低带宽下的流媒体应用层组播

随着多媒体和网络的发展,在Internet上进行流媒体群组传输变得越来越流行,从而推动流媒体的群组传输研究.分析了IP组播和应用层组播,并且针对低带宽的情况提出一种树状优先的支持实时多媒体传输的应用层组播系统框架.在该系统中充分利用了叶子节点的上行带宽,极大地缓和了中间节点的分发数据带宽,从而实现了在中间节点带宽不高情况下的应用层组播功能.     

支持流媒体的应用层组播研究

在当前没有IP组播支持以及大多数端主机访问带宽有限的Internet网络条件下,普通的端主机提供实时流媒体应用服务缺乏有效的通信手段,应用层组播是解决这一问题的有效通信技术.针对网络电视、视频点播类型的大规模实时流媒体应用,本文提出一个两层应用层组播框架结构ALMF,并对其中组播服务结点覆盖网络的构建和维护进行了研究,提出了一个覆盖网络路由组播模型MOSSMRM和基于智能蚁群的路由算法IACSMR,随后将该路由算法和几种启发式算法进行了比较.仿真实验结果表明,IACSMR算法是一个有效的应用层组播路由算法.     

认知无线电网络中QoS组播路由调度

在多跳认知无线电网络中,组播的信息通常要经由多个中间节点的转发才能到达最终的目的节点。现有的研究中已经有很多的组播路由协议,然而这些协议都是基于传统无线网络的,并不适合新型的认知无线电网络。本文解决的的问题是:在多跳无线网络中,给定一个具有QoS要求的组播请求,如何建立组播路由以及对路径节点进行传输调度,使得在满足QoS要求下整个传输过程的带宽消耗最小。本文提出了一个分布式的组播路由协议来解决该问题,该协议不仅实现了路由过程的建立,同时还完成了对节点传输过程的合理调度。实验结果证明本文的传输调度策略能有效地减少网络的带宽消耗,同时增加组播请求响应的成功率。     

无线Mesh网中网络编码感知的低时延路由

网络编码技术可以显著提高无线Mesh网的传输性能.为此,提出一个在组播通信中基于网络编码的无线Mesh网低时延传输路由.文中引入了关键节点和超关键节点的概念和相应的选取算法.该协议以下一跳的节点是否是超关键节点或关键节点作为路由判据,下一跳的路由节点优先选择超关键节点,其次选关键节点,最后才选普通节点,这样可以增加网络编码机会,实现低时延路由.通过举例、性能分析和仿真实验表明,该协议能更好地支持网络编码,在提高组播吞吐量的前提下,显著减少了传输时延.     

基于移动代理的流媒体组播模型的研究

针对当前Internet网络组播存在的问题,在分析了移动代理和流媒体组播两种比较成熟的技术的基础上,将两种技术结合起来,提出了基于移动代理的流媒体组播模型.实验结果表明,该系统可有效解决现有组播通信系统中传输数据量大、不支持组播路由和用户的公平性问题.     

一种减轻组播网络节点负载的贪婪策略

组播网络的路由机制是网络资源优化技术的一个主要研究领域,对路由节点负载能力有严格的要求。保证低负载组播成功的关键在于高效地减轻路由节点负载,研究最小化路由节点转发信息量的算法。基于多点传输机制,兼顾组播组的个数和各组播组中接收者的数量两个影响组播负载的重要因素,运用分布式计算和贪婪策略的思想,提出了一种可以使组播组中路由节点存放的转发信息量的最大值得到最小化,从而减轻组播路由节点负担的策略。通过算法分析和实验仿真说明了所提策略的有效性     

基于最大流的网络编码组播路由算法

网络编码是一种能显著提升组播传输性能的通信机制.在组播网络中部署和实施网络编码,必须建立传输路由和确定编码模式.对于后者,许多学者提出了有效的解决方法,而对于路由问题的研究则相对较少.由于网络编码自身固有的特点,基于网络编码的组播传输与传统的IP组播在建立传输路由的方式上有所不同.鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于最大流的网络编码组播路由算法,该算法与有的编码模式一起,能够构成完整的网络编码组播传输方案.仿真实验表明,与传统的IP组播相比,基于该算法的网络编码组播能够提升组播传输的性能.     

面向P2P流媒体基于Mesh优先的应用层组播算法

P2P流媒体在网络上已经得到了广泛的开发与应用。一个流媒体系统中的应用层组播树的构建算法将直接影响到整个系统的效率及质量。提出一种新的服务于分布式覆盖网框架的应用层组播树的构建算法——CDDMA。CDDMA首先自治地构建一个探测节点结合,利用PPAF启发式综合考虑传输时延与节点出度作为加入节点加入组播树的评价函数,解决了原有的基于Mesh优先的应用层组播协议考虑网络因素单一的问题,并能解决组播树负载不均衡的问题。在SMesh的基础上,给出了CDDMA的实现,通过类似Internet网络拓扑结构的仿真,表明了这种算法降低了链路压力及路径伸展率。     

基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络组播路由协议

在无线传感器网络实际应用中,组播技术能够较好地满足网络对资源的要求,但由于能量等多方面的因素限制,使得为无线传感器网络设计一个有效的组播路由变得非常困难.针对无线传感器网络中节点的能量限制,提出一种基于能量均衡树的无线传感器网络组播路由(EBTMR)协议,该协议充分考虑到网络中节点的能耗因素和节点的剩余能量,通过对这2个因素的综合考虑,使得具有较多能量的节点担任组播节点来承担更多的传输任务,为数据流优化路由选择,平衡无线传感器网络中节点的能量消耗,以延长网络的生存时间,仿真结果证明了EBTMR是有效的.     

基于免疫算法的分层覆盖组播技术研究

为了克服传统的实时流媒体数据单播I、P组播等传输方式浪费网络带宽,甚至导致服务器过载的缺陷,提出了基于免疫算法的覆盖网络应用层组播树的构建方法。该方法以节点间网络延迟和节点的度作为约束条件,采用免疫算法划分组播岛、找出使整个系统"花费"最小的组播服务节点,实现了组播服务节点的全局最优选取。仿真结果表明,该方法有效可行,较采用传统的遗传算法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的搜索能力。     

基于环覆盖网络的端系统组播方法

针对传统组播方法难于维护的问题,提出一种基于环覆盖网络的端系统组播方法,按照节点之间的延迟将它们组织成不同的延迟聚集环,在此基础上进行组播,无须对每个多播源单独构建多播树,从而更好地适应多播成员的动态变化。仿真实验结果表明,该方法能够使延迟的变化随着节点数目的增大而趋于平稳。     

按需分枝组播

在分析总结目前IP组播路由研究的主要成果基础上,提出了一个新的组播路由方案,按需分枝组播.它采用了一种全新的组播树维护方式,即组播树由树上的部分节点(关键节点)维护,不同于现有的组播树由所有树上节点维护的方式,从而节省了网络资源.     

EScribe:一种动态路由的Topic发布订阅系统

Scribe是一种经典的基于Topic的发布订阅系统,它通过分布式组播树将Event分发给订阅者.Scribe需要定期维护组播树,因此造成了大量冗余的Event传递和高昂的维护代价.提出一种基于Scribe的增强型Topic发布订阅系统,简称EScribe.EScribe利用布隆过滤器存储Pastry叶子节点的订阅信息,动态地调整下一跳路由.节点维护子树的间隔时间随着节点在组播树中的层次增大而加长.实验结果表明,EScribe大幅减小了冗余Event传递的数量和组播树规模,也明显减小了Event分发和组播树维护的代价.     

异构网络环境下的高稳定性应用层组播方案

针对异构网络环境中由于节点转发能力异构而引起的应用层组播稳定性不足的问题,对异构overlay拓扑建模进行了研究,分析出组播稳定所需满足的约束条件,提出了一种基于gossip协作机制的应用层组播方案。在所提机制能够均衡节点间负载,缓解能力弱的节点负载过重的问题;如果组播过程中有成员节点动态离开或转发能力不足,其他节点相互协作共同分担其负载以维持组播的稳定性。随后的链路强度分析表明,与传统的应用层组播方案相比,本方案能够大幅降低拓扑的平均链路强度,提高组播系统的稳定性。最后通过OMNeT 仿真平台对本方案进行仿真验证,实验证明在动态的异构overlay拓扑下,本方案能够显著提高数据分发成功率,保证组播的连续性和稳定性。     

多媒体通信中带度约束的多播路由算法

随着多媒体业务的发展,多播技术应用日益广泛,多播路由是要寻找连接源节点和一组目的节点的一棵多播树,这个问题在数学上归结为Steiner树问题,它是一个NPC问题。在实际网络中,网络节点具备不同的多播能力,有些节点不支持多播,有些节点支持多播,但为了保证网络速度和节点负载平衡,支持多播的节点要限制其复制信息的数量,即节点的多播能力受限。在这种情况下,寻找多播树变得更加困难,该文用节点的约束来表示敏个节点具备的多播能力,节点多播能力受限情况下的多播路由问题被称为带度约束的多播路由问题,其仍是一个NPC问题。该文提出了一种求解带度的约束多播路由问题的双层遗传算法。算法的基本思想是最优多播树应是一棵满足度约束的最小生成树,因此问题的关键在于如何找到包括在最优生成树中的Steiner节点。遗传算法 采用二进制编码方式,内层算法用于求解满足度约束的最小生成树;外层算法进行全局搜索。该文将算法在稀疏图上进行实验,为了更好地模拟真实网络,稀疏图中每个节点具有不同的多播能力,并且多播目的节点数目相比于网络节点数要小。实验对算法进行了三方面比较：（1）解的质量;（2）计算时间;（3）算法的收敛性。实验结果表明,文中提出的遗传算法能够找到费用较小的多播树,但是当网络规模增大时,算法的求解时间也较长。     

Optimal software multicast in wormhole-routed multistage networks

Multistage interconnection networks are a popular class of interconnection architecture for constructing scalable parallel computers (SPCs). The focus of this paper is on the multistage network system which supports wormhole routed turnaround routing. Existing machines characterized by such a system model include the IBM SP-1 and SP-2, TMC CM-5, and Meiko CS-2. Efficient collective communication among processor nodes is critical to the performance of SPCs. A system-level multicast service, in which the same message is delivered from a source node to an arbitrary number of destination nodes, is fundamental in supporting collective communication primitives including the application-level broadcast, reduction, and barrier synchronization. This paper addresses how to efficiently implement multicast services in wormhole-routed multistage networks, in the absence of hardware multicast support, by exploiting the properties of the turnaround switching technology. An optimal multicast algorithm is proposed. The results of implementations on a 64-node SP-1 show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the application-level broadcast primitives provided by currently existing collective communication libraries including the public domain MPI     

A location-aware multicasting protocol for Bluetooth Location Networks

Bluetooth Location Network (BLN) is a Bluetooth radio network that is composed of some mobile Bluetooth devices and static Bluetooth units, and is established at the system initialization to form a spontaneous network topology. In a BLN, a multicast service is defined as the periodical delivering of messages from a Service Server to a set of mobile devices which are the multicast members predefined by the Service Server. Several multicast protocols have been proposed for the Ad-Hoc networks, but they create an inefficient multicast tree for the BLN due to the existing differences in the radio characteristics between Ad-Hoc and Bluetooth radio networks. The present paper analyzes these differences and proposes a novel multicasting protocol for constructing an efficient multicast tree in a BLN. The proposed protocol constructs a multicast tree with good features which include the shortest path, a higher degree of path sharing, and fewer forwarding nodes. Simulation results reveal that the proposed multicast protocol outperforms the existing multicast protocols in the BLN.     

Cross-layer topology design for network coding based wireless multicasting

This paper considers wireless multicast networks where network coding (NC) is applied to improve network throughput. A novel joint topology and cross-layer design is proposed to maximise the network throughput subject to various quality-of-service constraints, such as: wireless multicast rate, wireless link capacity, energy supply and network lifetime. Specifically, a heuristic NC-based link-controlled routing tree algorithm is developed to reduce the number of required intermediate nodes. The proposed algorithm facilitates the optimisation of the wireless multicast rate, data flow of wireless links, energy supply and lifetime of nodes through a novel cross-layer design. The proposed joint topology and cross-layer design is evaluated and compared against other schemes from the literature. The results show that the proposed scheme can achieve up to 50% increase in the system throughput when compared to a classic approach.     

Link stability based multicast routing scheme in MANET

The group-oriented services are one of the primary application classes that are addressed by Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in recent years. To support such services, multicast routing is used. Thus, there is a need to design stable and reliable multicast routing protocols for MANETs to ensure better packet delivery ratio, lower delays and reduced overheads. In this paper, we propose a mesh based multicast routing scheme that finds stable multicast path from source to receivers. The multicast mesh is constructed by using route request and route reply packets with the help of multicast routing information cache and link stability database maintained at every node. The stable paths are found based on selection of stable forwarding nodes that have high stability of link connectivity. The link stability is computed by using the parameters such as received power, distance between neighboring nodes and the link quality that is assessed using bit errors in a packet. The proposed scheme is simulated over a large number of MANET nodes with wide range of mobility and the performance is evaluated. Performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two well known mesh-based multicast routing protocols, i.e., on-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) and enhanced on-demand multicast routing protocol (EODMRP). It is observed that the proposed scheme produces better packet delivery ratio, reduced packet delay and reduced overheads (such as control, memory, computation, and message overheads).