双电极石墨型堆焊焊条及单弧焊工艺研究

介绍了双电极焊条单弧焊工艺,研究了双电极石墨型堆焊焊条。由于石墨型焊条药皮中含有大量的石墨与合金元素,焊条药皮具有导电性,在对石墨型双电极焊条施加电压时,焊条易被击穿。因此,重点研究了双电极之间电阻及焊芯间距对双电极焊条电弧形态、电弧电压及对焊缝成形的影响。试验采用云母片作绝缘剂,用水玻璃粘接。试验结果表明,对于药皮重量系数为58.7%的2×4mm石墨型双电极焊条,在两芯间距为1.4～1.7mm,焊接电流为180～220A的工艺条件下进行焊接,焊缝成形、力学性能较好。     

双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性Ⅱ.电弧对两焊芯熔化的自调节作用

两焊芯熔化速度能否保持一致是双电极焊条单弧焊过程能否稳定进行的关键.研究表明,双电极焊条两焊芯熔化的一致性受焊条类型、焊接电流等因素的影响.双电极焊条两焊芯熔化一致的充分条件为U阳效等于U阴效,两者差值越大则焊芯熔化不一致程度越大.双电极焊条单弧焊电弧对两焊芯的熔化存在自调节作用,即电弧燃烧过程中两焊芯端部在电弧中的长度不等,两焊芯仍能保持等速熔化,使电弧燃烧过程能够稳定进行.电弧自调节作用原理是由于两焊芯端部在弧柱区的长度不同,伸入弧柱区中较长的焊芯从弧柱区获得更多的热量,而加快其熔化,从而起到电弧的自调节作用.一般随焊芯间距的减小及焊接电流的增大,电弧自调节作用增强.     

双电极焊条单弧焊的电弧特性

针对双电极焊条单弧焊焊接新工艺，作者研究了其电弧静特性和双电极焊条的熔化特性，并用高速摄像机对双电极焊条单弧焊的电弧形态进行了研究。结果表明。双电极焊条单弧焊具有上升的电弧静特性，静特性曲线随两焊芯间距的增大而上移；在两焊芯间距合适的情况下，双电极焊条阴、阳极熔化速度可以保持一致，故双电极焊条单弧焊可使用交、直流电源，其熔化速度比单芯焊条的大并随焊接电流的增大和两焊芯间距的减小而增大；双电极焊条单弧焊电弧有多种形态。     

双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性Ⅰ.双电极焊条的加热和熔化

通过测量双电极焊条的动态温升等试验方法研究了双电极焊条单弧焊中双电极焊条的加热和熔化.研究结果表明,双电极焊条的熔化系数随焊接电流的增大、药皮重量系数和焊芯间距的减小而增大,是单芯焊条的2～3倍.加热和熔化双电极焊条的能量有焦耳效应产生的电阻热、电弧通过熔滴传给焊条端部的热;焊条的熔化主要依靠电弧的热量.在焊接终了时,随焊接电流增大,焊芯温度升高增大;对于200 A的焊接电流,TF4303焊条的温度升高到750 K以上;TE308-16焊条具有更大的温升和更快的熔化速度.电弧热在焊条上所形成的温度场一般集中在焊条燃烧的端部16 mm以内.由于电阻热的作用,焊接终了时的熔化速度比焊接开始时快了约20%.     

双熔敷极耐磨堆焊焊条焊接稳定性的分析

针对φ4.0 mm的双熔敷极耐磨堆焊焊条电弧焊中焊条参数与焊接工艺参数对焊接稳定性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,双熔敷极耐磨堆焊焊条电弧焊电弧电压主要由焊条的双芯间距决定,并受到熔滴过渡、电弧吹力等因素的影响,双芯间距太小或者太大都不利于焊接稳定,当双芯间距为1.0mm时,电弧电压为33 V左右,焊接稳定性优良;药皮重量系数为45％～ 56％时,保护效果较好,冶金反应充分,焊接稳定,熔覆层硬度HHRc＞6 200 MPa;焊接电流选择180～200 A为宜,这比传统同规格耐磨堆焊焊条焊接电流大且可调范围窄;焊条与工件间的距离为7 mm时,焊接稳定性较好,焊缝与母材熔合良好.     

焊接工艺 熔焊

弧焊和等离子弧复合焊接工艺过程，双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性 Ⅰ．双电极焊条的加热和熔化，双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性Ⅱ．电弧对二焊芯熔化的自调节作用，栓钉穿透焊焊接工艺研究，电容螺柱焊放电过程对焊接质量的影响，利用脉冲技术改善埋弧焊的焊缝成形质量。[编者按]     

纯钛TA2薄板双钨极氩弧焊焊接工艺

针对1.24 mm厚纯钛TA2薄板进行双钨极氩弧焊堆焊,研究焊枪倾斜角度和电极间距对电弧耦合、焊缝成形的影响,利用高速摄影和电信号采集系统分别对电弧形态、电流和电压波形进行分析,揭示纯钛TA2薄板高速焊焊接缺陷形成和抑制机理. 结果表明,电极间距在11 ~ 15 mm,电弧干扰小,焊缝成形良好;两个焊枪呈大致对称倾斜分布,液态金属后向流动被抑制,无明显咬边现象,焊缝成形良好. 采用合理的工艺参数进行TA2薄板双钨极氩弧对接焊,焊接速度可达3 m/min,接头抗拉强度为434 MPa,断后伸长率为31.4%,拉伸试样断裂于母材.     

气流再压缩等离子弧焊接工艺初步探究

等离子弧焊接在中厚板焊接领域具有重要的应用前景.自主设计搭建了气流再压缩等离子弧焊接系统,开展了气流再压缩等离子弧焊接新工艺试验研究.通过焊接过程监测系统分析焊缝成形,温感扫描图可以比较准确的反映实际焊缝成形.针对8 mm厚的304不锈钢,焊接电流为150 A时,常规等离子弧焊接熔深为6.53 mm;气流再压缩等离子弧焊接可以完全熔透工件,且正面焊缝和背面焊缝成形良好.结果表明,相同电流条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,气流再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧电压升高;气流再压缩等离子弧焊接可以提高焊接熔透能力.     

双丝串列电弧焊焊缝成形的试验分析

将旋转电弧传感器和双丝串列电弧焊结合起来,开发了旋转电弧引导的、两个电弧在同一个熔池上燃烧的双丝串列电弧焊方法,对其焊缝成形工艺进行了研究.分析了焊接电流、焊接电压、双丝间距、电弧旋转等参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,随着焊接电流的增大,熔敷速度增加,焊缝成形系数呈现先增大后减少的变化规律.而焊接电压的增大则会使焊缝成形系数略有减小.对双丝间距的研究发现,当间距为15 mm时,焊接质量较好.与普通双丝串列焊相比,前置电弧旋转时熔池底部变得平坦,最大熔深有所减小,平均熔深有所增加,这将有助于减少焊缝的应力集中.与单丝旋转电弧焊相比,焊接熔敷速度显著增大,有效避免了高速焊接时的咬边现象.     

金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接工艺

提高电弧穿透能力是等离子弧焊接领域的重要课题.自主设计并搭建了金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接新工艺试验平台,采集焊接过程电信号、视觉信号、弧光光谱信号等,并从焊缝成形、电弧电压、熔融金属过渡、弧光光谱等方面对金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接过程进行了初步的研究.在相同焊接电流195 A条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接工艺相比,金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接焊缝熔深增加1.29 mm、熔宽减少1.65 mm、电弧电压升高0.63 V.在波长为230 ~ 270 nm范围内,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接中Fe和Cr元素的特征谱线明显增多. 结果表明,在相同电流条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧穿透能力增强.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.