胃食管反流病的食管外表现

胃食管反流病(GERD)的食管外表现指除烧心、泛酸、胸骨后痛等典型食管症状外的其他表现,如肺系、耳鼻咽喉、口腔症状,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,消化性溃疡,肠易激综合征等.此文结合近期文献,对其研究现状及诊治策略进行综述.     

反流性食管炎、Barrett食管的食管动力学研究

目的 探讨反流性食管炎(RE)、Barrett食管(BE)的动力学改变。方法 经内镜检查3 400例患者,分 RE、BE、对照组,进行症状调查、食管测压、食管24h pH检测,并行统计学分析。结果 RE与BE组间除吞咽不适外,烧心感、反酸及胸骨后疼痛的症状评分均为RE组大于BE组,且差异有显著性意义。部分RE、BE、对照组间食管运动功能比较,食管下括约肌静息压等差异均无显著性意义。食管24 h pH检测DeMeester评分、pH<4总时间、pH<4时间的百分比等 RE、BE组高于对照组,差异有显著性意义,但RE、BE组间差别无显著性意义。结论 食管反流症状与食管黏膜的内镜下表现不一致;食管组织化生与食管运动功能间无相关。     

老年人反流性食管炎食管外表现与酸反流的关系

目的 探讨老年人反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis,RE)食管外表现与酸反流的关系.方法 选择经胃镜检查证实为RE老年患者69例,入选者均有胃灼热、反酸等胃食管反流症状及咳嗽、喉炎,哮喘等食管外症状.对所有患者行24 h食管pH值监测,根据监测结果将患者分为中重度病理性酸反流组(中重度组)40例和轻度病理性酸反流组(轻度组)29例.两组均给予口服埃索美拉唑治疗(20 mg,3次/d),疗程8周,观察治疗后症状改善情况. 结果酸反流中重组食管外症状总积分(14.4±2.71)分.明显高于酸反流轻度组(8.2±2.0)分,经埃索美拉唑治疗后,两组患者食管外症状比治疗前均有好转,治疗后中重度组食管外症状总积分为(12.2±1.9)分,较治疗前明显改善(P<0.01). 结论老年RE患者的食管外症状与酸反流显著相关.老年患者因慢性咳嗽、慢性喉炎及哮喘长期就诊而治疗效果不佳时,应详细询问病史,考虑到GERD的可能性,尽早行胃镜及24 h食管pH监测,以明确诊断,尽早治疗.     

胃食管反流病的食管外表现和并发症

就现在所知,胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)是一种颇为常见的疾病,且因本病与食管腺癌等疾病的发生相关而日益受到人们的关注.对GERD的认识始于食管炎,当时认为由于胃内容物的反流,只造成食管下端黏膜的化学性炎症而命之为反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis),而将已经发现的其他系统-器官的症状视之为反流性食管炎的并发症.然而,随着研究的深入,已意识到本病的临床谱甚广,反流性食管炎本身所产生的典型症状如烧心、反流,以及非特征性症状如嗳气、吞咽困难、胸-背痛等只是疾病表现的一部分,具有相当的诊断价值,但食管外症状亦常为GERD的诊断提供重要线索,因此,认识这些症状对由此而及早诊断、治疗GERD有相当重要的意义.     

原发性食管腺、鳞癌诊断比较分析

目的分析原发性食管腺癌的临床、诊断特点.方法回顾、对比分析本院10年间收治的39例原发性食管腺癌、39例食管鳞癌病例(同期430例食管鳞癌随机筛选出)的临床资料,以及患病10年前反流性食管炎的病史情况.结果食管腺癌患病率占同期收治食管癌的8.3%(39/469).其症状有吞咽困难,胸骨后疼痛,反酸及胸骨后烧灼感,黑便或呕血,消瘦或乏力不适.与食管鳞癌患者相比,除反酸及胸骨后烧灼感症状出现频率(51.3%)高于食管鳞癌(23.1%)外,其他症状出现频率两者相近.食管腺癌好发于食管下段(76.9%),而食管鳞癌好发于食管中上段(74.6%);食管腺、鳞癌的早期诊断率分别为5.1%、23.1%;64.1%原发性食管腺癌患者既往有类似反流性食管炎症状的病史,食管鳞癌患者仅有17.9%有反流症状.结论提高原发性食管腺癌的早期诊断率在于对有反酸及胸骨后烧灼感等反流性食管炎类似症状者常规行胃镜检查以提高Barrett食管的检出率,对Barrett食管患者的定期内镜复查十分必要.     

反流性疾病问卷对咽喉炎为主症的胃食管反流病的筛查功效研究

目的 探讨反流性疾病问卷(RDQ问卷)对以食管外症状-咽喉炎为主要表现的胃食管反流病(GERD)病例的筛查功效.方法 对26例食管外症状-咽喉炎为主要症状的,确诊为GERD病例,分别对KDQ问卷筛查阳性及阴性病例的平均积分进行比较分析,并对RDQ问卷对该类病例诊断敏感性、特异性、阳性符合率进行统计.结果 ①26例确诊为GERD病人中,19例RDQ问卷筛查阳性,症状平均积分为(14.32±5.12);7例RDQ问卷筛查阴性,症状平均积分(8.14±5.04),两组症状积分差异有显著性.②RDQ问卷对有食管外症状-咽喉炎的胃食管反流病确诊病例的功效为诊断敏感性73.07%、特异性53.33%、阳性符合率40.42%.结论 RDQ问卷对以食管外症状-咽喉炎为主要症状胃食管反流病病例的诊断筛查功效明显降低.     

胃食管反流病患者食管外表现调查及危险因素分析

目的探究胃食管反流病（GERD）患者食管外表现发生情况及危险因素。 方法选取2012年4月至2017年12月,新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院诊断为GERD的200例患者的临床资料,通过单因素和多因素分析GERD患者食管外表现的发生率和危险因素。 结果患者出现食管外表现发生率为47.00%,其中反流性咽喉炎、反流性咳嗽和反流性哮喘分别为26.50%、15.55%、和12.00%,3者之间的发生无相关性;维吾尔族GERD食管外表现的发生率明显高于汉族（χ²=9.167 ,P=0.002 ）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,维吾尔族、劳累、过饱食、饮食结构和GerdQ量表评分11~14及15~18是患者发生食管外表现的危险因素。 结论维吾尔族GERD患者的食管外表现发生率高于汉族,维吾尔族、劳累、过饱食、饮食结构和高GerdQ量表评分是GERD患者出现食管外表现的危险因素。     

以食管外症状为主要表现的胃食管反流病诊断方法的研究进展

胃食管反流病(GERD)是临床常见的慢性消化疾病,有着发病率高、易反复且临床表现多样的特点.以咽喉不适、声音嘶哑、咳嗽等食管外症状为主要表现的GERD人群的诊断一直是临床难题.近年来,随着对胃食管反流病认识的不断加深及诊断技术的发展,临床诊断方法更加多样化.本文中笔者就目前几种常用的GERD临床诊断方法的新进展及未来可...     

合并食管外症状的难治性胃食管反流病的临床研究

选取51例难治性GERD患者,分析合并食管外症状和典型反流症状的难治性GERD患者的高分辨率食管测压和24 h pH-阻抗监测数据。结果显示合并食管外症状组弱酸反流事件发生率(41.0%,16/39)高于典型反流症状组(9/12),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=4.238,P=0.040);而两组酸反流、长反流、非酸反流和食管动力之间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。弱酸反流可能是合并食管外症状难治性GERD的重要发病机制。     

指针疗法联合埃索美拉唑、莫沙比利治疗胃食管反流病食管外症状疗效观察

[目的]研究分析指针疗法联合埃索美拉唑、莫沙比利治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)食管外症状的临床疗效。[方法]将以食管外症状为主要表现并确诊为GERD患者140例随机分为2组。A组70例,采用指针疗法联合埃索美拉唑、莫沙比利治疗;B组70例,采用埃索美拉唑、莫沙比利治疗,疗程均为8周。观察2组患者临床症状缓解情况,食管黏膜的恢复程度及不良反应。[结果]治疗后,A组有效63例,无效7例,总有效率为90.00%;B组有效57例,无效13例,总有效率为81.43%。A组的有效率和食管黏膜恢复程度均高于B组(P<0.05),且不良反应少。A组以食管外症状为主要表现的GERD患者中以气郁痰阻证及肝胃郁热证最为多见,且治疗后临床疗效优于其他3种证型,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]指针疗法联合埃索美拉唑、莫沙比利治疗GERD食管外症状效果明显,值得临床推广。     

Extraoesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux

A variety of pulmonary and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) symptoms and disorders are considered to be extraoesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). These extraoesophageal manifestations include asthma, chronic cough, laryngeal disorders, and various ENT symptoms. Recent studies have established that GORD underlies or contributes to chronic sinusitis, chronic otitis media, paroxysmal laryngospasm, excessive throat phlegm, and postnasal drip. Traditionally, management of extraoesophageal GORD manifestations relies on prolonged empiric therapy with high doses of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), followed by pH monitoring under PPI in refractory cases. Recent studies found no benefit of empiric long term high dose PPI therapy. The diagnostic yield of endoscopy in extraoesophageal GORD manifestations seems higher than previously appreciated while pH monitoring under PPI therapy has a low yield. Based on these new findings, a new management algorithm can be proposed that uses short term empiric PPI therapy and GORD investigations off PPI. Well designed controlled studies evaluating the proposed management algorithms and treatment approaches in this area are urgently needed.     

Approach to the patient with presumed extraoesophageal GERD

Reflux related cough, asthma and laryngitis are frequently encountered and are considered part of extraoesophageal syndromes. The diagnosis of extraoesophageal reflux is difficult due to the lack of gold standard diagnostic criteria. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and esophageal pH monitoring are inadequate diagnostic tools for due to poor sensitivity and specificity. For this reason, empirical PPI therapy is recommended as an initial approach to diagnose and treat the potential underlying cause of these symptoms in patients without alarm symptoms. Diagnostic testing with esophageal pH and/or impedance monitoring and esophageal motility testing is usually reserved for those who continue to be symptomatic despite a trial of therapy with PPIs. Recent developments have increased our understanding of this difficult to treat group of patients but more research into reflux related extraoesophageal symptoms are needed to better diagnose and treat this group.     

Effect of Antisecretory Therapy on Atypical Symptoms in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The effect of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy on extraesophageal or atypical manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of atypical manifestations in patients with acid reflux disease and the effect of PPI treatment. Patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of reflux were enrolled. Erosive esophagitis was stratified using the Los Angeles classification. Demographic data and symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire and included typical symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, odynophagia), and atypical symptoms (e.g., chest pain, sialorrhea, hoarseness, globus sensation, chronic coughing, episodic bronchospasm, hiccup, eructations, laryngitis, and pharyngitis). Symptoms were reassessed after a 3-month course of b.i.d. PPI therapy. A total of 266 patients with a first diagnosis of GERD (erosive, 166; non-erosive, 100) were entered in the study. Presentation with atypical symptoms was approximately equal in those with erosive GERD and with non-erosive GERD, 72% vs 79% (P = 0.18). None of the study variables showed a significant association with the body mass index. PPI therapy resulted in complete symptom resolution in 69% (162/237) of the participants, 12% (28) had improved symptoms, and 20% (47) had minimal or no improvement. We conclude that atypical symptoms are frequent in patients with GERD. A trial of PPI therapy should be considered prior to referring these patients to specialists.     

Extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease. Presentations and approach to treatment

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in the adult US population, but likely is underestimated as many patients present with symptoms other than heartburn or regurgitation. Ears, nose, throat, pulmonary, and cardiac symptoms also frequently are related to GERD. The diagnosis of GERD as a cause of these symptoms can be difficult and treatment strategies are much less clear than in patients presenting with heartburn or regurgitation. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of some of the manifestations of extraesophageal reflux disease.     

Extraesophageal manifestations in gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition that affects about 20-30% of the adult population, presenting with a broad spectrum of symptoms and varying degrees of severity and frequency. Other manifestations are being increasingly recognized: the so-called 'extraesophageal' manifestations, such as laryngitis, hoarseness, chronic cough, asthma, or non-cardiac chest pain. Epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate significant associations between pulmonary manifestations and GERD. Up to 50% of patients with an endoscopically proven esophagitis suffer from symptoms other than heartburn or acid regurgitation. However, the published estimates of extraesophageal disorders in patients with GERD vary widely, which may be a result of referral bias. The most effective initial approach in suspected reflux-related extraesophageal symptoms is empiric proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. However, studies demonstrated that the advantage of long-term PPI treatment over placebo could have been overestimated.     

胃食管反流病与呼吸系统疾病的相关性研究进展

胃食管反流病典型表现为胃灼热感、反酸,但很多患者以食管外症状为主要表现或唯一表现。食管外症状以呼吸系统症状多见,并且此类患者往往生活质量受到严重影响甚至威胁生命,但就诊率低,误诊率高。一方面由于临床医师和患者对此病认识不足,另一方面目前缺乏有效的、有循证依据的大样本前瞻性研究来证实胃食管反流与呼吸系统疾病之间的相关关系。二者的相关性及联系的具体机制尚不清晰,本文结合近年来国内外针对二者相关性的研究现状,对胃食管反流病与呼吸系统疾病的相关性的研究进展展开叙述。     

Diagnostic evaluation in gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) describes the clinical manifestations of reflux of gastric contents and the associated symptoms and patterns of tissue injury. Although its exact prevalence is difficult to determine, there is no doubt the GERD is the most common esophageal disease and probably among the most prevalent conditions seen in the primary care setting. GERD has a wide clinical spectrum, making the diagnostic evaluation challenging and complicated at times. Confirmatory test are rarely needed in patients with typical symptoms of heartburn or regurgitation who have a good clinical response to GERD therapy. This article describes the diagnostic tests necessary for some cases of GERD.     

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the relationship between respiratory disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing. However, the association between GERD and pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has not been studied in detail. We investigated the prevalence of GERD in patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease underwent ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring. Of the 58 patients, 27 patients were identified as having Mycobacterium avium complex infection (15 with Mycobacterium intracellulare and 12 with M avium), and 31 patients had Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infection. RESULTS: The prevalence of GERD in patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease was 26% (15 of 58 patients). Only 27% (4 of 15 patients) had typical GERD symptoms. No statistically significant differences were found between patients with GERD and those without GERD with regard to age, sex, body mass index, or pulmonary function test results. However, patients with GERD were more likely to have a sputum smear that was positive for acid-fast bacilli (12 of 15 patients, 80%), compared with patients without GERD (19 of 43 patients, 44%) [p = 0.033]. In addition, bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis were observed in more lobes in patients with GERD than in patients without GERD (p = 0.008 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of NTM lung disease have a high prevalence of increased esophageal acid exposure, usually without typical GERD symptoms.     

Medication therapeutic strategies for gastro-esophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition in industrialised countries. According to a recently published, globally accepted definition and classification of GERD, clinical presentations include oesophageal and extraoesophageal syndromes, with extraoesophageal syndromes divided into established and proposed associations. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the drug class of choice for all patients with GERD, irrespective of the severity. The individual strategy of treatment (e. g., dose and duration of PPI) depends on the clinical presentation. As a rule, the magnitude of acid control gained by PPIs is related to clinically meaningful outcome parameters: speed and extent of symptom control, healing of reflux oesophagitis, maintenance of symptomatic and endoscopic remission of the disease. In individual cases, the efficacy of PPI therapy can be improved by switching from one compound to another and by increasing the frequency of dosing. Current evidence suggests that PPI therapy is remarkably safe without any relevant differences between the PPIs on the market.     

Supraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

An increasing amount of evidence indicates that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a contributing factor to hoarseness, throat clearing, throat discomfort, chronic cough, and shortness of breath. The association between GERD and these supraesophageal symptoms may be elusive. Heartburn and regurgitation are absent in more than 50% of patients. Acid reflux should be considered if signs of GERD are present, symptoms are unexplained, or symptoms are refractory to therapy. The diagnosis of GERD may be unclear, despite a careful history and initial evaluation. A high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis. An empiric trial of antireflux therapy is appropriate when GERD is suspected. Multiprobe ambulatory pH monitoring is currently the diagnostic test of choice, but the level of sensitivity and specificity for supraesophageal manifestations of GERD is uncertain. Response to antireflux therapy is less predictable than typical GERD. More intensive acid suppression and longer treatment duration are usually required.