扩散加权成像诊断鼻咽癌放疗后颅底斜坡复发

目的 探讨DWI诊断鼻咽癌颅底斜坡复发瘤价值。方法 收集经病理活检或随访证实的22例鼻咽癌放疗后颅底斜坡复发瘤患者和48例无复发患者,分析其常规MRI以及DWI特征,比较二者ADC值的差异,绘制ROC曲线,确定ADC诊断鼻咽癌颅底斜坡复发瘤的阈值。结果 MR平扫示复发与无复发患者的病灶均呈稍长T1稍长T2信号,增强后呈无强化至明显强化。复发患者中,77.27%（17/22）病灶DWI呈高信号,18.18%（4/22）呈等信号,其中21例（21/22,95.45%）病灶ADC图像均呈低或稍低信号;1例（1/22,4.55%）病灶DWI呈等信号、ADC图像呈稍高信号。无复发患者中,91.67%（44/48）病灶DWI呈高信号、ADC图像呈等或稍高信号,8.33%（4/48）病灶DWI呈等或稍低信号,ADC图像呈等或稍低信号。复发患者与无复发患者病灶ADC值差异有统计学意义[（0.78±0.17）]×10^-3mm²/s vs（1.67±0.34）×10^-3mm²/s, P=0.002）。以1.018×10^-3mm²/s为ADS诊断复发瘤阈值,其诊断敏感度和特异度分别为95.45%（21、22）和91.67%（44、48）,ROC曲线下面积为0.984。结论 DWI诊断鼻咽癌颅底斜坡复发瘤效能较高,具有重要临床应用价值。     

鼻咽腺样囊性癌的MRI表现

目的 探讨鼻咽腺样囊性癌(ACC)的MRI表现,评价MRI观察肿瘤侵犯范围的价值。 方法 回顾性分析17例病理确诊的鼻咽ACC患者的MRI表现。 结果 17例鼻咽ACC均为黏膜下生长,表现为肿块型(n=6)及黏膜下增厚型(n=11),均侵犯周围组织,多有黏膜侵犯(n=12)。T2WI信号多不均匀(n=10),6例见分隔样改变,增强扫描可见明显强化。10例有脑神经侵犯,且均侵犯三叉神经;7例有颅内侵犯;12例有颅底骨质侵犯,且大部分为(n=11)多部位侵犯。2例淋巴结转移,1例出现肺转移。 结论 鼻咽ACC的MRI表现具有一定特征性。MRI可明确显示肿瘤局部侵犯范围及沿神经浸润扩散。     

胸膜凹陷征MSCT和18F-FDG PET/CT特征评价周围型肺癌胸膜侵犯

目的 探讨围型肺癌胸膜凹陷征的MSCT及PET/CT特征,及其评估胸膜侵犯的价值。方法 收集屏气胸部CT见胸膜凹陷征、经手术病理证实的周围型肺癌72例,对所有患者行¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT全身显像和MSCT,根据MSCT表现,将胸膜凹陷征分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,测定肿瘤胸膜连接部最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)。比较不同胸膜凹陷征类型患者胸膜侵犯发生率差异,比较不同胸膜凹陷征类型SUV_max差异,比较代谢增高、有患者中无胸膜侵犯患者SUV_max差异。结果 胸膜凹陷征Ⅰ型22例、Ⅱ型20例、Ⅲ型30例,Ⅲ型胸膜侵犯发生率[93.33%(28/30)]高于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型[63.64%(14/22)、65.00%(13/20),P均<0.05],Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);24例胸膜侵犯患者局部胸膜摄取¹⁸F-FDG增高,其中Ⅰ型7例、Ⅱ型6例、Ⅲ型11例,三者SUV_max差异无统计学意义(1.64±0.48、1.33±0.20、1.48±0.53,P>0.05);代谢增高患者中有、无胸膜侵犯病例SUV_max差异无统计学意义(1.49±0.45 vs 1.34±0.22,P>0.05)。结论 MSCT中周围型肺癌胸膜凹陷征Ⅲ型提示肿瘤胸膜侵犯,而肿瘤胸膜连接部¹⁸F-FDG代谢状态不能反映肿瘤胸膜侵犯。     

肢带型肌营养不良的MRI表现

目的 观察肢带型肌营养不良的MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析7例经临床及病理检查确诊为肢带型肌营养不良患者的MRI资料,观察双侧大腿肌群脂肪沉积与炎性水肿情况,采用4分法进行评价。并进行统计学分析。结果 肢带型肌营养不良患者大腿肌群MRI均可见脂质沉积和炎性水肿性改变。不同肌肉间脂肪沉积(χ²=75.596,P<0.01)与炎性水肿差异均有统计学意义(χ²=41.368,P<0.01),双侧大腿肌群间脂肪沉积与炎性水肿差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 肢带型肌营养不良患者大腿肌群MRI信号特点及分布具有一定特征,MR检查有助于疾病的诊断。     

基于高分辨力MRI的正常中国成人小脑体积测量

目的 建立中国正常成人小脑体积的95%可信区间,为建立中国成人数字标准脑提供基础性数据。 方法 500名中国健康成年志愿者,按年龄18~30岁(第1组)、31~40岁(第2组)、41~50岁(第3组)、51~60岁(第4组)、61~69岁(第5组)分为5组,每组男女各50名,接受大脑T1加权三维磁化强度预备梯度回波序列扫描。应用三维体积分析软件测量小脑的体积,并对不同性别、不同年龄组的小脑体积分别进行统计学分析。 结果 成年男女的小脑总体积的95%可信区间分别为176 770.0~270 444.9 mm³、163 460.4~245 932.0 mm³(P<0.05);成年男性第5组小脑体积与前3组差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);成年女性第5组小脑体积与前4组差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);成年男女小脑体积与年龄均呈负相关(r=－0.443、－0.318,P均<0.001)。 结论 基于高分辨力MR图像和三维体积分析软件可准确测量小脑体积,为中国成人数字标准脑提供基础性数据,为可能引起小脑体积改变的相关疾病诊断提供正常对照标准。     

动态增强MRI Reference region模型在子宫肌瘤中的初步应用

目的 探讨动态增强MRI(DCE-MRI)评价子宫肌瘤血流动力学情况的应用价值。方法 对61例子宫肌瘤患者(78个子宫肌瘤)行DCE-MRI,选择Reference region模型完成图像后处理;对肌瘤特点、肌瘤及肌层定量参数值行统计学分析;将子宫肌瘤R^ktrans、K_ep,RR、K_ep,TOI值与患者自身肌层相应值作比较,高于(或低于)肌层相应值者定义为高(或低)R^ktrans、K_ep,RR、K_ep,TOI病灶;依据T2WI图像上肌瘤信号强度分为低信号、等信号、不均匀高信号、均匀显著高信号、均匀轻度高信号。结果 子宫肌瘤与肌层间R^ktrans、K_ep,RR、K_ep,TOI值的差异均有统计学意义(P均< 0.05);高R^ktrans病灶与低R^ktrans病灶、高K_ep,TOI病灶与低K_ep,TOI病灶差异有统计学意义(P均< 0.05),高K_ep,RR病灶与低K_ep,RR病灶差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);肌瘤T2WI信号强度与其R^ktrans、K_ep,RR、K_ep,TOI值呈低度正相关(r值分别为0.308、0.303、0.318,P均< 0.05)。均匀轻度高信号肌瘤R^ktrans值与低、等、不均匀高、均匀显著高信号肌瘤间R^ktrans值的差异有统计学意义(P均< 0.05);均匀轻度高信号肌瘤K_ep,RR值与低、等信号肌瘤K_ep,RR值间差异有统计学意义(P均< 0.05);均匀轻度高信号肌瘤K_ep,TOI值与低、等、不均匀高信号肌瘤K_ep,TOI值间差异有统计学意义(P均< 0.05),低信号肌瘤K_ep,TOI值与均匀显著高信号肌瘤K_ep,TOI值差异有统计学意义(P=0.027);余组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。肌壁间、浆膜下、黏膜下肌瘤间R^ktrans、K_ep,RR、K_ep,TOI值的差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。结论 DCE-MRI的Reference region模型可用以定量分析子宫肌瘤与子宫肌层不同的血流动力学特点。     

磁共振弥散加权成像诊断不同病理类型脑膜瘤

目的 探讨DWI及ADC值鉴别诊断良恶性脑膜瘤以及对脑膜瘤病理分型的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的109例脑膜瘤患者,于Functool图像后处理工作站上测量肿瘤实质区、瘤周水肿区及对侧正常脑白质ADC值,计算相对ADC值（rADC）;比较不同病理亚型及良恶性脑膜瘤的DWI信号特征及ADC值的差异。结果 良恶性脑膜瘤DWI信号差异无统计学意义（χ²=4.95,P=0.29）,不同病理亚型脑膜瘤DWI信号差异亦无统计学意义（χ²=17.86,P=0.12）。良恶性脑膜瘤肿瘤实质强化区rADC值（rADCt）差异有统计学意义（t=2.57,P=0.01）,而二者肿瘤实质强化区ADC值（ADCt）、瘤周水肿区ADC值（ADCe）及瘤周水肿区rADC值（rADCe）差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。血管瘤型脑膜瘤ADCt及rADCt值高于其他各病理亚型（P均<0.05）;间变型脑膜瘤ADCt及rADCt低于纤维型及脑膜皮细胞型（P均<0.05）。结论 rADCt可用于鉴别良恶性脑膜瘤;ADCt及rADCt值对鉴别诊断脑膜瘤病理亚型具有一定的临床价值。     

MRI诊断乳腺黏液腺癌

目的 观察乳腺黏液腺癌及其不同病理分型的MRI特点。方法 回顾性分析30例经手术病理证实的乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI表现,对比不同病理分型的MRI特点。结果 30例乳腺黏液腺癌,类圆形17例,分叶状10例,不规则形3例;边缘清楚19例,模糊10例,边缘伴毛刺1例;T1WI(VIBRANT蒙片)示低信号19例,等信号8例,高信号3例;T2WI IDEAL示高信号10例,高亮信号20例;强化方式为均匀强化6例,不均匀强化13例,环形强化10例,无强化1例;动态增强曲线类型为Ⅰ型21例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型1例;DWI呈高信号15例,高亮信号15例。30例乳腺黏液腺癌的平均ADC值为(1.91±0.28)×10^-3 mm²/s。单纯型和混合型黏液腺癌在形态和T2WI IDEAL信号强度方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI表现有一定特征,主要为T2WI高亮信号、高ADC值、以流入型为主要动态增强方式;病变形态和T2WI信号强度对鉴别不同病理分型黏液腺癌有一定价值。     

成人与儿童流行性乙型脑炎的MR特点

目的 对比成人与儿童流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)MR表现。方法 分析32例成人和27例儿童乙脑的MR表现及急性期DWI特点。结果 成人和儿童乙脑累及部位前2位均为丘脑、中脑黑质,儿童累及皮层或皮层下白质高于成人(χ²=89.43,P=0.007),成人累及海马高于儿童(χ²=81.32,P=0.042)。急性期DWI扫描阳性共38例,DWI发现病灶细胞毒性水肿的能力明显优于常规序列;常规序列发现病灶血管源性水肿的能力优于DWI,DWI存在假性正常化。结论 成人与儿童乙脑MRI显示累及海马、皮层或皮层下白质有差异。DWI检出细胞毒性水肿有显著优势,但对急性期血管源性水肿的检出存在假性正常化。     

3.0T MRI IdealIQ序列评价成人肝铁浓度与脂肪分数的相关性

目的 检测中国汉族健康人群的肝脏脂肪分数及肝储铁水平,并评价脂肪分数及肝储铁水平相关性。方法 应用GE Discovery MR750W测定45名受检者的肝脏脂肪分数和R2^*值。采用IdealIQ序列进行上腹部扫描,应用AW VolumeShare 5工作站软件,通过在肝脏上选择ROI的方法直接获得R2^*值及肝脂肪分数。采用t检验的方法分别检验不同性别、年龄组间脂肪分数、R2^*值均数的差异,应用Spearman分析的方法分析R2^*值及脂肪分数的相关性。结果 45名健康人肝脏脂肪分数为1.15%~10.26%,R2^*值为46.45~89.30 Hz。男性与女性、青年人与中年人的肝脏FF、R2^*值差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。脂肪分数与R2^*值呈线性正相关(r=0.432,P=0.003)。结论 运用3.0T MRI IdealIQ序列能够同时测定肝脏脂肪含量及铁浓度,肝脏脂肪含量与肝铁浓度具有显著的相关性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.