微波/H2O2工艺降解水中微量硝基苯的试验研究

利用MW/H2O2高级氧化技术处理水中微量硝基苯(NB),研究了该工艺对硝基苯的去除效果,分析了微波功率、H2O2投加量、硝基苯初始质量浓度、水中普遍存在的腐植酸和碳酸氢根对MW/H2O2工艺降解硝基苯的影响.结果表明,MW/H2O2工艺在处理2L初始质量浓度为300 μg·L-1的硝基苯时效果显著,32 min后NB去除率就达88.5％,远高于单独H2O2氧化或单独的微波辐射.试验中该工艺最佳微波功率为300W,随H2O2投加量和NB初始质量浓度的增加,MW/H2O2对NB的去除率先增后减,但单位H2O2降解NB的量始终随着NB初始质量浓度的增加而增大.腐植酸对MW/H2O2氧化降解硝基苯有显著的抑制作用,但HCO3-却对硝基苯的氧化降解有一定的促进作用.     

UV/H2O2降解城市污水处理厂尾水中低浓度DBP的研究

试验研究了UV/H2O2工艺处理模拟城市污水处理厂尾水中低浓度的DBP,考察了工艺参数和水质参数对DBP降解效果的影响。结果表明,单独UV光照或单独H2O2对DBP的降解效果远低于两者的协同作用。DBP的降解效率随着H2O2投加量的增加而增大,随着DBP初始质量浓度的增大而减小,且其光降解速率常数与其初始质量浓度成拟一级反应动力学关系。在DBP初始质量浓度为1～100μg.L-1,H2O2投加量为0.10 g.L-1,UV辐射强度为24.26μW.cm-2的条件下,反应进行30 min后,DBP降解率均可达到90%以上,且pH对其降解效果影响小。UV/H2O2工艺对于浊度低、成分复杂的城市污水处理厂尾水中低浓度的DBP去除率为85%,比去离子水中配制的DBP原水降解率低14%。     

水中碘海醇的UV/H_2O_2光化学降解

采用UV/H2O2工艺降解水中碘海醇(IOX),研究了UV强度、H2O2投加量、pH、IOX初始浓度、常见阴离子和腐殖酸对降解效果的影响。研究结果表明,UV/H2O2降解IOX的过程符合拟一级反应动力学。随UV强度的增加,IOX降解速率增加;H2O2投加量对IOX的降解速率有较大影响,当H2O2投加量为1 mmol/L时,反应速率常数达最大;中性条件更利于降解IOX;CO32-对IOX的降解速率抑制明显;腐殖酸对IOX降解也有一定抑制作用。     

UV／H2O2联用工艺对甲霜灵农药的降解

研究了高级氧化联用技术UV/H2O2光激发工艺去除水中甲霜灵的性能。试验结果表明,降解效果明显,其降解曲线呈现拟一级反应动力学的特征。研究了不同的影响因素,诸如不同H2O2的投加量、甲霜灵初始浓度、初始pH和水中常见阴离子等,对UV/H2O2光激发工艺对甲霜灵的降解的影响。在试验H2O2投加量范围内,随着H2O2投加量的增加,甲霜灵的降解速率增加;随着甲霜灵初始浓度的升高,光解反应的初始反应速率也随之增加,拟一级反应速率常数k下降;最佳pH为5;水中常见阴离子对UV/H2O2工艺降解甲霜灵影响的大小顺序为CO2-3＞NO-3＞SO2-4＞Cl-。     

Na7Co（H2O）CrW11O39·14H2O光催化降解孔雀石绿的研究

以取代型杂多酸盐Na7Co(H2O)CrW11O39.14H2O为光催化剂。在紫外灯辐射下,研究了模拟染料废水孔雀石绿的光催化降解的反应,讨论了催化剂投加量、孔雀石绿的初始质量浓度、溶液的pH值等对孔雀石绿降解率的影响。结果表明,孔雀石绿溶液光催化降解的最佳条件为:pH值为2,催化剂投加量为2 mg,孔雀石绿的初始质量浓度为5 mg/L,经15 W紫外灯照射1 h后,其降解率为90.94%。     

TiO2/浮石光催化降解活性艳红X-3B的中试研究

采用TiO2/浮石悬浮态光催化剂,对活性艳红X-3B模拟废水进行了光催化降解的中试研究.考察了催化剂投加量、曝气量、溶液pH、投加助剂H2O2、污染物初始浓度对光催化效率的影响.结果表明,TiO2/浮石在中试条件下对活性艳红X-3B有较好的降解效果;催化剂最佳投加质量浓度为45g/L,增大曝气量和pH,适当投加助剂H2O2有利于光催化降解效率的提高;活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解过程符合负一级反应动力学规律,反应速率常数与活性艳红X-3B模拟废水初始浓度之间具有近似负一级的动力学关系.     

微波强化催化湿式H_2O_2氧化降解喹啉的研究

采用微波强化催化湿式H_2O_2氧化法降解喹啉,以负载型Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3/TiO_2为催化剂,考察了微波功率、反应温度、H_2O_2投加量和溶液初始p H对降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,在喹啉初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、微波功率为500 W、反应温度为60℃、pH=6、H_2O_2投加量为0.094 mol/L的条件下,反应18 min后,喹啉和TOC去除率分别可达100%、82.18%。微波可明显提高反应速率,反应体系中喹啉降解和H_2O_2分解均符合一级动力学。     

微波促进Fe2+-K2S2O8体系快速降解甲基橙废水的研究

采用微波促进Fe2+-K2S2O8体系处理甲基橙(MO)染料废水,考察了初始pH、微波功率、反应时间、K2S2O8投量及K2S2O8与Fe2+摩尔比对MO脱色率的影响,同时对不同处理方式进行了比较,并进行了降解机理探讨和动力学分析。结果表明,微波促进Fe2+-K2S2O8体系能快速降解废水中的MO,在50 mL初始pH=6、质量浓度为500 mg/L的MO废水中,微波功率280 W,微波辐照9 min,c(K2S2O8)为9.82 mmol/L,K2S2O8与Fe2+摩尔比为50的优化处理条件下,MO脱色率达到了98.6%,微波促进Fe2+-K2S2O82-体系降解MO废水产生了协同效应。动力学研究表明,反应符合1级反应动力学规律,反应速率常数k=0.341 4 min-1,反应半衰期2.03 min。     

H4SiW12O40/TiO2-ZrO2的制备及光催化降解甲基橙的研究

采用浸渍法制备了H4SiW12O40/TiO2-ZrO2光催化剂,以光催化降解染料废水甲基橙为探针反应,探讨了催化剂投加量、溶液pH值对光催化降解效果的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性。结果表明,H4SiW12O40/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有更优越的光催化性能,当催化剂的用量为1.8 g/L,甲基橙溶液初始浓度为10 mg/L,pH=4时,反应4 h后甲基橙的降解率可达90%以上。     

US/Fe~(3+)/H_2O_2体系超声催化降解甲基橙的研究

采用US/Fe3+/H2O2体系超声催化降解甲基橙,考察了超声波功率、Fe3+初始质量浓度、H2O2用量、甲基橙溶液的初始质量浓度及初始pH值对超声催化降解甲基橙的影响,初步探讨了其降解动力学规律。结果表明,US/Fe3+/H2O2体系能有效降解甲基橙,且超声波与Fenton试剂对甲基橙废水的降解存在强烈的协同作用;在pH=3、超声波功率500 W、Fe3+和H2O2的初始质量浓度分别为30 mg/L和150 mg/L时,对含30 mg/L的甲基橙溶液降解120 min,其去除率达到99.5%;甲基橙的超声催化降解符合一级反应动力学规律,且甲基橙的一级反应速率常数随其初始质量浓度增大而降低。     

The System Na2O-CaO-SiO2-H2O

A portion of the quaternary phase diagram for Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂-H₂O has been constructed. Plotting concentrations as their 10th roots allows compounds having solubilities which differ by several orders of magnitude to be represented on a single diagram. The compositional relationships among sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate, calcium-substituted sodium silicate hydrate, calcium bydroxide, a quaternary compound of approximate composition 0.25Na₂O · CaO · SiO₂· 3H₂O, sodium hydroxide monohydrate, and miscellaneous sodium silicate hydrates are presented. The quaternary diagram constructed shows the quaternary compound to exist in equilibrium with sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. Conditions in concrete pore solutions which favor the formation of this quaternary compound may also favor the occurrence of the alkali-silica reaction.     

Self-organized nano-crystallisation of BaF2 from Na2O/K2O/BaF2/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses

In glasses with the compositions (100 ? x)(2Na₂O·16K₂O·8Al₂O₃·74SiO₂)xBaF₂ (with x = 0 to 6), the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing BaF₂-concentration. Samples with x = 6 were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 500 to 600 °C for 5–160 h. This leads to the crystallisation of BaF₂. The quantity of crystalline BaF₂ increases with increasing time of thermal treatment, while the mean crystallite size remains constant within the limits of error. The glass transformation temperature of partially crystallised samples increases with increasing crystallisation time and approaches a value equal to the temperature, at which the samples were treated. This is explained by the formation of a highly viscous layer enriched in SiO₂ which is formed during crystallisation. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier and hinders further crystal growth.     

Prediction of Immiscibility Boundaries of the Systems K2O-SiO2, K2O-Li20-SiO2, K20-Na2O-Si02, and K2O-BaO-SiO2

In earlier work, a prediction method of the immiscibility boundary of a ternary silicate glass system was developed involving two known binary immiscibility boundaries and a measured immiscibility temperature of one ternary glass composition. In the present work, the method is extended to the case where one of the two binary immiscibility boundaries is not known and is applied as an example to ternary silicate systems containing K₂O. First, the immiscibility boundary of the system K₂O-SiO₂ is estimated by measuring the immiscibility temperatures of three glasses in the system K₂O-Li₂O (or Na₂O)-SiO₂. Using this result the immiscibility boundaries of the systems K₂O-Li₂O-SiO₂, K₂O-Na₂O-SiO₂, and K₂O-BaO-SiO₂ are estimated. The results agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined immiscibility temperatures at selected compositions.     

复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

合成了几种不同Zr、Al原子比的SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3复合固体超强酸,将其用于催化乳酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,均有较好的催化活性,尤以ZrAl=12的催化效果最好,经济性优于ZrO2超强酸催化剂.其最佳反应条件为酸醇摩尔比为13,催化剂用量为乳酸质量的10%,反应时间2～2.5h,酯化率达96.9%.该催化剂具有制备容易、催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用的优点.     

Some Properties of the System Na2O-NaF-B2O2-H2O

It was first shown that the enamel slips which have the best suspnding characteristics contain equal amounts of Na₂O and B₂O₃ and at least a moderate amount of NaF. The solubilities of mixtures of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ were then investigated. The pH of these solutions and the primary crystalline phases separating on evaporation also were determined. The solubility data obtained at room temperature were summarized. When the solutions were evaporated, NaF was the first crystalline phase to separate from a large proportion of the mixtures investigated. It was concluded that the desirable handling characteristics of enamels whose mill liquors contain the proper proportion of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ are not due to the formation of complex salts but to the following combination of properties: (1) the presence of salts with a moderate solubility which changes very slightly with temperature, (2) a moderate pH of about 10 in a probably well-buffered solution, (3) a relatively stable crystalline material, NaF, as a primary phase, and (4) a secondary phase which crystallizes slowly with relatively little shrinkage.     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

固体超强酸SO^2—4／TiO2催化合成尿囊素的研究

用固体超强酸SO42/TiO2为催化剂,以尿素和乙醛酸为原料合成了尿囊素。得到最佳条件为TiO2在1mo1·L-1H2SO4溶液中浸渍12h,再在600℃焙烧3h;尿素与乙醛酸摩尔比3.51,催化剂9％,时间3h,温度72℃～75℃,产率达57.4％。     

Crystallization of zeolite L from Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Zeolite L powder was prepared from the substrate mixture of Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system at temperatures of 373-443 K. In order to investigate the factors which influence the synthesis outcome, a reference system which yields zeolite L in a reproducible manner was chosen and subjected to controlled changes in synthesis parameters. The crystalline zeolite L samples obtained were characterized by elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that phase purity, morphology, and the size of crystals of crystalline product were affected by molar ratios of the substrate, such as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)/SiO₂, Na₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O), and H₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O). Amorphous silica powder (Zeosil) was the preferred silica source, and the crystallization rate was promoted by introducing gel aging, seeding, and rapid heating rate.     

SELECTIVE CARBON MONOXIDE OXIDATION IN H2-RICH GAS STREAM OVER Co3O4/CeO2/ZrO2, Ag/CeO2/ZrO2, AND MnO2/CeO2/ZrO2 CATALYSTS

Activity and selectivity of selective CO oxidation in an H₂-rich gas stream over Co₃O₄/CeO₂/ZrO₂, Ag/CeO₂/ZrO₂, and MnO₂/CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalysts were studied. Effects of the metaloxide types and metaloxide molar ratios were investigated. XRD, SEM, and N₂ physisorption techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. All catalysts showed mesoporous structure. The best activity was obtained from 80/10/10 Co₃O₄/CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst, which resulted in 90% CO conversion at 200°C and selectivity greater than 80% at 125°C. Activity of the Co₃O₄/CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst increased with increase in Co₃O₄ molar ratio.