IMPACT OF UPLIFT OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND CHANGE OF LAND-OCEAN DISTRIBUTION ON CLIMATE OVER ASIA

Using an improved CCM1/NCAR climate dynamic model and a combination distribution ofland-ocean-vegetation during 40-50 MaBP,a series of numerical experiments representingdifferent stages of the Tibetan Plateau uplifting and different land-ocean distributions are designedto discuss the influence of the Plateau uplifting and land-ocean distribution variation on Asianclimate change.It is shown that Tibetan Plateau uplifting can firstly increase the precipitation inChina during the period from initial uplift to half height of modern Tibetan Plateau and thendecrease the rainfall during the time from the half height to the present plateau.At the same time.the uplifting can reduce surface air temperature over China.Besides.the effects of the uplift andland-ocean distribution change on the variation of winter and summer Asian monsoon circulationare also discussed.     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC*

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over the Tibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discuss the mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationship between middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it is favourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over the Plateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flow patterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on 500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon south to high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bring about the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoon recurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact of synoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport of disturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over the Plateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over the Plateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over the Plateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of low latitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affects typhoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude and low latitude on synoptic system.     

青藏高原地区大气臭氧变化的研究

文中综述了对青藏高原夏季大气臭氧低值中心的出现和可能形成的机理的一些研究结果。发现了青藏高原在夏季存在大气臭氧总量低值中心的事实 ,研究了该低值中心的背景环流特征 ;证实了青藏高原地区确为对流层与平流层物质输送的通道之一 ,以及它对青藏高原臭氧低值中心形成所起的作用 ;并用数值模拟方法揭示了该低值中心的形成原因。另外用资料证实了青藏高原地区夏季不但存在大气臭氧低值中心 ,而且该低值中心是一个强大气臭氧递减中心的事实。最后介绍了用数值模拟方法来预测青藏高原地区大气臭氧未来变化的趋势。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU*

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way to understand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annual variation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snow cover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcing and sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide the digital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrieved surface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking the satellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographical distribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence of the underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM*

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmospheric general circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropical Pacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system can successfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is not included in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the Tibetan Plateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSO process is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existence of the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of the Tibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING SUMMER 1998 AND ITS IMPACT ON EAST ASIAN WEATHER*

The seasonal variation of rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau in summer 1998 is analyzed by using daily observational rainfall data for Lhasa from 1955 to 1996,and rainfall data at 70 stations from January to August of 1998 over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent regions,as well as TBB data from May to August of 1998.The onset date of rainy season for Lhasa is climatologically 6 June.Among the analyzed years,the earliest onset date is 6 May,while the latest may delay to 2 July.The obvious inter-decadal variation can be found in the series of onset date.The onset date of summer 1998 over middle TP (onset date of Lhasa) is 24 June,which is relatively later than the normal case.The onset for rainy season of 1998 started over southeast and northeast parts of TP and then propagated westward and northward.The convection over east and west parts of TP shows that there is a quasi 12-15 day oscillation.In June,the convection over middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River is formed by the westward propagation of convection over subtropical western Pacific.while in July.it is formed by the eastward propagation of convection over TP.Besides,it is also found that there exists good negative and obvious advance and lag correlation between the convection over the middle and western TP and that over the subtropical western Pacific and southern China.Therefore it can be inferred that a feedback zonal circulation with a quasi two-three week oscillation exists between the ascending region of TP and descending region of subtropical western Pacific,i.e.the convection over TP may affect the subtropical high over western Pacific and vice versa.     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over theTibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discussthe mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationshipbetween middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the NorthwestPacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it isfavourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over thePlateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flowpatterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon southto high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bringabout the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoonrecurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact ofsynoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport ofdisturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over thePlateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over thePlateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over thePlateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of lowlatitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affectstyphoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude andlow latitude on synoptic system.     

ABRUPT SEASONAL CHANGE OF ZONAL CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The abrupt changes of zonal circulation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) region and their likely causes are derived from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. The zonal circulation over the TP abruptly changed in summer (31st pentad) and winter (59th pentad). The switch from summer to winter circulation is characterized by a sudden northward shift of the westerlies and the zero-velocity curve and disappearance of the westerly jet. The winter–summer switch is characterized by the reverse pattern. Therefore, the circulation conversion between summer and winter can be judged from the position of the zero-velocity curve. Curves located north of 20 °N indicate summer circulation over the TP and vice versa. The abrupt change of zonal circulation is mainly caused by the thermodynamic effect of the TP. In June, this effect causes a huge monsoon circulation cell extending from the TP to low latitudes. Consequently, the westerlies jump to the north as easterlies develop. This process, which is enhanced by the strong northerly in Coriolis, establishes the summer circulation. In October, the Hadley cell recurs as the thermal effects of the TP diminish, the westerlies rush southward, and the winter circulation is established.     

MAIN HEATING MODES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN JULY AND THE CORRELATION PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST ASIA*

Based on the 1958-1999 monthly averaged NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the REOF analysis is applied to obtain the main spatial modes of normalized atmospheric heating source over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in July.Results show that the four leading modes are located over the northeast TP,southwest TP.Kashmir and southeast TP respectively,and the cumulative variances are no more than one third of the total.It indicates that the heating source distribution is very complicated over the TP in July.In other words.it is difficult to depict the heating spatial distribution with a few modes.By using wavelet analysis,a 2-4-year variation period is identified in these modes.Moreover,correlation coefficients between each RPC and zonal wind U, meridional wind V.zonal moisture flux Q_v,meridional moisture flux Q_v,and precipitation rate over East Asia are calculated to construct correlation fields,Results show that different heating modes over the TP correspond to different circulation,moisture flux as well as precipitation patterns,Precipitation over North China(or Kashmir) is negatively(or positively) correlated with REOF1.Similarly.notable negative(or positive) correlation can be found between the rainfall over south part of Southwest China.South China,and the Philippines(or Japan) and the REOF3. Due to high localization of diabatic heating over the TP.it is not enough to study the influence of TP thermal forcing on the climate with an area averaged heating index.     

夏半年青藏高原东部大气热源异常对环流和降水的影响

本文利用高原２３个测站探空资料，经客观分析求得的１９８３－１９９２年夏半年逐月青藏高原东部大气热源和水汽汇积分值，讨论了高原东部大气热源对北半球大气环流以及对我国降水的影响。月距平均资料显示，高原东部大气热源在ＥＮＳＯ年一般有所加强，与此相应，５００ｈＰａ高度场从高原到淮河流域为一低值区，蒙古一带为高压区，１００ｈＰａ高度场高原上空为高压区，我国东北，朝鲜和日本一带为低值区。     

青藏高原的抬升和夷平过程对气候与环境的影响

系统地讨论了高原隆起的早第三纪至现代青藏高原的７次抬升过程对气候和环境的影响，应用气象学理论分析了当时气候形成的原因，主要结论；（１）高原隆起前的干热气候是由于隆起全球地势平坦，致使大气热机效率很低之效；（２）渐新世初高原的水平尺度达到斜压大气地转适应的临界尺度，大气环流从南北两极“两涡对峙”突变成地球三极的“三涡鼎立”气候发生突变；（３）分析了２．５Ｍａ时高原抬升到２０００ｍ这一重要临界高度后大     

青藏高原平流层臭氧和气溶胶的变化趋势研究

通过分析SAGEⅡ资料,发现青藏高原平流层臭氧存在递减趋势,15—50 km臭氧的变化对臭氧总量变化贡献最大,其中25—50 km和15—25 km两层的贡献大致相当。通过青藏高原和中国东部地区平流层臭氧变化的对比,清楚地看出:两地臭氧总量变化的差异主要是由于在15—25 km臭氧变化不同所致。5—7月臭氧变化趋势的情况与年平均的变化类似,两地臭氧变化的差异主要在平流层低层,即15—25 km。青藏高原平流层气溶胶面密度的时间变化序列显示:大的火山喷发对青藏高原平流层气溶胶具有重要影响,其影响可持续6年左右。从1997年至今,青藏高原18—25 km气溶胶面密度增加,最大的增长出现在23 km,每年大约增长4%—5%。而在16—17 km气溶胶的面密度出现减少趋势。与此同时,在37 km以下,青藏高原的温度出现递减的趋势,而且其递减速度比中国东部地区快;在37—50 km,温度出现增加的趋势,青藏高原的增温也比中国东部地区快。青藏高原平流层低层气溶胶的增加和温度的降低都将增强该区域非均相反应的作用。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE INFLUENCES OF GENERAL CIRCULATION ANOMALY OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND SURFACE ALBEDO CHANGE IN NORTHWEST CHINA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION

An advanced three-level global atmospheric general circulation model has been used to studythe summer precipitation anomaly in Northwest China.based on the synoptic fact and thestatistical analysis of the precipitation,the surface albedo in Northwest China,and the synopticsystems over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang)Plateau.The results show that either the anticycloneintensified over the plateau or the surface alhedo enhanced in Northwest China results in summerprecipitation reduction east of Northwest China.Especially.when both of them appearsimultaneously,summer precipitation was obviously reduced and severe drought occurred in mostareas of Northwest China.Moreover.the simulated difference of precipitation rate of NorthwestChina is similar to the actural precipitation distribution in Northwest China in 1995,which is themost severe drought year in Northwest China in the past fifty years.So the tendency in droughtseverity intensified,drought frequency accelerated,drought persistence period extended,anddrought areas expanded in Northwest China in recent years is maybe a result of the influences ofhuman activities(e.g.vegetation was reduced,and desertification worsened)on droughtcirculation pattens over the Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原臭氧低谷的加深及其可能的影响

通过分析 TOMS(1 979～ 1 992 )资料发现 :(1 )青藏高原的臭氧不仅存在递减趋势 ,而且是一个递减的强中心 ,这个递减的强中心是同纬度地区 3个递减中心之一 ;(2 )夏季青藏高原臭氧低谷有加深的趋势 ,其递减率最大值为 - 0 .336% /a;加深区域为 2 9～ 33°N,78～ 94°E。另外 ,分析 SAGE 资料的结果表明 :青藏高原臭氧递减的强中心的形成是由于其平流层下部臭氧异常减少造成的。根据研究结果的趋势估测 :从 1 992年到 2 0 0 0年 ,夏季青藏高原紫外辐射增加大约为 1 .3%～ 2 .3% ,可能引起白内障发病率上升大约 0 .8%～ 1 .4% ,皮肤癌上升大约 3.2 %～ 5.4%。     

GCM STUDIES ON ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA*

Impacts of human activities on climate change as simulated by the general circulation models (GCMs)in China for the recent ten years have been summarized and reviewed in this paper.The researches show that it might be getting warmer over China due to the greenhouse effects.The atmospheric circulation and precipitation also might be changed due to the greenhouse effects.The assessments and evaluations of the models over the globe and China have also been presented in this paper.     

青藏高原热力作用对南海及周边区域夏季气候的影响研究进展

针对青藏高原热力强迫作用对东亚夏季风强度、南海夏季风爆发早晚、南海周边区域旱涝的影响,以及在全球变暖背景下其对降水格局的影响等科学研究进行了总结回顾,并就青藏高原热力作用对南海周边区域夏季气候的影响科学问题进行了探讨。研究表明,高原冬春积雪异常通过影响雪盖反照率、改变辐射平衡和通过积雪-水文效应改变土壤湿度两个途径来影响东亚夏季风;通过改变大陆-海洋经向热力对比影响南海季风爆发早晚;通过改变西太平洋副高位置和季风环流变化来影响华南和长江流域夏季降水的分布。在全球变暖背景下,青藏高原感热加热的减弱可能对降水年代际“南涝北旱”格局的形成具有重要贡献。随着全球变暖减缓,青藏高原中部和东部的感热呈现出复苏态势,“南涝北旱”的降水格局分布在将来有可能被打破。      

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING SUMMER 1998 AND ITS IMPACT ON EAST ASIAN WEATHER

The seasonal variation of rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau in summer 1998 is analyzed byusing daily observational rainfall data for Lhasa from 1955 to 1996,and rainfall data at 70 stationsfrom January to August of 1998 over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent regions,as well asTBB data from May to August of 1998.The onset date of rainy season for Lhasa is climatologically6 June.Among the analyzed years,the earliest onset date is 6 May,while the latest may delay to2 July.The obvious inter-decadal variation can be found in the series of onset date.The onset dateof summer 1998 over middle TP (onset date of Lhasa) is 24 June,which is relatively later than thenormal case.The onset for rainy season of 1998 started over southeast and northeast parts of TP and thenpropagated westward and northward.The convection over east and west parts of TP shows thatthere is a quasi 12-15 day oscillation.In June,the convection over middle and lower reaches ofYangtze River is formed by the westward propagation of convection over subtropical westernPacific.while in July.it is formed by the eastward propagation of convection over TP.Besides,it is also found that there exists good negative and obvious advance and lagcorrelation between the convection over the middle and western TP and that over the subtropicalwestern Pacific and southern China.Therefore it can be inferred that a feedback zonal circulationwith a quasi two-three week oscillation exists between the ascending region of TP and descendingregion of subtropical western Pacific,i.e.the convection over TP may affect the subtropical highover western Pacific and vice versa.     

青藏高原隆升影响夏季大气环流的敏感性试验

本文用球带范围的大气环流耦合模式，模拟了青藏高原隆升过程中大气环流的变化。模拟的结果表明，高原对大气的加热作用随着高原地形的升高而加强，而其中潜热加热的贡献占据第一位。高原隆升加剧了高原上空大气的上升运动，使高低空的高低压系统得到了加强，增强了南亚和东亚的季风强度，并且引起高原地区降水明显增加，地表面平均温度剧烈下降。尽管如此，青藏高原的隆升并没有从根本上改变大气环流形势，海陆分布才是形成当代大气环流及季风的根本因子。因此，要模拟地质历史时期气候状况，除了高原地形外，还须考虑更多的因子，尤其是海陆分布的变化。     

青藏高原东北侧干旱的数值试验

用谱方法（Ｔ４２）求解半球球面无辐散正压涡度方程,采用实际的干旱环流资料,分别在有地形和无地形的情况下,求出其对应的干旱环流型的强迫场,模拟了在强迫场的作用下干旱环流的形成、维持情况及在强迫场消失后干旱环流型的崩溃情况。结果表明：（１）强迫场在干旱环流型的形成、维持及崩溃过程中起重要作用;（２）青藏高原的存在使其东北侧干旱形成和崩溃均加快。     

PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON SURFACE DIRECT RADIATION*

To improve the simulating ability of a model,this paper presents a scheme of calculating direct radiation at land surface with topography in the model.A numerical study is conducted for the topographic effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the direct radiation using NCEP terrain data.Results show that,after taking account into the topographic radiation effect,the regional average of the radiation over the Plateau obviously increases in the local early morning and late afternoon,but changes less around noon.The effect is stronger in winter than that in summer.And heterogeneous topography has also affected the distribution of the radiation in this area.A simple numerical experiment shows that considering the effect will lead ground temperature to increase on the slope having more sunshine,and vice versa.