胎儿超声心动图在诊断先天性心脏病中的临床意义

目的探讨超声心动图在产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的作用。方法以胎儿四腔心切面为基础,左心长轴切面,左、右室流出道及心底短轴、主动脉弓和三血管为主要切面。对1021例22w~28w胎儿心脏进行筛查,发现严重心脏畸形者予以引产,其它异常者追踪至分娩,进行新生儿超声心动图检查,明确先天性心脏病类型。结果发现胎儿各种先天性心脏畸形40例（伴胎儿多发畸形5例）。其中：室间隔缺损10例,心内膜垫缺损4例,法洛氏四联症5例,单腔心1例,左、右心发育不良各1例,右室双出口2例,三尖瓣下移畸形1例,永存动脉干1例,完全性大动脉转位2例,矫正型大动脉转位2例,心脏肿瘤3例,右位心1例,完全性肺静脉畸形引流1例,主动脉狭窄2例,动脉导管提前收缩2例,动脉导管走形扭曲1例。结论胎儿超声心动图是产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的有效方法。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图在先天性心脏病介入治疗中的应用

导管室介入封堵及外科小切口介入封堵都已经被广泛地应用于临床,封堵成功的关键在于经胸与经食管超声心动图在术前对病例精确的筛选、术中监测及术后即刻评价。文章结合目前国内外文献及临床病例,对经胸与经食管超声心动图在房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损和动脉导管未闭3种常见先天性心脏病介入治疗中的应用进行综述,为临床提供更加准确的超声影像学诊断依据。     

彩色多普勒超声在胎儿先天性心脏病诊断中的应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在胎儿先天性心血管异常的应用价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声对9812例20～34w的胎儿心脏进行检查，其中具有发生先心病高危因素孕妇624例。产前诊断复杂先心或单纯VSD大于6mm者，引产尸解检查。产前检查胎儿心脏异常的新生儿，产前检查正常、产后心脏听诊异常或有发绀者均进行心脏彩超复查。结果 9812例胎儿共发现心血管异常28例，心血管异常发生率2．85‰。其中其母为胎儿先心高危因素17例。心血管异常发生率27．24‰.28例先心胎儿中，复杂先心13例，其中左室发育不良15例；左室发育不良，右室双出口VSD1例；右室双出口VSD2例；右室发育不良1例；右室发育不良并PSl例；大动脉转住并VSDl例；法洛氏四联症3例；心内膜垫缺损3例；合并身体其他部位畸形5例。室间隔缺损7例，2例合并唇裂。单心房3例，l例合并三尖瓣重度关闭不全。三尖瓣发育异常并重度关闭不全2例。肺动脉瓣狭窄1例。左室粘液瘤1例。出生后随访产前漏诊VSD4例，缺损范围2．5～5mm；卵圆孔未闭14例。尸解证实1例右室双出口误诊为法四。结论 胎儿心脏彩色多普勒超声检查技术，作为一项诊断胎儿先天性心血管异常的最有价值的检查手段，值得在具备条件的各级医院推广应用，对减少新生儿出生缺陷具有重要意义。     

超声心动图诊断先天性二叶式主动脉瓣——附18例报告

先天性二叶式主动脉瓣(简称二瓣化)，在国外报道为一较常见的先天性(大)血管畸形，所以生前能否作出正确的诊断是关键的一环，现将我院1986年以来经超声心动图诊断二瓣化18例(部分经手术证实)总结报告如下。     

产前超声诊断胎儿先天性心脏病中染色体核型异常的分析

目的调查分析产前超声筛查后确诊先天性心脏病胎儿中染色体异常的分布,探讨先天性心脏病的病因,提高产前诊断率。方法对2011年1月至2013年6月在本院产前诊断中心产科门诊B超诊断的先天性心脏病胎儿进行羊水或脐带血的染色体核型检查,并综合分析先天性心脏病畸形分类和染色体异常的关系。结果确诊的70例先天性心脏病病例中,伴染色体异常者18例,占25.71%（18/70）,其中21-三体7例,18-三体7例,13-三体2例,X单体2例。先天性心脏病合并心外畸形的胎儿22例,其中有14例（63.64%）染色体检查发现异常,仅有先天性心脏病的胎儿核型分析发现4例染色体异常,占单纯先天性心脏病的8.33%（4/48）。CHD胎儿中,100%的13-三体、85.71%的18-三体、71.43%的21-三体和50%的X单体均不同程度的伴有心外器官的畸形。结论染色体异常是产前B超诊断的先天性心脏病,尤其是复杂型先天性心脏病或有合并其他心外畸形的主要病因。对于B超筛查出的复杂型先天性心脏病或有合并其他心外畸形的胎儿,应重视其染色体的检查。     

超声心动图在常见先天性心脏病Amplatzer封堵术中的应用

目的:探讨超声心动图在常见先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值.方法:本组先天性心脏病47例中,ASD 31例、PDA 7例及VSD 9例,经胸或/和经食道超声心动图检查符合条件而行经导管以Amplatzer封堵器封堵术治疗.结果:47例中,除2例患者因双孔或单孔ASD最大伸展径较大(＞34 mm)而放弃封堵外,余45例患者在超声指导下以Amplatzer封堵器封堵成功,均无残余分流,成功率为95.75%(45/47).结论:采用Amplatzer封堵器封堵治疗常见先天性心脏病时,超声心动图对于术前病例选择、术中指导监测、封堵器型号的选择以及术后疗效评价等,均有较大的临床价值.     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断新生儿先天性心脏病中的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断新生儿先天性心脏病（CHD）中的应用价值。方法对2006年1月～2008年12月我院妇产科疑似有新生儿先天性心脏病的患儿137例进行彩色多普勒超声检查,并对其影像特征进行分析。结果本组疑似新生儿CHD患儿137例中共检出CHD患儿90例,检出率为65.69%。新生儿CHD中室间隔缺损47例,占52.22%;单纯室间隔缺损36例,合并其他畸形11例;膜部缺损34例,其中呈瘤状缺损15例;嵴部缺损9例,肌部缺损4例。本组CHD中房间隔缺损26例,占28.89%;其中4例合并有动脉导管未闭。本组动脉导管未闭患儿14例,占15.55%;三尖瓣下移畸形、心内膜垫缺损、先天性肺动脉扩张各1例,占1.11%。结论彩色超声多普勒检查新生儿先天性心脏病具有无创伤、操作简单、廉价的优点,能有效地对新生儿先天性心脏病做出早期诊断。     

新生儿先天性心脏病78例分析

目的了解新生儿先天性心脏病的临床特点.方法对本院新生儿病房及重症监护病房收住的临床疑似病例经彩色多普勒超声心动图(CFM)检查确诊的先天性心脏病进行分析.结果本组先天性心脏病中,青紫型先心21例(26.9%),非青紫型先心57例(73.1%).最常见先心病类型构成比为室间隔缺损(VSD)(37.2%)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)(29.5%)、完全性大动脉转位(D-TGA)(7.7%)、肺动脉闭锁(PA)(6.4%).12.8%合并有心外畸形.临床表现以心脏杂音、不同程度青紫、气促为最常见,部分病人可无气促、无心脏杂音,部分青紫型先心及多数非青紫型先心可无紫绀.结论新生儿先天性心脏病类型众多,临床表现复杂,对可疑病例应尽早作彩色多普勒超声心动图(CFM)检查以明确诊断.对有先心病高危因素者,应重视胎儿心脏超声检查,早期发现重症先心病及时终止妊娠.     

新生儿先天性心脏病的早期诊断及病因探讨

为探讨先天性心脏病的发病因素及在新生儿期的早期临床表现，通过分析77例经超声心动图确诊的先心病的临床特点和发病的高危因素，结果发现心脏乱杂音、青紫、呼吸困难是新生儿期先心病的主要表现，房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、空间隔缺损是非青紫型先心病最多见的类型，而在青紫型先心病中以法洛氏四联症，完全性大动脉转位多见。先心病的高危因素有：先心病的家庭史、宫内感染、小于胎龄儿、合并心脏外畸形及环境因素。对可疑病例应及时作超声心动图以早期诊断。当存在先心病高危因素时，应及时开展先心病的产前诊断，早期发现严重、复杂、难治的先心病，预防措施目前还无能为力。解释病因和预防先心病的发生还是个极其艰巨的任务。     

先天性心脏病合并5号环状染色体患儿的超声检查分析(附1例报告)

先天性心脏病与染色体异常关系密切.本文报告1例出生6个月的女婴,具有较典型的猫叫综合征的临床表现,彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断为先天性心脏病,外周血染色体核型检查分析为46,XX,r(5)/46,XX嵌合体,经文献检索少见报道.     

先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压患者血浆前列腺素E_2的变化及意义

对２７例左向右分流先天性心脏病病人及１２例非癌症普胸病人，用放射免疫分析测定了血浆前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２），结果发现先心病肺高压组病人的血浆ＰＧＥ２（３２．０±５．２ｎｇ／Ｌ），显著高于无肺高压组（２３．０±４．４ｎｇ／Ｌ）及普胸对照组的（１９．１±３．９ｎｇ／Ｌ）；且轻度肺高压组（３０．９±４．８ｎｇ／Ｌ）及中重度肺高压组（３３．０±８．３ｎｇ／Ｌ）血浆ＰＧＥ２均显著高于无肺高压组的，而轻度肺高压组和中重度肺高压组血浆ＰＧＥ２比较，则差异不显著。先心病肺高压病人血浆ＰＧＥ２的增加，可能是对肺动脉压力升高的一种代偿机制，而肺动脉高压的发病是代偿不全及其它因素作用的结果。     

超声心动图用于风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的临床分析

目的 研究超声心动图用于风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄中的价值。方法 回归分析2017年1月~2018年1月在我院诊治的46例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者临床资料,研究其超声心动图临床特点。结果 46例患者中轻度狭窄19例（41.30%）、中度狭窄23例（50.00%）、重度狭窄4例（8.69%）。结论 采用超声心动图诊断风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄,不仅对患者无创伤,而且操作简单、方便。同时可以判断出病情的严重程度,对临床诊治风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄具有重要的价值。     

Ultrastructure of Myocardial Capillary Endothelium in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiosurgical stress initiates endothelial injury of the colliquation necrosis type (without activating coagulation necrosis) in coronary capillaries of infants aged under 1 year. The dark cells exhibited high tolerance to operation stress in the presence of labile ultrastructural response of endothelial cells of the main and light types. The percentage of dark cells does not change during surgical intervention, which is a sign predicting a favorable course of the postoperative period. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 146, No. 10, pp. 451–455, October, 2008     

超声心动图诊断老年冠心病患者肺动脉高压的临床价值分析

目的 分析在老年冠心病患者群体中应用超声心动图检测肺动脉高压的临床应用价值。方法 选取我院2015年1月~2016年3月收治的老年冠心病患者84例,按照肺动脉收缩压水平随机将其分为A、B、C、D四组,每组21例。运用超声心动图针对四组患者展开检查诊断,观察比较四组患者的RVAW和LVPW。结果 B组、C组和D组的RVAW分别为（4.26±0.92）mm、（7.98±1.14）mm和（7.52±4.07）mm,均大于A组的（3.44±0.87）mm,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。B组的LVPW大于A组,C组的LVPW小于A组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;D组的LVPW为（56.51±2.47）mm,小于A组的（64.47±3.95）mm,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 运用超声心动图检查技术测定老年冠心病患者的RVAW和LVPW,对于检测诊断肺动脉高压症状具备一定的临床应用价值,结合其他临床诊断标准,能够提高老年冠心病患者群体的肺动脉高压诊断准确率,改善患者的整体生存质量。     

Interpretation Bias for Heart Sensations in Congenital Heart Disease and its Relation to Quality of Life

Background: Previous studies have shown that patients with congenital heart disease (ConHD) report a diminished health-related quality of life. Purpose: This study examines the mechanisms by which ConHD affects health-related quality of life. We hypothesize that (1) the relation between trait anxiety and quality of life is mediated by a negative interpretation bias for heart sensations, specifically in ConHD, and that (2) the relation between trait anxiety and interpretation bias is mediated by state anxiety. Method: Sixty-six patients with ConHD and 50 healthy participants read a vignette about a person experiencing ambiguous heart-related sensations. Interpretation bias to these sensations was assessed with the Implicit Models of Illness Questionnaire. Participants completed Spielberger trait and state anxiety questionnaires and the physical subscales of a quality-of-life questionnaire. Results: Path-analysis demonstrated that interpretation bias mediated the relation between trait anxiety and daily functioning. However, trait anxiety and interpretation bias were less influential with respect to gross motor functioning. Moreover, state anxiety mediated the relation between trait anxiety and interpretation bias. Conclusion: These results suggest that patients with ConHD who display both elevated levels of trait and state anxiety exhibit the most pronounced negative interpretation bias for heart sensations and in turn diminished daily functioning. The authors gratefully acknowledge Conor Dolan and Jelte Wicherts for their statistical advice and Kiki Hohnen for her grammatical advice. The report was written as part of a project funded by the Dutch Heart Foundation (99.038).     

False Heart Rate Feedback and the Perception of Heart Symptoms in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Anxiety

Background  Little is known about the mechanisms explaining an increased perception of heart symptoms in congenital heart disease (ConHD). In the present study, it was suggested that a combination of high trait anxiety and disease history increases the perception of heart symptoms. Purpose  It was tested whether false heart cues will result in an increased perception of heart symptoms in patients with ConHD and anxiety. Method  Thirty-six patients with ConHD and 44 healthy controls performed two exercise tasks. During one of the exercise tasks, participants were exposed to a false heart cue consisting of false heart rate feedback (regular or irregular). Perceived heart symptoms were assessed and heart rate, arterial partial pressure of CO₂, and respirator rate were monitored continuously. Results  In line with the predictions, false heart rate feedback resulted in an increased perception of heart symptoms in high trait anxious patients with ConHD that could not be explained by acute heart dysfunction. However, unexpectedly, this effect was not observed immediately after the false heart rate feedback task but after a second exercise task without false feedback. Conclusion  The results suggest that not the sole presence of ConHD but ConHD in combination with high trait anxiety results in a vulnerability to overperceive heart symptoms.     

Investigation of Somatic NKX2-5 Mutations in Chinese Children with Congenital Heart Disease

The purposes of this study are to investigate somatic NKX2-5 mutations in Chinese children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and assess the reliability of somatic mutation detection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The study cohort included frozen and FFPE cardiac tissues as well as blood samples from 85 Chinese children with CHD who had the cardiac operations. The right atrial appendage far from the diseased heart was used as normal control. Genomic DNA was isolated from cardiac tissues and blood samples using TIANamp Blood DNA kit. Two exons and exon-intron boundaries of NKX2-5 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced by dideoxynucleotide chain termination approach. The acquired sequences were aligned with GenBank sequences to identify the sequence variations. No somatic mutation in the NKX2-5 gene was observed in both frozen and FFPE cardiac tissues in 85 Chinese children with CHD. Nonetheless, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), c.63 A > G (E21E), was identified in all the three kinds of DNA samples with the same allele frequency 82.3%. Moreover, another common SNP c.606 G > C (L202L) was found in 2.3% of our patients. There were no significant differences in the allele frequencies of two SNPs between the cardiac diseased tissues and right atrial appendage (P > 0.05). PCR artefact as mutations was not found in the FFPE tissues stored for one year. Our findings demonstrate that somatic NKX2-5 mutations do not represent an important aetiologic pathway in Chinese children with congenital heart disease.     

先天性心脏病心内直视手术中改良缺血后处理对心肌的保护作用

目的：探讨先天性心脏病（CHD）体外循环（CPB）心内直视手术中改良缺血后处理对心肌的保护作用。方法：30例CHD患者按病种随机均分为两组。实验组在常规CPB主动脉阻断心内直视手术完成后,实施改良缺血后处理;对照组行常规CPB主动脉阻断心内直视手术。分别于术前（T1）、主动脉开放前（T2）、主动脉开放后30min（T3）、术后6h（T4）、术后24h（L）、术后72h（T6）、术后6d（T7）各时点采集静脉血,测定红细胞压积（HCT）、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnI）、磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、丙二醛（MDA）;观察并比较两组术后心脏自动复跳率、室性心律失常发生率、正性肌力药物使用率及呼吸机应用时间。结果：（1）对照组在T3～T6时点cTnI、CK含量及T3～T4时点MDA含量高于实验组（P〈0．05）;（2）实验组多巴胺等正性肌力药物使用率及呼吸机应用时间低于对照组（P〈0．05）,心脏自动复跳率高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：改良缺血后处理能够很好地保护心肌,具有一定的临床可行性,值得推广应用。     

集束化干预在低龄低体重先天性心脏病患儿微创手术的应用

目的 探讨集束化干预在低龄低体重先天性心脏病患儿微创手术围术期的应用。方法 对2014年1月~2015年12月收治65例拟行微创手术的先天性心脏病患儿,按入院时间分为对照组和实验组,各37例。对照组采取先天性心脏病常规护理措施;集束化护理组采取集束化综合护理方案,对比两组术后并发症及护理满意度。结果 试验组患儿术后肺部感染率低于对照组,护理工作的满意度则高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 婴幼儿先天性心脏病围术期患儿实施科学、完善的集束化护理,能提高护理质量、降低术后并发症,促进患儿康复。