1例、狼疮性肾炎1例,均有激素及免疫抑制剂应用史。临床表现均为急性起病,抽搐、意识丧失、血压升高,还有精神行为异常、呕吐、头痛、视物障碍表现。影像学表现均以可逆性白质异常病变为特征,多位于半球后部白质。5例患儿恢复至发病前状态,1例死亡。结论肾脏疾病应用激素及免疫抑制剂的患儿易合并PRES,一般预后良好,但并非完全可逆。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿中可逆性脑病临床总结

目的探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿化疗后可逆性脑病的临床和影像学特点。方法回顾分析2015年9月1日至2018年9月1日住院时发生脑病的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的临床资料。结果研究期间共收治新发急性淋巴细胞白血病582例,9例患儿发生10次可逆性脑病(1例患儿发生2次),其中男6例、女3例,脑病发生中位年龄6.55岁(3.9～12.5岁)。最常见的神经系统临床表现是抽搐,其次是肌无力和感觉异常。7例患儿曾接受培门冬治疗;5例患儿在脑病发生前有急性高血压病史;6例患儿在脑病发生时有低钠血症,部分有低纤维蛋白原血症。头颅磁共振成像检查均提示T1和T2信号异常,累及部位多见于顶枕叶。结论联合化疗、化疗药物鞘内注射和急性高血压是可逆性脑病发生的高危因素;监测血压、血钠、纤维蛋白原,以及头颅磁共振成像检查有助于早期发现可逆性脑病。     

儿童噬血细胞综合征合并可逆性后部脑病综合征2例报告并文献复习

目的总结2例儿童噬血细胞综合征合并可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的临床特点,提高国内儿科医生对该病的认识。方法回顾分析2013-04-03和2013-02-27中山大学附属第一医院东院儿科收治的2例噬血细胞综合征合并PRES患儿的临床表现及诊治过程,并结合国内外相关文献分析病例特点。结果 2例诊断为噬血细胞综合征,在使用环孢素A+地塞米松+鬼臼乙叉甙治疗过程中出现神经系统异常表现,伴高血压,综合分析诊断为PRES,经过及时降压、环孢素A减量或停药等对症治疗后完全恢复,随访至今病情稳定。结论 PRES是一种短期内可以完全恢复的神经系统疾病,在噬血细胞综合征患者中预后良好,但须与其他神经系统疾病鉴别,尤其是噬血细胞综合征神经系统病变。提高对PRES认识可减少误诊率。     

儿童造血干细胞移植后中枢神经系统并发症的临床分析

目的：探讨儿童造血干细胞移植（HSCT）后中枢神经系统（CNS）并发症的发病情况、病因、临床特点、高危因素及预后,提高 CNS 并发症的诊断和治疗水平,改善患儿的生存质量。方法回顾性分析113例行HSCT治疗的患儿发生癫痫、高血压脑病、可逆性后部白质脑病综合征和移植相关的血栓性微血管病等HSCT后CNS并发症的诱因、发病特点及预后。结果113例行HSCT治疗患儿中共7例（6.2％）发生了CNS并发症,其中1例死亡。7例患儿中,6例为HLA不全相合,1例患儿为HLA全相合。7例患儿在预处理时均应用ATG。结论 VHLA配型不全相合可能是HSCT后发生CNS并发症的高危因素。早期发现、早期诊断并积极治疗CNS 并发症,可降低其病死率及后遗症的发生,有效改善患儿的生存质量。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿应用培门冬酶期间中枢神经系统损伤6例分析

目的总结急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿应用培门冬酶(PEG-Asp)治疗期间中枢神经系统(CNS)损伤的的临床资料及疗效,以进一步了解应用PEG-Asp治疗儿童ALL期间致CNS损伤的临床特点,以协助诊疗及评估预后。方法回顾分析2009年1月-2014年2月收治的6例儿童ALL应用PEG-Asp期间致CNS损伤的患儿的临床资料,分析其临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。结果 6例患儿CNS症状包括有头痛、抽搐、意识障碍、肢体活动障碍,其中5例首次症状出现在诱导缓解期。6例患儿头颅MRI显示3例可逆性后部白质脑病综合征(RPLS),1例脑萎缩,1例放射冠区、斜坡异常,1例脑水肿。辅助检查提示6例患儿均有凝血机制异常,经过镇静、改善循环、抗凝等治疗后患儿症状均于2周内消失。再次应用PEG-Asp 3例症状复发,随访无CNS异常后遗症状。结论 ALL患儿应用PEG-Asp期间CNS损伤均存在凝血系统异常,考虑与PEG-Asp相关,治疗效果好,部分复发,重复应用PEG-Asp相对安全,预后良好。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病诱导缓解化疗合并大脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的诊治

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)诱导缓解化疗合并大脑后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)的诱发因素,以便早期识别和正确治疗.方法 回顾分析2008年7月-2009年3月收治的4例ALL患儿诱导缓解化疗合并PRES的诊断和治疗.结果 4例PRES患儿的临床表现包括头痛、癫癎、行为异常、认知障碍、昏迷、幻视和皮质盲;头颅MRI检查均显示双侧顶枕叶白质水肿的长T1长T2信号,此外2例额叶受累,1例颞叶受累.4例PRES除可能与联合化疗相关外,2例合并高血压,2例合并败血症.予停化疗、降血压、控制感染等处理,2例临床表现和影像病灶2周内缓解,1例临床表现1周内缓解而影像病灶8个月无明显改善,1例临床表现和影像病灶8个月随访逐渐好转.结论 ALL诱导缓解化疗合并PRES的诱因是多方面的,包括联合化疗、高血压和感染等.行头颅MRI检查以早期确诊并及时去除病因,避免水久性脑损伤.     

儿童可逆性后部脑白质病综合征10例临床分析

目的探讨儿童可逆性后部脑白质病综合征(RPLS)临床及影像学特点,提高儿科临床医师对RPLS的认识。方法回顾性分析深圳市儿童医院肾脏免疫科2009—2015年10例RPLS患儿临床表现、影像学资料、治疗及预后。结果 10例均急性起病,其中继发于过敏性紫癜4例、肾病综合征3例、系统性红斑狼疮2例、IgA肾病1例。10例均应用免疫抑制剂。10例RPLS均有癫痫发作,8例合并高血压,4例出现头晕头痛,3例出现视觉异常,3例出现意识障碍,2例出现恶心、呕吐。10例患儿均完善头颅磁共振成像(MRI)检查,影像学表现主要为大脑后部为主的长T1、长T2信号,大部分呈对称性。10例RPLS经控制惊厥、降颅压、积极控制原发疾病等治疗后,临床症状及影像学表现均短期内好转。结论 RPLS主要临床表现包括癫痫发作、头痛、视觉障碍、意识障碍。头颅MRI是诊断RPLS的重要辅助检查。早期诊断及积极治疗RPLS患儿,大部分预后良好。     

Perioperative posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 2 pediatric neurosurgery patients with brainstem ependymoma

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has been described in pediatric neurooncology patients, although it has not been documented perioperatively in pediatric neurosurgery patients not actively receiving chemotherapy. Recently at the authors' facility, 2 cases of PRES were diagnosed perioperatively in children with brainstem ependymoma. Both patients had presented with hypertension, altered mental status, and seizures and demonstrated MR imaging features consistent with PRES. The patients were treated with antiseizure and antihypertension medications, leading to improvement in both clinical symptoms and neuroimaging findings. These cases are the first to document PRES in perioperative pediatric neurosurgery patients not actively receiving chemotherapy. Both patients had ependymoma involving the brainstem, which may have led to intra- and perioperative hemodynamic instability (including hypertension) and predisposed them to this syndrome. An awareness of PRES in similar scenarios will aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric neurosurgery patients with this syndrome.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy in a child with Langerhans cell histiocytosis following allogeneic PBSCT treatment with cyclosporine

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is associated with a specific disorder of cerebrovascular autoregulation of multiple etiologies. This syndrome had been subsequently described in numerous medical conditions, including hypertensive encephalopathy, pre-eclampsia and the use with immunosuppressive drugs. Here, we report a child suffering from Langerhans cell histocytosis developing into PRES following immunosuppressive therapy. Symptoms and neuroimaging abnormalities were complete resolution subsequent to the withdrawal of cyclosporine. Although PRES is rarely seen among children, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute neurological illness, especially undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after liver transplantation in children: a rare complication related to calcineurin inhibitor effects

PRES is a neuroclinical and radiological syndrome that results from treatment with calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressives. Severe hypertension is commonly present, but some patients may be normotensive. We report herein two children who received liver transplants, as treatment for biliary atresia in the first case and for Alagille's syndrome in the second one. In the early postoperative, both patients presented hypertension and seizures. In both cases, the image findings suggested the diagnosis of PRES. The CT scan showed alterations in the posterior area of the brain, and brain MRI demonstrated parietal and occipital areas of high signal intensity. Both children were treated by switching the immunosuppressive regimen and controlling arterial blood pressure. They displayed full recuperation without any neurologic sequelae. Probably, the pathophysiology of PRES results from sparse sympathetic innervation of the vertebrobasilar circulation, which is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior areas of the brain. In conclusion, all liver-transplanted children who present with neurological symptoms PRES should be considered in the differential diagnosis, although this is a rare complication. As treatment, we recommend rigorous control of arterial blood pressure and switching the immunosuppressive regimen.     

Life-threatening complications of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children

BackgroundAlthough the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is considered to have a benign clinical outcome, the presentation of PRES can be associated with life-threatening complications such as severe cerebral hemorrhage, cerebellar herniation and refractory status epilepticus (SE). The aim of this paper is to report incidence, clinical features and outcome of life-threatening complications related to PRES in children.MethodsPatients who suffered from life-threatening complications were retrospectively identified from a group composed by 27 consecutive children diagnosed with PRES in our hospital between 2000 and 2012. The clinical, radiological and EEG features and the outcome of these patients were evaluated and compared to the characteristics of patients with no complications.ResultsFive patients (18%) presented life-threatening complications: 2 cerebral hemorrhages with mass effect and midline shift (1 massive intraparenchymal hemorrhage and 1 subdural hemorrhage and intraparenchymal hemorrhage), 2 transforaminal cerebellar herniations and 1 refractory SE. Two children died because of complications and 2 children required urgent neurosurgical intervention. The infratentorial involvement at onset of PRES and the observation of focal neurological deficits other than visual disturbances were significantly more frequent in children with life-threatening complications (p < 0.01).ConclusionsPRES is associated with a non-negligible incidence of life-threatening complications. A careful clinical, neuroradiological and EEG monitoring is necessary in order to improve the outcome especially in the case of focal neurological deficits and infratentorial involvement.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children: Radiological and clinical findings – A retrospective analysis of a German tertiary care center

PurposeTo report the radiological and clinical spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in children in a German tertiary referral center.MethodsThe radiological report data bases of the authors' university hospitals were searched for paediatric patients with PRES. Clinical and paraclinical data as well as various imaging features at symptom onset and during follow-up were tabulated in patients fulfilling the criteria for PRES.ResultsA total of 18 paediatric patients with PRES were included into the study. Mean age was 9 years (IQR 7–12), 38.9% were females. Most frequent predisposing causes were renal and haemato-oncologic diseases frequently associated with endotheliotoxic cytostatic medication. Frontal lesions occurred as frequently as parietal lesions followed by occipital lesions. The superior frontal sulcus topographic lesion pattern occurred as frequent as the parieto-occipital one. In 38% of cases residual lesions were encountered with focal laminar necroses being most frequent. Initial clinical syndromes associated with PRES included seizures in 18, altered mental state in 5, and hemiparesis and visual disturbances in 2 children. Mean arterial blood pressure at onset of PRES was 140/85 mmHg (IQR systolic: 124–169, diastolic: 78–93 mmHg).ConclusionPaediatric PRES in this cohort comprises a broad radiological and clinical spectrum. The occurrence of frontal lesions, a superior frontal sulcus associated lesion pattern, and the development of focal laminar necrosis appear to be frequent in children.     

MR imaging findings suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus

Background

Endothelial damage, hypertension and cytotoxic medications may serve as risk factors for the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in systemic lupus erythematosus. There have been few case reports of these findings in pediatric lupus patients.

Objective

We describe clinical and neuroimaging findings in children and adolescents with lupus and a PRES diagnosis.

Materials and methods

We identified all clinically acquired brain MRIs of lupus patients at a tertiary care pediatric hospital (2002–2008). We reviewed clinical features, conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings of patients with gray- and white-matter changes suggestive of vasogenic edema and PRES.

Results

Six pediatric lupus patients presenting with seizures and altered mental status had MRI findings suggestive of PRES. In five children clinical and imaging changes were seen in conjunction with hypertension and active renal disease. MRI abnormalities were diffuse and involved frontal regions in five children. DWI changes reflected increased apparent diffusivity coefficient (unrestricted diffusion in all patients). Clinical and imaging changes significantly improved with antihypertensive and fluid management.

Conclusion

MRI changes suggestive of vasogenic edema and PRES may be seen in children with active lupus and hypertension. The differential diagnosis of seizures and altered mental status should include PRES in children, as it does in adults.     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮合并脑后部可逆性脑病综合征4例并文献复习

目的 分析儿童系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）合并脑后部可逆性脑病综合征（PRES）的临床特征,提高对本病的认识。方法 报告北京协和医院诊断的4例儿童SLE合并PRES的临床资料,在PubMed数据库检索相关病例行文献复习,分析儿童SLE合并PRES的临床表现、影像学检查、治疗及预后情况。结果 ①4例SLE患儿均伴有狼疮性肾炎,从确诊SLE至出现PRES的时间1~63个月,出现PRES时1例正在接受甲泼尼龙及环磷酰胺(CTX)冲击治疗。PRES均以惊厥、头痛起病,并伴血压升高。②PubMed数据库检索到11例SLE合并PRES的儿童病例,结合本文报道的4例,15例进入分析。女性14例。年龄最小8岁。从确诊SLE至出现PRES的间隔中位时间为6个月（1个月至8年）。15例出现PRES时均有惊厥发作,10例伴头痛,7例呕吐,9例意识丧失,7例视力障碍。15例均有血压升高。12例有狼疮性肾炎。治疗SLE予甲泼尼龙或CTX冲击治疗分别为4和3例,予羟氯喹2例,予环孢素和利妥昔单抗各1例,PRES分别发生在免疫抑制剂治疗后的2 d至4年。15例行头颅MRI检查示大脑后循环皮质下白质受累为主。12例予降血压治疗,10例予抗惊厥药物短期治疗。9例SLE处于活动期,继予糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗;6例非活动期的SLE患儿减停糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂。15例神经系统症状均恢复,随访均未遗留神经系统后遗症。9例复查头颅MRI示颅内病变完全或基本消失。结论 儿童SLE合并PRES主要表现为惊厥、头痛、意识障碍和视觉障碍。对于有狼疮性肾炎的SLE患儿血压升高时,尤其同时予大剂量糖皮质激素或CTX等免疫抑制剂治疗时,应警惕PRES的发生。早期诊断和治疗PRES预后较好。     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome during posterior fossa tumor resection in a child

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has been described in the setting of malignant hypertension, renal disease, eclampsia, and immunosuppression. In addition, a single case of intraoperative (posterior fossa craniotomy) PRES has been reported; however, this case occurred in an adult. The authors present a clinically and radiographically documented case of intraoperative PRES complicating the resection of a posterior fossa tumor in a 6-year-old child. During tumor resection, untoward force was used to circumferentially dissect the tumor, and excessive manipulation of the brainstem led to severe hypertension for a 10-minute period. An immediate postoperative MR image was obtained to rule out residual tumor, but instead the image showed findings consistent with PRES. Moreover, the patient's postoperative clinical findings were consistent with PRES. Aggressive postoperative management of blood pressure and the institution of anticonvulsant therapy were undertaken. The patient made a good recovery; however, he required a temporary tracheostomy and tube feedings for prolonged lower cranial nerve dysfunction. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome can occur as a result of severe hypertension during surgery, even among young children. With prompt treatment, the patient in the featured case experienced significant clinical and radiographic recovery.