Distal tibial nonunion using a contralateral anterior L-shaped locking compression plate through a posterior-lateral approach: A retrospective case series

BackgroundDistal tibial nonunion is usually due to severe open distal tibial fractures with high energy injury. The best surgical treatment is not well established because of the poor soft tissue condition. We retrospectively analyzed a series of patients with distal tibial nonunion after severe open distal tibial fractures; our purpose was to introduce a treatment using a contralateral anterior L-shaped locking compression plate through a posterior-lateral approach with Iliac crest bone graft and evaluate the outcomes of patients.MethodsAll patients with distal tibial nonunion who received a contralateral anterior L-shaped locking compression plate fixation through the posterior-lateral approach with Iliac crest bone graft by a single surgeon from 2014 to 2016 were reviewed. 9 patients met the criteria. Five of nine patients had varus deformities (range, 9–40°) and 4 patients had valgus deformities (range, 5–30°). Postoperative radiographs, Postoperative complications, limb alignment and limb functional outcome information of AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score were recorded.ResultsAll patients were followed up for at least 8 months (range, 8–16 months). Union was achieved in all patients after the index surgery without postoperative wound complications while one patient came up with checkrein deformity. Average time to radiographic union was 16 weeks (range, 12–24 weeks). All patients had correction to neutral alignment in both coronal and sagittal planes. The average AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 90 (range, 77–100) at the last follow-up of patients.ConclusionsUsing a contralateral anterior L-shaped locking compression plate fixation through a posterior-lateral approach with Iliac crest bone graft to reconstruct the distal tibial nonunion is a safe and reliable method that can successfully treat patients with poor soft tissue condition of anterior portion of leg because of its adequate exposure, both tibia and fibula rigid fixation and plenty of bone graft. We believe the application of this method resulting in a high union and low complication rate.     

抗生素骨水泥珠链结合外固定架治疗感染性骨折不愈合

目的：探讨抗生素骨水泥珠链植入结合外固定架固定治疗感染性骨折不愈合的疗效。,方法：回顾分析22例感染性骨折不愈合患者,男20例,女2例;年龄21±74岁,平均（34．7±11．6）岁。骨折部位：股骨粗隆间3例、股骨干6例、股骨髁上2例、胫骨干9例、肱骨干2例。治疗过程分为3个步骤：先取出内固定物,清创后植入抗生素骨水泥珠链,Ⅰ期闭合伤口;1周后再次清创,更换抗生素骨水泥珠链,行外固定架固定;3个月后取出抗生素骨水泥珠链,取髂骨植骨。结果：随访15～28个月,平均（19．98±4．16）个月。1例胫骨干骨折和1例股骨粗隆问骨折患者分别于植骨术后2、3个月感染复发,其余20例患者感染控制良好。22例患者骨折全部愈合,愈合时间为植骨术后8-24周,平均（15．09±4．13）周。结论：彻底清创、抗生素骨水泥珠链植入结合外固定架固定及Ⅱ期植骨是治疗感染性骨折不愈合简单而有效的方法、     

脱钙骨基质治疗长骨骨折延迟愈合及骨不连

目的探讨脱钙骨基质(decalcifiedbonematrix,DBM)治疗长骨骨折延迟愈合和骨不连的疗效。方法长骨延迟愈合、骨不连共57例,男45例,女12例;年龄21~65岁,平均42岁。开放性骨折17例,闭合骨折40例。骨折延迟愈合32例中,肱骨4例,股骨10例,胫骨18例;骨不连25例中,肱骨5例,股骨4例,胫骨16例。全部采用DBM于骨断端处和骨缺损区植入治疗。结果57例患者均获随访,随访时间4~37个月,平均7.8个月。骨折延迟愈合32例中骨折愈合31例,1例胫骨骨折未愈合;骨不连25例中骨折愈合23例,2例未愈合,其中胫骨1例、肱骨1例。愈合时间3~6.6个月,平均4.7个月。结论DBM治疗长骨骨折延迟愈合及骨不连,其疗效满意、并发症少。     

附加钢板治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连

目的:探讨附加钢板治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连的安全性和有效性。方法:自1998年4月至2008年6月,应用附加钢板治疗9例髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连,男8例,女1例;年龄21～54岁,平均32岁。1例为股骨上1/3,5例为股骨中1/3,3例为股骨下1/3。采用4～6孔钛合金限制接触性窄动力接骨板,4～6枚皮质骨螺钉固定。6例骨不连间隙大于5mm,4例采用单纯髂骨植骨,2例固骼生和髂骨混合植骨。3例小于5mm,1例植入固骼生,2例将修整的骨痂重新植入。术后保护性负重防止主钉断裂失效,逐渐恢复术前活动水平,术后1、3、6、12个月临床与影像学随诊。结果:6例取髂骨植骨或固骼生混合植骨患者,手术时间60～120min,出血量100～300ml;另3例单纯植入固骼生或骨痂植入患者,手术时间40～100min,出血量60～100ml。供骨区疼痛4例,3例1个月内缓解,1例3个月后缓解,无感染、钢板螺钉松动、断裂等。平均愈合时间8个月,5例术后6～11个月取出髓内钉和钢板。结论:附加钢板有效改善局部旋转不稳定,是治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连的有效方法之一。     

Osteoperiosteal Decortication and Autogenous Cancellous Bone Graft Combined with Bridge Plating for Non-hypertrophic Diaphyseal Nonunion

BackgroudThe aim of this study was to evaluate results of osteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft combined with a bridge plating technique in atrophic and oligotrophic femoral and tibial diaphyseal nonunion.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 31 patients with atrophic or oligotrophic femoral and tibial diaphyseal nonunion treated with osteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft between January 2008 and December 2018. Patients with hypertrophic nonunion, infected nonunion, and nonunion treated with autogenous cancellous bone graft alone were excluded. The nonunion site was exposed by using the Judet technique of osteoperiosteal decortication. Nonunion with a lack of stability was stabilized with a new plate using a bridge plating technique or augmented by supplemental fixation with a plate. Nonunion with malalignment was stabilized with a new plate after deformity correction. Autogenous cancellous bone graft was harvested from the posterior iliac crest and placed within the area of decortication. A basic demographic survey was conducted, and the type of existing implants, mechanical stability of the implants, the type of implants used for stabilization, the operation time, the time to bone union, and postoperative complications were investigated.ResultsThe average follow-up period was 33.3 months (range, 8–108 months). The operation time was 207 minutes (range, 100–351 minutes). All but 1 nonunion (96.7%) were healed at an average of 4.2 months (range, 3–8 months). In 1 patient, bone union failed due to implant loosening with absorbed bone graft, and solid union was achieved by an additional surgery for stable fixation with a new plate, osteoperiosteal decortication, and autogenous cancellous bone graft. There were no other major complications such as neurovascular injuries, infection, loss of fixation, and malunion.ConclusionsOsteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft combined with stable fixation by bridge plating showed reliable outcomes in atrophic and oligotrophic diaphyseal nonunion. This treatment modality can be effective for treating atrophic and oligotrophic diaphyseal nonunion because it is very helpful stimulating bone union.     

Modified use of the proximal humeral internal locking system (PHILOS) plate for distal femoral nonunions

Purpose

Nonunion is a common complication after a distal femoral fracture (DFF). Standard treatment consists of revision plating and/or bone grafting. Single lateral plating for a distal femoral nonunion can be insufficient in case of a persistent medial gap and compromised bone stock. Alternatively, dual plating can be used to treat a distal femoral nonunion, but to date there is no Gold standard. The aim of our study was to report our results after use of a minimally invasively placed proximal humeral internal locking system (Philos) plate as a medial buttress in the treatment of a distal femoral nonunion.

Methods

Fifteen adult patients with a distal femoral nonunion were prospectively entered in a trauma database and retrospectively assessed. All patients underwent a similar operation, which included removal of failed hardware, nonunion debridement, fixation with a lateral plate, and a medial Philos plate combined with bone grafting. Data collected included union rate, time to union, complications and functional outcome.

Results

In twelve out of fifteen patients (80%), the fracture united after our index operation. Median time to union was 4.8 months (range 1.6–15). Three patients (20%) needed additional bone grafting surgery. One patient underwent a Judet quadricepsplasty.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the Philos plate is a safe and effective adjunct as a medial buttress plate for distal femoral nonunions.

     

Free vascularized fibular bone grafting in the management of femoral neck nonunion in patients younger than fifty years

PURPOSE: The incidence of nonunion and osteonecrosis after femoral neck fracture has been well documented. In older patients implant arthroplasty is well established as an acceptable treatment of these problems. However, in the younger population alternatives to implant arthroplasty are favored to preserve the femoral head. Surgical treatments for nonunion of the femoral neck include osteotomy, nonvascularized bone grafting, muscle-pedicle bone grafting, and vascularized bone grafting. The purpose of this study is to examine the results of free vascularized fibular grafting as a treatment of nonunion of the femoral neck in patients younger than fifty years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive patients underwent vascularized bone grafting for nonunion of the femoral neck after failed internal fixation between 1984 and 1998. The mean age of the patients was 28.7 years. There were thirteen male and nine female patients. The mean interval between internal fixation and free vascularized fibular grafting was 18.3 months. The average follow-up to date is 84.7 months (range 29 to 195 months). RESULTS: Twenty of twenty-two nonunions healed. Two patients required an additional procedure to facilitate union; one patient had iliac crest bone grafting at four months postoperatively and another underwent muscle-pedicle grafting at six months postoperatively. The average time to union for all patients was 9.9 months (range 3 to 23 months). Progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in thirteen patients. However, successful long-term salvage of the femoral head was achieved in twenty of twenty-two patients, with an average Harris hip score of 78.9. Four patients required hardware removal or exchange for intraarticular migration with no long-term clinical sequelae. DISCUSSION: Rates of complications, such as nonunion and osteonecrosis, after femoral neck fractures in young patients have been reported to be as high as 86 percent. Treatments such as osteotomy, muscle-pedicle bone grafting, nonvascularized bone grafting, and vascularized bone grafting have reported variable results. Based on the results reported in this study, vascularized fibular bone grafting compares favorably with a high union rate (91 percent initially, 100 percent after secondary procedures) and successful long-term salvage of the femoral head in 91 percent of the patients. Free vascularized fibular bone grafting represents a promising solution for this difficult problem.     

Reasons for failure of surgical treatment in 25 tibial plateau fractures

BackgroundThe management of tibial plateau fracture is challenging. Restoration of articular congruity and early range of motion should be the primary goal. Proper and adequate preoperative planning is essential for a good outcome.PurposeThe study was a retrospective analysis of failed surgical treatment of tibial plateau fractures.MethodsTwenty-five patients with tibial plateau fractures were referred to our hospital after having undergone surgery elsewhere. Because of functional disability, the patients received revision surgery with concomitant treatment of associated soft tissue injuries. The average age at operation was 43.5 years (range, 27–71 years). The average interval between the first treatment and the secondary operation was 10.4 months (range, 6–24 months). From the radiographs and operative findings, we analyzed the factors that cause failure of the index surgical treatments for tibial plateau fractures.ResultsSchatzker classification identified five type II, one type III, four type IV, seven type V, and eight type VI fractures. Among these 25 cases, nonunion was found in seven (28%) patients and malunion in 18 patients (72%). The causes of failed surgeries included inadequate fixation (76%), malreduction (84%), and bone defect (100%). In addition, there were associated soft tissue injuries in nine patients (36%).ConclusionsThe main elements of the surgical management of tibial plateau fractures are anatomical reduction, firm fixation, and bone grafting. Inadequate fixation, malreduction, and bone defects can lead to the failure of surgical treatment. The key to successful surgical treatment is a well-designed surgical scheme tailored on the specific fracture type and soft tissue condition; this can prevent serious complications and resultant malpractice suits.     

The diaphyseal aseptic tibial nonunions after failed previous treatment options managed with the reamed intramedullary locking nail

BackgroundThe nonunion of open and closed tibial shaft fractures continues to be a common complication of fractures. Tibial nonunions constitute the majority of long bone nonunions seen by orthopaedic surgeons. In this article, we present our approach to the surgical treatment of noninfected tibial shaft nonunions.MethodsBetween 2008 and 2014, 33 patients with aseptic diaphyseal tibial nonunion was treated by reamed intramedullary nailing and were retrospectively reviewed. The initial fracture management consisted of external fixation (27 patients), plate fixation (2 patients) and cast treatment (4 patients). All patients, preoperatively, were evaluated for the signs of the infection, by the same protocol. There were 13 hypertrophic, 16 oligotrophic (atrophic) and 4 defect nonunions registered in our material. The primary goal was to perform a closed intramedullary nailing on antegrade manner. An open procedure was only unavoidable when implants had to be removed or an osteotomy had to be performed to improve the alignment. Functional rehabilitation was encouraged with the assistance of a physiotherapist early postoperative. Patients were examined regularly during followed-up for a minimum of 12 months period for clinical and radiological signs of union, infection, malunion, malalignment, limb shortening, and implant failure.ResultsThe time that elapsed from injury to intramedullary nailing ranged from 9 months to 48 months (mean 17 months).Open intramedullary nailing was unavoidable in 25 cases (75,75%), while closed nailing was performed in 8 patients (24,25%). Osteotomy or resection of the fibula was performed in 78,8% of the cases. All patients were followed up in average period of 2 years postoperative (range 1–4 years), and 31(93,9%) patients achieved a solid union within the first 8 months. Mean union time was 5±0.8 months. Complications included 2 (6,06%) patients, one with deep infection and another case with absence of bone healing. Anatomical alignment has been achieved in the majority of patients, 28 patients (84,8%). The additionally autogenous bone chips were added in 4 patients (12,1%) where cortical defect was greater than 50% of the bone circumference.ConclusionIn conclusion, a reamed intramedullary nail provides optimal conditions for stable fixation, good rotational control, adequate alignment, early weight-bearing and a high union rate of tibial non-unions. Reaming of the medullary canal with preservation of periosteal sleeve create the "breeding ground" for sound healing of tibial shaft nonunions. Additionally cancellous bone grafting is recommended only in the case of defect nonunion.     

加压交锁髓内钉固定加植骨治疗胫骨骨不连的临床研究

目的:探讨加压交锁髓内钉内固定加交锁髓内钉开口处取骨植骨治疗胫骨骨不连的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析自2008年2月至2010年10月采用加压交锁髓内定内固定加髓内针开口处取骨植骨治疗18例胫骨骨干骨不连,男12例,女6例;年龄31～67岁,平均42岁。受伤至手术时间6～18个月,平均8个月。骨折不愈合11例,延迟愈合7例。术后根据HSS评分系统评价膝功能,采用Tenny和Wiss评分系统评估疗效。结果:术后随访12～36个月,平均18个月,患者切口愈合良好,无感染,无皮肤坏死。全部患者未见骨不愈合、感染、畸形及再骨折发生。骨性愈合时间4～8个月,平均6个月。患者术后1年膝关节功能HSS评分平均(89.97±3.21)分。术后根据Tenny和Wiss评分系统评估疗效,优16例,良2例。结论:采用加压交锁髓内钉内固定加交锁髓内钉开口处取骨植骨治疗胫骨骨折不愈合及延迟愈合,能提高骨折愈合率,避免髂骨取骨带来的并发症,减少患者医疗费用。     

Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis using posterolateral approach for distal tibial and tibial shaft fractures

ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the posterolateral minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) method for managing distal tibial or tibial shaft fractures with severe anterior and medial soft tissue injuries.Materials and methodsFive consecutive patients with three distal tibial and two tibial shaft fractures (three open fractures) at a level-1 trauma and tertiary referral center were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were definitively treated and followed to bone union. Main outcome was measured by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle–hindfoot score, complications, and bone union on radiographs.ResultsThe average follow-up period was 15.8 months (range, 12–24 months). The average AOFAS score was 88.2 (range, 81–90). There were no complications, such as incision breakdown, deep infection, or impingement of the flexor hallucis longus tendon. Bone union was achieved in all cases.ConclusionsPosterolateral MIPO is a feasible option when treating these fractures, especially in cases with severe anterior and medial soft tissue injuries.     

Evaluation of osteosynthesis with dual fibular bone grafting for neglected femoral neck fractures

BackgroundFemoral neck fractures in young adults is an unsolved problem and neglected femoral neck fractures presents more challenge to the orthopaedics surgeon if femoral head salvage is attempted. We reviewed the operative results of neglected femoral neck fractures in young adults with fixation with dual fibular bone grafting Purpose of study was evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, functional, rehabilitative outcome and complications in such patients.MethodsTwentyeight patients in age group 18–50 years were operated having fracture neck femur by dual fibular bone grafting in the Department of Orthopaedics, S.N. Medical College, Agra in (May 2005–February 2008) and divided into two groups. Group A: comprised of 8 patients treated by dual fibular bone grafting alone and Group B: comprised of 18 patients treated by dual fibular bone grafting with single cancellous hip screw.ResultsAll the patients of the present series were having neglected intracapsular fracture, neck femur which were treated by dual fibular bone grafting with or without cancellous hip screw fixation. Majority of the patients had good to fair result according to Larson method with average time of union 16 weeks. All patients had useful range of movement at hip. Satisfactory union was achieved in all patients except two.ConclusionDouble bone grafting is a simple and cost effective modality of treatment for late femoral neck fracture with good results. It is a stable and biological method of fixation with preservation of natural femoral head with fewer complications.     

股骨、胫骨骨折交锁髓内钉固定后骨不连的诊治

目的探讨股骨、胫骨骨折应用交锁髓内钉固定后骨不连的诊断及应用微创内固定系统(LISS)或锁定加压钢板(LCP)治疗其骨不连的临床疗效。方法2003年2月～2004年12月,对7例股骨和胫骨骨折患者髓内钉固定后应用X线或CT扫描观察骨不连情况,并应用LISS或LCP固定 植骨治疗,病程10～49个月,平均23.3个月。结果7例患者获4～16个月(平均9.1个月)随访;骨折均在术后4～6个月牢固连接,平均愈合时间4.7个月,无植入物松动等并发症发生。结论对骨折端较长时间存在骨折线、且骨折局部伴有疼痛症状者要果断进行手术干预,消除骨折端的微动和消灭骨缺损。LISS或LCP因其先进的锁定设计,可有效治疗股骨和胫骨骨不连。     

Periprosthetic femoral nonunions treated with internal fixation and bone grafting

IntroductionPeriprosthetic femoral nonunions (PPFN) have a reported incidence of 3–9%. Literature on PPFN management is scarce. The study aim was to review combined results of two academic teaching hospitals using comparable PPFN treatment strategies.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of all patients treated for a PPFN between February 2005 and December 2016. All patients treated with internal fixation for a PPFN with complete clinical and radiological follow-up until healing were included. Nineteen patients were identified (mean age 71.2 years, range 49–87). Treatment consisted of failed hardware removal, debridement, reduction, and rigid internal fixation with or without bone graft. For revision PPFN surgery, use of dual-plating and bone graft augmentation was common.ResultsEighteen of 19 patients (94.7%) progressed to osseous union. One patient was converted to a total femoral prosthesis. No patients were lost to follow-up. All were ambulatory at last follow-up and mean follow-up was 39.8 months. Fourteen patients (73.7%) united after our index nonunion surgery at mean 9.8 months. Five patients (26.3%) required revision surgery after our index nonunion treatment and in 4 of these cases union was achieved at mean 18.0 months.ConclusionsOur results suggest debridement, revision of fixation and liberal use of bone grafting can lead to reliable healing in the majority of PPFNs. For those PPFNs that do not heal following initial treatment, good healing potential persists with an additional procedure.Level of EvidencePrognostic Level III.     

The treatment of nonunions following intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of different surgical options in the treatment of nonunion of a femoral shaft fracture after initial intramedullary nailing. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a seven-year period a total of 278 skeletally mature patients with 280 fresh femoral shaft fractures were treated by intramedullary nailing. Of these patients, a subgroup of consecutive patients with nonunion of the fracture were subjected to a detailed analysis and were followed until the fracture was united (mean thirty-three months). Injury mechanism, fracture pattern using various established classifications, any possible concomitant injuries, complications, and subsequent surgical interventions were recorded. RESULTS: Of the total of 280 fractures, nonunion was observed in thirty-four patients with thirty-five fractures (12.5 percent). To achieve solid union, one reoperation was sufficient in twenty-five fractures, six fractures had to be operated on twice, and four needed three operations. There were five patients with autogenous bone grafting alone, and all five required a further reoperation for the nonunion. After a dynamization procedure, four of seventeen patients required a further reoperation. After eight exchange nailing procedures, further surgery for nonunion was necessary in only one case. Solid union was achieved within six months after the final successful reoperation. A marked shortening of the femur developed as a local complication in six cases, four of which had undergone dynamization as final treatment before solid union. CONCLUSIONS: Exchange nailing without extracortical bone grafting seems to be the most effective method to treat a disturbed union of a femoral shaft fracture after intramedullary nailing. Autogenous extracortical bone grafting alone proved to be insufficient. Dynamization predisposed to shortening of the bone.     

Osteosynthesis of ununited femoral neck fracture by internal fixation combined with iliac crest bone chips and muscle pedicle bone grafting

Background:Ununited femoral neck fracture is seen commonly in developing countries due to delayed presentation or failure of primary internal fixation. Such fractures, commonly present with partial or total absorption of femoral neck, osteonecrosis of femoral head in 8–30% cases with upward migration of trochanter posing problem for osteosynthesis, especially in younger individuals. Several techniques for treatment of such conditions are described like osteotomies or nonvascularied cortical or cancellous bone grafting provided varying degrees of success in terms of fracture union but unsatisfactory long term results occurred due to varying incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. Moreover, in presence of AVN of femoral head neither free fibular graft nor cancellous bone graft is satisfactory. The vascularied bone grafting by deep circumflex iliac artery based on iliac crest bone grafting, free vascularied fibular grafting and muscle pedicle periosteal grafting showed high incidence of success rate. Osteosynthesis is the preferred treatment of choice in ununited femoral neck fracture in younger individuals.Results:The mean followup is 12.5 years (range 3-35). The union of fractures occurred in 202 (82.8%), delayed union in 18 (7.3%), and established nonunion in 24 (9.8%) patients. Full weight bearing was permitted at 16–22 weeks after union of fractures. Mean Harris hip score at the longest followup was 85.5. Among the complications, superficial wound infection occurred in 20 (8.2%), deep infection in seven (2.9%), and coxa vara in 39 (16%) patients. Preoperative radiodensity of femoral head disappeared mostly after the union of fracture whereas fresh radiodensity of femoral head appeared in 20 (8%) patients; nine (45%) of them developed segmental collapse.Conclusion:Ununited femoral neck fractureis characterized by absorption of femoral neck, posterior cortical defect, smoothening and overriding of fracture surfaces with intervening fibrous tissues associated with or without AVN of femoral head. The above method of osteosynthesis rectified the above pathology and provided satisfactory results with union of fractures in 90.1% patients at long term followup.     

The missing effect of human recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Proteins BMP-2 and BMP-7 in surgical treatment of aseptic forearm nonunion

IntroductionIn this cohort study, the surgical revision concept of open compression plating and autologous bone grafting with and without additional application of BMP for treatment of aseptic ulna and/or radius shaft nonunion was evaluated. The purpose was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome, and to determine any difference in osseous healing, range of time between revision surgery and bone healing, and postoperative complications between the cohort groups.Patients and methodsBetween 01/2005 and 03/2015, a prospective, randomised, controlled cohort study was performed in a Level I Trauma Centre. Forty-nine patients were treated with the diagnosis of aseptic diaphyseal ulnar and/or radial shaft nonunion using compression plating and autologous bone grafting. Additional biological augmentation using BMP-2 or BMP-7 was performed in 24 patients. Clinical and radiological follow-up was performed six weeks, three and six months after revision surgery in accordance to the system by Anderson.ResultsThe study group consisted of 38 men and 11 women with a median age of 44 years (range 19–77). Twenty-four out of 49 patients obtained compression plating either with autologous iliac crest bone grafting (11/24 patients) or cancellous bone grafting (13/24 patients) and additional application of BMP-2 (4/24 patients) or BMP-7 (20/24 patients). The remaining 25 patients did not receive any additional application of BMP, but autologous bone grafting. The median follow-up was 15 months (range 6–54 months). Forty-six out of 49 nonunion healed within 12 months after revision surgery with a median time to union of six months. The clinical outcome, as assessed using the system by Anderson, as well as osseous healing, duration of time interval between revision surgery and bone healing, and postoperative complications did not demonstrate significant differences between the cohort groups.DiscussionAtrophic/oligotrophic forearm nonunion healed irrespective of additional application of BMP combined with autologous bone grafting. For successful treatment, radical resection of fibrous nonunion tissue and internal compression plate fixation is required with the aim of achieving high degree of rigid stability. Also, correction of angular deformities, restoration of length, and precise axial alignment of the distal radio-ulnar joint are mandatory prerequisites to successfully achieve bone healing.     

经皮自体骨髓移植治疗骨折不愈合的临床观察

目的：观察经皮自体骨髓移植治疗骨折不愈合的临床效果。方法：2001年6月至2007年12月,29例骨折不愈合采用经皮自体骨髓注射的方法治疗。男20例,女9例;年龄20～71岁,平均40岁。均为外伤性骨折,胫骨13例,股骨10例,肱骨3例,尺骨2例,桡骨1例,其中开放性11例。骨髓移植时所有患者经过手术内、外固定,髓内钉15例,钢板12例,外支架2例。病程6～12个月,平均8.5个月。骨不连类型：萎缩型26例,肥大型3例。所有病例予3次经皮自体骨髓注射,间隔1个月,骨髓注射量6～15ml。结果：29例全部获得随访,时间5～22个月,平均14个月。其中4例随访至第3次注射后3个月仍然未见明显骨痂形成,判定为治疗失败,改行自体植骨术（其中3例重新内固定）,随访结束。其余25例在3～8个月（平均4.5个月）内获得骨性愈合,到拆除固定时随访结束。结论：经皮自体骨髓移植是治疗骨折不愈合的有效手段,操作简单,经济安全。但是,稳定的内、外固定是自体骨髓移植的前提,骨缺损过多,骨折间隙〉5mm,骨不连且对线对位不良需要矫正者,不适宜采用该方法。     

附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连

目的：探讨附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连的手术方法及临床疗效.方法：2007年1月至2013年1月,收治股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连患者21例,其中男18例,女3例;年龄23 ～64岁,平均37.7岁;骨不连时间9～62个月,平均（23.9±15.6）个月;根据Weber-Cech分型：肥大性骨不连10例,萎缩性骨不连7例,营养不良性骨不连4例.均不取髓内钉,断端切新、取自体骼骨植骨,附加6～8孔锁定加压钢板,近端及远端各拧入2～3枚单皮质锁钉固定.术后根据影像学结果部分负重直至完全负重,定期门诊随访进行临床及影像学评估.结果：21例患者均获得随访,时间8～24个月,平均（13.5±3.5）个月.所有患者获骨性愈合,临床愈合时间4～8个月,平均（6.0±1.0）个月;影像学愈合时间7～12个月,平均（9.1±1.5）个月.术后无感染,内固定松动、断裂等并发症发生.结论：附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连的疗效满意,是一种简便、有效的方法.     

胫骨骨折手术治疗后不愈合的原因及预防

目的 探讨胫骨骨折因手术治疗所致不愈合的原因分析及预防方法。方法 对589例胫骨骨折（包括胫腓骨骨折）手术治疗，加压钢板内固定320例，其它固定方法269例，包括外固定架100例；其中121例行骨膜旋转移植，87例行带蒂或带血管复合组织皮瓣移植，112例行腓骨截骨术，97例行植骨术。结果 589例胫骨骨折仅13例发生骨不愈合，6例为坚硬的加压钢板取出后原骨折处再次发生骨折。其余均达骨性愈合，随访平均24个月。结论 正确选择内外固定装置及安放位置，保护好邻近骨膜并作骨膜放旋转移植，必要时作腓骨截骨术，胫骨中下段骨折常规植骨，胫骨骨不愈合和再骨折发生率是可以预防的。