辽宁省阜新农村地区高血压人群代谢综合征患病率调查

采用分层整群抽样方法对阜新农村6412名高血压成年人进行现场调查及实验室检查。按国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）及美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次指南（NCEP-ATPⅢ）标准，代谢综合征（MS）患病率分别为36．2％及25．9％，女性高于男性。MS患病率随年龄增加而降低，随血压级别升高而增加。     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural adults from Liaoning Province, northeast China.

Liaoning Province is located in northeast China, which has distinct weather conditions, geographic characteristics and lifestyles compared with other regions of the country; the lifestyle differences are especially pronounced in the rural parts of this region, where there is a dearth of financial and other resources. However, information on the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in these impoverished areas is very scarce. We therefore performed multistage cluster random sampling of a group of 29,970 adult residents (>or=5 years of residency; >or=35 years of age) of the rural portions of Liaoning Province from 2005 to 2006. The sampling included a survey on blood pressure and associated risk factors. The overall prevalence of hypertension in the community was 36.2%, and 73.0% of hypertensives were unaware of their condition. Among the total group of hypertensives, only 19.8% were taking prescribed medication to lower their BP, and 0.9% had controlled hypertension. Of all subjects, 46.4% did not think that high blood pressure would endanger their lives. As to the reasons given by hypertensives who were aware of their hypertension for not taking antihypertensive medication, 47.4% reported that they lacked knowledge about the mortality of hypertension. The average salt intake in hypertensives was 16.6+/-9.9 g/day, and the percentages of smoking (44.3%), drinking (31.7%) and salt intake>6 g/day (86.8%) in hypertensives were high. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the relative risks (95% confidence interval [CI]) of overweight, obesity, smoking, drinking, increased salt intake and family history of hypertension for hypertension were 1.95 (range, 1.82-2.08), 2.92 (2.40-3.55), 1.19 (1.12-1.27), 1.16 (1.08-1.25), 1.26 (1.20-1.33) and 2.85 (2.66-3.05), respectively. A higher education level was found to be a protective factor. In conclusion, the prevalence of hypertension in adults living in the rural parts of Liaoning Province was high, and the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were unacceptably low, which may have been due to unique geographical characteristics, unwholesome lifestyles, greater sodium intake, lower education levels, and genetic risk factors.     

The accelerating epidemic of hypertension among rural Chinese women: results from Liaoning Province

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to assess prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and its risk factors in rural women in Liaoning Province in northeast China. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 23,178 women of minimum age 35 years, living in rural Liaoning province in northeast China. We measured their blood pressure (BP) and investigated associated factors. Hypertension was defined as an average systolic BP > or =140 mm Hg, and/or an average diastolic BP > or =90 mm Hg, and/or self-report of current treatment for hypertension with antihypertensive medication. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension in this study was 38.6%. Among those with hypertension, 32.8% were aware that they had high BP, 27.4% were being treated with antihypertensive medications, and in 1.4% of the women the hypertension was controlled. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher age, Mongolian ethnicity, higher body mass index (BMI), higher waist circumference (WC), excessive salt intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, lipid disorder, diabetes, and family history of hypertension were associated with the prevalence of hypertension; a higher level of education (high school or beyond) and a higher income level were inversely related to hypertension prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hypertension is highly prevalent in rural women in Liaoning province and it is associated with known risk factors. There are unacceptably low percentages of those with hypertension who are aware of their condition, are receiving treatment, and in whom hypertension is controlled. Our study suggests the urgent need for a public health program to improve the prevention, detection, and treatment of hypertension in rural Chinese women.     

辽宁省农村地区高血压患病率、知晓率和控制率

目的 评估辽宁省农村地区高血压患者的知晓、治疗、控制现状以及血压分布特征,为开展有效的防控手段提供依据.方法 2008年9-11月,对辽宁省农村卫生适宜技术6个示范县626个村35岁以上农村居民共153 481人开展了高血压知晓、治疗和控制现状方面的筛查和评估.结果 辽宁省农村地区高血压患病粗率为40.6%,标化患病率为38.7%,男女年龄在35～044岁、45～54岁、55～64岁、≥65岁患病率分另0为23.9%、36.6%、49.0%、63.8%和20.7%、40.0%、55.0%、68.9%.高血压患者中,知晓率为56.9%,治疗率为39.7%,控制率为3.9%,接受治疗的高血压患者控制率仅为9.8%.治疗组高血压患者的收缩压和舒张压水平分别高于未治疗组患者8.4 mm Hg(1 nnn Hg=0.133 kPa)和3.4 mm Hg.结论 辽宁省农村高血压患病率高,知晓率、治疗率和控制率低,药物治疗效果较差,急需建立有效的农村高血压综合干预和管理的策略.     

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adult population of District Srinagar

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - Over the previous 30 years, the status of diabetes has changed from being considered as a mellow issue of the elderly to one of...     

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban and rural Tanzania

Aim

To estimate prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and associated determinants in urban and rural Tanzania.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2011 through 2012 in selected urban and rural communities. Pregnant women (609 urban, 301 rural), who were not previously known to have diabetes, participated during usual ante-natal clinic visits. Capillary blood samples were collected at fasting and 2 h after 75 g glucose load and were measured using HemoCue. Diagnosis of GDM was made using 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

Results

Women in rural areas were younger (26.6 years) than in urban areas (27.5 years). Mean gestational age, height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were similar for the two areas. Overall prevalence of GDM averaged 5.9%, with 8.4% in urban area and 1.0% in rural area. Prevalence of GDM was higher for women who had a previous stillbirth (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5–5.4), family history of type 2 diabetes (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–4.2), and MUAC above 28 cm (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3), and lower for women with normal hemoglobin compared with anemia (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22–0.93).

Conclusions

Prevalence of GDM is higher than expected in urban areas in Tanzania, indicating an increasing population who are at risk for delivery complications and type 2 diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the elderly: results from a population survey

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were assessed in 1032 (90%) of 1147 elderly (> or = 65 years) inhabitants of three Italian villages. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at home on two separate occasions following a standardised protocol. Persons taking antihypertensive drugs or with BP values > or = 140/90 mm Hg were considered as affected by hypertension. Prevalence of hypertension was 64.8%, with higher rates in women than men, and in those aged 75-84 than in those aged 65-74. Diabetes, strokes and hypercholesterolaemia were more frequent in hypertensive than normotensive people, whereas cardiac diseases, overweight and smoking did not differ significantly between hypertensive and normotensive people. Of the 669 hypertensive patients, 439 (65.6%) were aware of their hypertension, 398 (59.5%) were being treated, and 70 (10.5%) had their hypertension controlled. Of the 230 unaware patients, 201 (87.4%) had had their BP measured in the previous year. Of these, 174 (86.6%) had stage 1 hypertension, while 27 had stage 2 hypertension with SBP values <170 mm Hg. Overall, the patients with stage 1 hypertension accounted for 68.3% of the untreated and 50.5% of the treated patients. The use of a single drug was more frequent in patients with controlled (97.1%) or stage 1 (97.0%) than with stages 2-3 (18.9%) hypertension. The drugs prescribed most were angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (45%), followed by diuretics (43%). As our findings suggest that BP values can be effectively reduced by treating or increasing drug treatment in stage 1 hypertensive patients, data on safety and effectiveness of this policy are urgently needed. Journal of Human Hypertension (2000) 14, 825-830     

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indian tribal population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - Non-communicable diseases are the most serious public health threat of the twenty-first century. Diabetes is becoming a major public...     

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in China.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in China. METHODS: The Beijing Eye Study 2006 is a population-based investigation including 3251 subjects aged 45+ years. Anthropometric measurements and blood biochemical analyses were performed for 2960 (91.0%) subjects. RESULTS: Defining diabetes mellitus as fasting glucose concentrations > or =7.0 mmol/L (detected in 227 subjects (prevalence rate: 7.67+/-0.49%)) or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (154 subjects), 381 subjects were diabetic (prevalence rate: 12.87+/-0.62%). Within the diabetic group, 246 (64.6%) subjects were on diabetic diet or on additional anti-diabetic therapy, 205 (53.8%) subjects took oral anti-diabetic medication, and 44 (11.5%) subjects were on insulin therapy. Systemic complications due to diabetes mellitus were reported by 64 (16.8%) subjects. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with higher age, higher body mass index, higher systolic blood pressure, higher triglyceride concentrations, and lower high-density lipoprotein level. In addition, the diabetic subjects came significantly (P<0.001) more often from the urban region. CONCLUSIONS: This prevalence figure translates into more than 30 million diabetic individuals in China. Compared with previous studies, it suggests an increasing diabetes prevalence.     

Prevalence,awareness, treatment,and control of hypertension among Chinese working population: results of a workplace-based study

We investigated the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and the related risk factors among Chinese working population. From 2012 to 2013, a total of 37,856 employees aged 18–60 years from 61 workplaces were sampled. Standard questionnaire surveys and physical examinations were undertaken. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed to identify the risk factors. Overall, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.9%–23.7%). Among the hypertensives, 47.8% (95% CI: 46.8%–48.8%) were aware of their condition, 20.6% (95% CI: 19.8%–21.4%) were in treatment, but only 8.5% (95% CI: 7.9%–9.1%) had controlled hypertension. White-collar employees had a lower odds of hypertension compared with the blue-collar (odds ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71–0.84), whereas the state-owned enterprise employees had a higher odds compared with their private enterprise counterparts (odds ratio: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07–2.65). Lower awareness and treatment were associated with being younger, higher education, and those from workplace without affiliated hospital. Higher occupation status individuals were more likely to be treated but no sign of better control. There is substantial room for improvement in hypertension diagnosis and treatment among the employees. Effective intervention programs are urgently needed at the workplaces.     

Prevalence of hypogonadism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus among the Indian population

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of hypogonadism among Indian men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and evaluate its association with various metabolic parameters.MethodsOne hundred fifty consecutive men with T2DM, aged 25–70 years, and one hundred age-matched healthy men without diabetes were included. The free testosterone (FT) level was calculated using the total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin levels in serum. Patients with a calculated FT level <6.35 ng/dL and a positive response on the androgen deficiency in aging male questionnaire (ADAM) were diagnosed with hypogonadism.ResultsThe prevalence of hypogonadism was 17.3% and 10% in men with and without T2DM, respectively. The body mass index (BMI) and the mean levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), TT, SHBG, Triglycerides (TG), and FT were significantly different between the groups. The mean BMI and TG levels were significantly higher in patients with T2DM than in those without. Both groups showed a significant negative correlation between the BMI and SHBG level.ConclusionThe hypogonadism prevalence was higher in patients with T2DM than in those without, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.     

Prevalence of dyslipoproteinemias among diabetes mellitus patients

The blood levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol were determined in 330 patients with Type I and II diabetes mellitus (DM) and in 400 persons with the normal glucose tolerance test (GTT). On a curve of the distribution of values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol the upper 10% values were regarded as hypercholesterinemia (HCS) and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and the lower 10% values as hypo-alpha-cholesterinemia (hypo-alpha-CS). The prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia was shown to be much higher in the DM patients than in the healthy persons resulting from a more frequent development of HCS, HTG and hypo-alpha-CS in the patients. Some peculiarities of the prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia with relation to a DM type were revealed. It was shown that in Type I DM the prevalence of HCS and HTG was much higher than that in the persons with the normal GTT whereas the frequency of hypo-alpha-CS in both groups was the same. In patients with Type II DM as compared to the control group not only HCS and HTG but also hypo-alpha-CS were much more frequent. Moreover, the prevalence of HTG and hypo-alpha-CS in Type II DM was much higher than in Type I DM. Since dyslipoproteinemias were a risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, one might assume that their greater prevalence among DM patients would determine patients' greater predisposition to atherosclerosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a rural health centre in South India

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - There is a huge burden of diabetes-related complications, both microvascular and macrovascular, in India. With the rising prevalence of...     

Unmasking a silent killer: Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in rural South Africa

Objectives

To document the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and to identify factors associated with undiagnosed DM in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods

Cross-sectional study performed at Ndlovu Medical Center, Limpopo, South Africa including PLWH aged ≥18 years. Between August and November 2017, 356 HIV-positive participants were included. Information was collected on socio-demographics, DM symptoms and risk factors for DM. IGT and DM were diagnosed using random plasma glucose and/or HbA1c. Factors associated with undiagnosed DM were assessed by comparing participants with newly diagnosed DM to participants without DM.

Results

IGT was diagnosed in 172 (48.3%) participants. Twenty-nine (8.1%) participants met the definition of DM, of whom 17 (58.6%) were newly diagnosed. Compared to participants without DM, participants with DM were on average 5 years older, were more likely to have a positive family history for DM, were less physically active and had higher systolic blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference. Factors associated with undiagnosed DM included age ≥45 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.59) and physical inactivity (OR = 3.17).

Conclusions

The prevalence of IGT and DM among PLWH is high and more than half of DM cases were undiagnosed. Regular screening for DM in PLWH is recommended, especially in an ageing population with additional cardiovascular disease risk factors.     

Prevalence and factors influencing type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Mysore

With changes in dietary practices and lifestyle, the incidence of diabetes in India is bound to increase. Lack of awareness and poor access to quality care increases related complications. This study estimated factors influencing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cross sectional study in a Primary Health Centre (PHC) area, in Mysore district was conducted on persons aged above 40 years by house to house visit. Height, weight, waist-, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured for all the subjects. FBS more than 110 mg% was taken as cut off. Prevalence of diabetes was 8.21 %, out of which 57.41 % cases were previously diagnosed (known cases) and 42.59 % was newly diagnosed during study. Increasing age, occupation, educational status, sedentary life style, family history of diabetes, hypertension and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with DM.

     

Prevalence and factors influencing type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Mysore

With changes in dietary practices and lifestyle, the incidence of diabetes in India is bound to increase. Lack of awareness and poor access to quality care increases related complications. This study estimated factors influencing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cross sectional study in a Primary Health Centre (PHC) area, in Mysore district was conducted on persons aged above 40 years by house to house visit. Height, weight, waist-, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured for all the subjects. FBS more than 110 mg% was taken as cut off. Prevalence of diabetes was 8.21 %, out of which 57.41 % cases were previously diagnosed (known cases) and 42.59 % was newly diagnosed during study. Increasing age, occupation, educational status, sedentary life style, family history of diabetes, hypertension and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with DM.     

Correction to: Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a rural health centre in South India

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-020-00885-6