Obsidian from the northern sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift: implications for archeology

Obsidian is abundant in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Petrological and geochemical features of obsidian from four volcanic centers in the MER, namely Birenti, Dofen, Fentale and Kone, are presented. Compositional and petrological variability is noted among the Dofen and Fentale obsidian, but not in those from Kone and Birenti where each have separate but uniform elemental composition. The Fentale and Kone obsidian were source materials for the artifacts of a number of Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age/Neolithic sites in the region. We have yet to determine whether Dofen and Birenti were sources for archeological artifacts. The study also shows that volcanic episodes from a single center do not necessarily result in compositional variability.     

Continental rift evolution: From rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa

The Main Ethiopian Rift is a key sector of the East African Rift System that connects the Afar depression, at Red Sea–Gulf of Aden junction, with the Turkana depression and Kenya Rift to the South. It is a magmatic rift that records all the different stages of rift evolution from rift initiation to break-up and incipient oceanic spreading: it is thus an ideal place to analyse the evolution of continental extension, the rupture of lithospheric plates and the dynamics by which distributed continental deformation is progressively focused at oceanic spreading centres.The first tectono-magmatic event related to the Tertiary rifting was the eruption of voluminous flood basalts that apparently occurred in a rather short time interval at around 30 Ma; strong plateau uplift, which resulted in the development of the Ethiopian and Somalian plateaus now surrounding the rift valley, has been suggested to have initiated contemporaneously or shortly after the extensive flood-basalt volcanism, although its exact timing remains controversial. Voluminous volcanism and uplift started prior to the main rifting phases, suggesting a mantle plume influence on the Tertiary deformation in East Africa. Different plume hypothesis have been suggested, with recent models indicating the existence of deep superplume originating at the core-mantle boundary beneath southern Africa, rising in a north–northeastward direction toward eastern Africa, and feeding multiple plume stems in the upper mantle. However, the existence of this whole-mantle feature and its possible connection with Tertiary rifting are highly debated.The main rifting phases started diachronously along the MER in the Mio-Pliocene; rift propagation was not a smooth process but rather a process with punctuated episodes of extension and relative quiescence. Rift location was most probably controlled by the reactivation of a lithospheric-scale pre-Cambrian weakness; the orientation of this weakness (roughly NE–SW) and the Late Pliocene (post 3.2 Ma)-recent extensional stress field generated by relative motion between Nubia and Somalia plates (roughly ESE–WNW) suggest that oblique rifting conditions have controlled rift evolution. However, it is still unclear if these kinematical boundary conditions have remained steady since the initial stages of rifting or the kinematics has changed during the Late Pliocene or at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary.Analysis of geological–geophysical data suggests that continental rifting in the MER evolved in two different phases. An early (Mio-Pliocene) continental rifting stage was characterised by displacement along large boundary faults, subsidence of rift depression with local development of deep (up to 5 km) asymmetric basins and diffuse magmatic activity. In this initial phase, magmatism encompassed the whole rift, with volcanic activity affecting the rift depression, the major boundary faults and limited portions of the rift shoulders (off-axis volcanism). Progressive extension led to the second (Pleistocene) rifting stage, characterised by a riftward narrowing of the volcano-tectonic activity. In this phase, the main boundary faults were deactivated and extensional deformation was accommodated by dense swarms of faults (Wonji segments) in the thinned rift depression. The progressive thinning of the continental lithosphere under constant, prolonged oblique rifting conditions controlled this migration of deformation, possibly in tandem with the weakening related to magmatic processes and/or a change in rift kinematics. Owing to the oblique rifting conditions, the fault swarms obliquely cut the rift floor and were characterised by a typical right-stepping arrangement. Ascending magmas were focused by the Wonji segments, with eruption of magmas at surface preferentially occurring along the oblique faults. As soon as the volcano-tectonic activity was localised within Wonji segments, a strong feedback between deformation and magmatism developed: the thinned lithosphere was strongly modified by the extensive magma intrusion and extension was facilitated and accommodated by a combination of magmatic intrusion, dyking and faulting. In these conditions, focused melt intrusion allows the rupture of the thick continental lithosphere and the magmatic segments act as incipient slow-spreading mid-ocean spreading centres sandwiched by continental lithosphere.Overall the above-described evolution of the MER (at least in its northernmost sector) documents a transition from fault-dominated rift morphology in the early stages of extension toward magma-assisted rifting during the final stages of continental break-up. A strong increase in coupling between deformation and magmatism with extension is documented, with magma intrusion and dyking playing a larger role than faulting in strain accommodation as rifting progresses to seafloor spreading.     

Hydrogeochemical study in the Main Ethiopian Rift: new insights to the source and enrichment mechanism of fluoride

The central Main Ethiopian Rift suffers a severe water quality problem, characterized by an anomalously high fluoride (F) content that causes an endemic fluorosis disease. The current study, conducted in the Ziway–Shala lakes basin, indicates that the F content exceeds the permissible limit for drinking prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO; 1.5 mg/l) in many important wells (up to 20 mg/l), with even more extreme F concentration in hot springs and alkaline lakes (up to 97 and 384 mg/l respectively). The groundwater and surface water from the highlands, typically characterized by low total dissolved solids (TDS) and Ca (Mg)–HCO₃ hydrochemical facies, do not show high F content. The subsequent interaction of these waters with the various rocks of the rift valley induces a general increase of the TDS, and a variation of the chemical signature towards Na–HCO₃ compositions, with a parallel enrichment of F. The interacting matrixes are mainly rhyolites consisting of volcanic glass and only rare F-bearing accessory minerals (such as alkali amphibole). Comparing the abundance and the composition of the glassy groundmass with other mineral phases, it appears that the former stores most of the total F budget. This glassy material is extremely reactive, and its weathering products (i.e. fluvio/volcano-lacustrine sediments) further concentrate the fluoride. The interaction of these “weathered/reworked” volcanic products with water and carbon dioxide at high pH causes the release of fluoride into the interacting water. This mainly occurs by a process of base-exchange softening with the neo-formed clay minerals (i.e. Ca–Mg uptake by the aquifer matrix, with release of Na into the groundwater). This is plausibly the main enrichment mechanism that explains the high F content of the local groundwater, as evidenced by positive correlation between F, pH, and Na, and inverse correlation between F and Ca (Mg). Saturation indices (SI) have been calculated (using PHREEQC-2) for the different water groups, highlighting that the studied waters are undersaturated in fluorite. In these conditions, fluoride cannot precipitate as CaF₂, and so mobilizes freely without forming other complexes. These results have important implications for the development of new exploitation strategies and accurate planning of new drilling sites. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基底断层在断陷盆地断层系统发育中的作用——以苏北盆地南部高邮凹陷为例

苏北盆地南部的高邮凹陷,是一古近纪半地堑式断陷盆地。其中发育了近东西向、北东东向与北北东向3套断层系统。高邮凹陷基底存在着中三叠世末前陆变形所形成的北东东向逆冲断层与晚侏罗世北北东向左行平移断层。古近纪期间该凹陷处于近南北向拉伸的区域伸展应力状态,近东西向断层就是在此应力作用下新生的正断层。高邮凹陷边界上总体北东东向的真①断层、吴①断层与柳菱断层皆是追踪北东东与北北东向两组基底断层而发育的,并以前者为主。它们呈现为右行平移正断层活动,因而真①断层派生了3条左阶雁列状的真②断层。凹陷中、西部大量出现的北东东向断层,一方面是由于南、北边界上北东东向断层影响了局部应力状态,另一方面也有部分是复活的基底断层。凹陷内部北北东向断层皆为复活的基底断层,以活动早、规模小为特征。高邮凹陷各类基底断层的复活方式包括形成直接复活断层、派生雁列状断层、断续分布断层与连接断层。高邮凹陷断层系统的形成机制表明,区域应力状态与基底断层是决定断陷盆地内断层系统方位与活动方式的两个关键因素,基底断层的作用与影响是不容忽视的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部重磁场及其基底断裂特征研究

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地北部基底断裂特征,在分析其重磁场特征基础上,采用小波多尺度分解和功率谱分析的方法获取了基底重磁异常场,并对其基底断裂构造进行了综合识别和解释。研究发现盆地北部布格重力异常场呈东高西低、航磁场呈近东西、正负相间排列的特征;盆内发育28条基底断裂,整体上以NE向和EW向基底断裂为主,NW和SN向基底断裂错断或斜交分布的构造格架;EW—NE向基底断裂形成于～1.95Ga阴山地块与鄂尔多斯地块的陆陆碰撞事件,其中新召北—泊尔江海子南(F4+F10)基底断裂带在中元古代之前是一条不同构造单元的分界线;SN—NW向基底断裂是上述陆陆碰撞过程中形成的撕裂构造,中元古代在近EW向拉张应力场下选择性激活。盆地北部基底断裂体系形成是不同陆块相互作用的产物,并在后期选择性活化,为研究华北克拉通化和再造过程提供了构造变形的证据。     

The distribution and hydrogeological controls of fluoride in the groundwater of central Ethiopian rift and adjacent highlands

Occurrence of fluoride (F) in groundwater has drawn worldwide attention, since it has considerable impact on human health. In Ethiopia high concentrations of F in groundwaters used for community water supply have resulted in extensive dental and skeletal fluorosis. As a part of a broader study, the distribution of F in groundwater has been investigated, and compared with bedrock geology and pertinent hydrochemical variables. The result indicates extreme spatial variations. High F concentration is often associated with active and sub-active regional thermal fields and acidic volcanics within high temperature rift floor. Variations in F can also be related to changes in calcium concentration resulting from dissolution of calcium minerals and mixing with waters of different chemical composition originated from variable hydrogeological environment across the rift valley. The concentration of F dramatically declines from the rift towards the highlands with the exception of scattered points associated with thermal springs confined in local volcanic centers. There are also interactions of F-rich alkaline lakes and the surrounding groundwater. Meteoric waters recharging volcanic aquifers become enriched with respect to F along the groundwater flow path from highland recharge areas to rift discharge areas. Locally wells drilled along large rift faults acting as conduits of fresh highland waters show relatively lower F. These areas are likely to be possible sources of better quality waters within the rift. The result of this study has important implications on site selection for water well drilling.     

活化断层对加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地不整合型铀矿的控制

先存断层的活化对许多热液矿床的形成起到至关重要的作用。加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地的不整合型铀矿是一个受活化断层控制矿床的典型例子。该铀矿产于基底与盆地砂岩之间的不整合面附近,并与根植于基底的断层密切相关。这些控矿基底断层切穿并错动了盆地的不整合面。一系列证据表明这些基底断层以韧性的方式形成于盆地之前,但在盆地形成之后又发生脆性活化,而正是这种断层活化作用控制铀矿的产出。先存断层作为完整岩石中的薄弱位置,在后期构造运动中,其活化比产生新断层更容易发生。数值模拟表明在后期挤压构造运动中,有先存基底断层的不整合面被显著错动,而无先存断层的不整合面并没有错动。基底断层的脆性活化,不仅在活化过程中为流体提供了驱动力,而且由于活化导致岩石渗透率的提高,为后期的流体流动提供了通道以及容矿场所,形成阿萨巴斯卡盆地的不整合型铀矿。     

中非裂谷系前寒武系基岩油气成藏组合

中非裂谷系是在前寒武系结晶基岩基础上发育起来的中新生代裂谷盆地群。通过露头和钻井资料研究发现,基岩主要由前寒武系岩浆岩、正变质岩和少量副变质岩组成。根据暗色矿物含量可以将基岩划分为长英质和铁镁质岩石两大类,前者更有利于风化和裂缝的形成,储层物性较好。寒武纪-侏罗纪长期风化作用形成了广泛分布且厚度较大的球形风化壳(段),早白垩世中非剪切带的走滑拉张应力场与前寒武系刚性基岩的耦合作用在基底产生了大量高角度断层、共轭缝、微裂缝和节理等,风化淋滤、表生和热液作用控制了溶蚀、胶结和次生孔隙发育。风化壳和裂缝储层发育具有“似层状”的特征,垂向上基岩潜山储层序列可进一步划分为风化淋滤带、裂缝发育带、半充填裂缝带和致密带四个区带。中非裂谷系盆地在早白垩世、晚白垩世和古近纪三期裂谷期发育了三期区域性厚层泥页岩,古近系暗色泥岩由于埋藏浅,处于未成熟阶段,不能作为有效烃源岩,上白垩统泥岩以滨浅湖相为主,有机质含量总体不高,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,下白垩统深湖相泥岩是区域上的优质烃源岩,同时为基岩提供了良好的油源和顶盖层。根据盖层的时代,可以划分出下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3类成藏组合。乍得Bongor盆地基岩勘探获得极大成功,发现了一批高产稀油油田,打开了中非地区一个新的油气勘探领域。     

中国东-南部裂陷盆地断裂系统复杂性的表现形式及成因机制——以南堡凹陷和涠西南凹陷为例

中国东-南部裂陷系列盆地油气资源十分丰富,而断层的分布演化十分复杂,是油气进一步勘探开发需要解决的关键问题。本文应用广义断层模式,在大量三维地震资料构造解析的基础上,以渤海湾盆地的南堡凹陷和北部湾盆地的涠西南凹陷为例,对中国东-南部盆地复杂的断裂系统进行了解剖和归纳,并提出了伸展变形区预测断层性质的伸展应变椭圆。结果表明,中国东-南部裂陷盆地断裂系统的复杂性存在9种表现方式,从成因上进一步归纳为3个方面:(1)断层的走向和性质多样;(2)断层在平、剖面上存在复杂多变的组合形式;(3)断层形成和演化存在复杂的时-空关系。造成复杂性的根本原因是先存断裂分布的复杂性和不同方向(北西-南东向和近南北向)伸展变形的叠加。不同盆地、同一盆地不同区域应力场演化具有很大的相似性:40Ma以前,北西-南东向伸展;38Ma以来,近南北向伸展。断层分布和演化差异主要是由先存构造分布差异造成的。     

The origin of high bicarbonate and fluoride concentrations in waters of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, East African Rift system

Thermal waters in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley are characterized by high Na, bicarbonate and fluoride concentrations, and near-neutral to alkaline pH. Sodium, bicarbonate and fluoride are positively correlated in the waters. The principal reason for the bicarbonate in the area is the high rate of carbon dioxide outgassing. This, combined with acid volcanics, geothermal heating, low Ca and low salinity, is also one of the causes of high fluoride in this part of the active volcanic zone of the East African Rift. Evaporative concentration is responsible for the high salinity, alkalinity and fluoride in the closed-basin lakes of the region. The waters are undersaturated with respect to fluoride and anhydrite. Calcium tends to be fixed in Ca bearing minerals such as calcite and epidote, which are abundant in the system. Hence, it appears that fluoride is a mobile component in acid volcanic geothermal systems.     

内蒙古石拐中生代断陷盆地形成与成因初探

石拐中生代断陷盆地发育在大青山逆冲推覆体系前缘,其形成与发展主要受早侏罗世南北向伸展变形作用和晚侏罗世逆冲挤压构造变形作用控制.根据地壳构造变形特点、沉积建造和沉积环境不同,把盆地演化分为3个阶段:早、中侏罗世五当沟时期,地壳以伸展变形机制为主,盆地快速堆积,沉积了一套巨厚的含煤碎屑建造;在中侏罗世长汉沟时期,地壳构造变形不强烈,处于稳定湖相沉积环境,沉积一套滨浅湖相的泥岩和淡水灰岩;晚侏罗世大青山时期区内发生了强烈南北向挤压变形作用,形成了同构造前陆挤压沉积盆地,形成了紫红色-灰紫色粗碎屑岩.盆地内部岩相变化、沉积建造特点、地层之间接触关系和构造变形特征都记录了地壳构造变形的重要信息.     

Basement controls on fault development in the Penola Trough,Otway Basin,and implications for fault-bounded hydrocarbon traps

The Penola Trough is an intensely faulted northwest – southeast-trending half-graben structure. It is bound to the south by the major listric Hungerford/Kalangadoo Fault system. Several large prominent faults observed in the Penola Trough show offset of basement at depth. These basement-rooted faults have exerted significant controls on the geometry of smaller intra-rift faults throughout the entire structural history of the area. Faulting of the basement was initiated during the initial rift event of the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous. Faulting first propagated through a pre-existing basement fabric oblique to the north – south extension direction prevalent during this time. This resulted in the formation of the Hungerford/Kalangadoo and St George Faults with a northwest – southeast and north-northeast – south-southwest trend, respectively. A series of east – west-trending basement faults subsequently initiated perpendicular to the north – south extension direction as extensional strain increased in magnitude. Significant displacement along these basement-rooted faults throughout the initial rift event was associated with the formation of a complex set of intra-rift faults. These intra-rift faults exhibit a broadly east – west orientation consistent with the interpreted north – south extensional direction. However, this east – west orientation locally deviates to a more northwest – southeast direction near the oblique-trending St George Fault, attributed to stress perturbation effects. Many of the intra-rift faults die out prior to the end of the Early Cretaceous initial rift event while displacement on basement faults continued throughout. Faulting activity during the Late Cretaceous post-rift fault event was almost exclusively localised onto basement faults, despite a significant change in extension direction to northeast – southwest. A high-density, en échelon array of northwest – southeast-trending fault segments formed directly above the St George Fault and the large east – west-trending basement faults contemporaneously reactivated. Seismic variance data show that post-rift fault segments that are hard-linked to the St George Fault at depth have propagated through near-surface units. Non-basement-linked post-rift fault segments that lie away from the St George basement have not. This suggests that recent fault activity has continued to occur preferentially along basement faults up to relatively recent times, which has significant implications for fault seal integrity in the area. This is empirically validated by our structural analysis of fault-dependent hydrocarbon traps in the area, which shows that partially breached or breached hydrocarbon columns are associated with basement faults, whereas unbreached hydrocarbon columns are not.     

Spatial and temporal variations in the compositions of Upper Miocene to Recent basic lavas in the northern main Ethiopian rift: Implications for the causes of Cenozoic magmatism in Ethiopia

The rate of lithospheric extension has previously been suggested as the most important factor governing the compositions of magmas generated in the Cenozoic Ethiopian volcanic province (CEVP). However, the distribution and chemistry of volcanic rocks extending from the western plateau margin at Addis Ababa to the rift floor in Nazret, northern sector of the main Ethiopian rift (MER), suggest that transitional magmatism in the region may have been triggered by an increase in the amount of lithospheric extension in the Early Pliocene. The rocks occur across an area of variable crustal thickness and show a general age progression from Upper Miocene (≤9 Ma) to Recent toward the rift. Alkalic basalts are extensive in the western part of the rift and along its margin but are found only locally within the rift, whereas transitional basalts are found within the rift only. Both types of basalts appear to have been derived from a common mantle source. In contrast, alkalic and transitional basalts on the Ethiopian plateau are mutually exclusive in terms of their spatial distribution, but exhibit a compositional contiguity which suggests that transitional magmas on the plateau formed at the expense of alkalic magmas, i.e. by equilibration of alkalic magmas at relatively shallow depth. The alkalic basalts bear clear record of a decrease in the degree of partial melting with time, suggesting that magmatism on the plateau was possibly triggered by a transient thermal anomaly.     

Rifting Attractor Structures in the Baikal Rift System: Location and Effects

The current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system (BRS) as recorded in lithospheric stress and strain are discussed in the context of self organization of nonlinear dissipative dynamic systems and nonlinear media. The regional strain field inferred from instrumental seismic moment and fault radius data for almost 70,000 M_LH ⩾ 2.0 events of 1968 through 1994 shows a complex pattern with zones of high strain anisotropy in the central part and both flanks of the rift system (the South Baikal, Hovsgöl, and Muya rift basins, respectively). The three zones of local strain anisotropy highs coincide with domains of predominantly vertical stress where earthquakes of different magnitudes are mostly of normal slip geometry. Pulse-like reversals of principal stresses in the high-strain domains appear to be nonlinear responses of the system to subcrustal processes. In this respect, the BRS lithosphere is interpreted in terms of the self organization theory as a geological dissipative system. Correspondingly, the domains of high strain anisotropy and stress change, called rifting attractor structures (RAS), are the driving forces of its evolution. The location and nonlinear dynamics of the rifting attractors have controlled lithospheric stress and strain of the rift system over the period of observations, and the same scenario may have been valid also in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic rifting history. The suggested model of a positive-feedback (fire-like) evolution of nonlinear dynamical systems with rifting attractors opens a new perspective on the current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system.     

济阳坳陷青东凹陷基底断裂复活规律和方式

青东凹陷是渤海湾南部发育的一个新生代断陷盆地,其中出现了北西向、东西向和北北东向3组断裂系统。北西向和北北东向者属于基底断裂系统,分别是印支期前陆变形阶段形成的逆冲断层系和晚侏罗世形成的郯庐左行平移断层系。古近纪期间该凹陷在近南北向伸展应力作用下发生了强烈断陷活动,新生了近东西向的正断层系。两组基底断裂在此应力作用下复活并呈现为斜向拉张活动,北西向者具有左行平移分量,而北北东向者具有右行平移分量。青东凹陷内部以北西向基底断裂系统复活为主,早期活动强,控制形成了北西—南东向展布的沉积格局;晚期活动减弱或停止,被一系列新生东西向正断层所取代,并呈现为东西向的沉积格局。较大型的北西西向基底断裂由于其较低的强度和较为有利的拉张方位,表现为持续较强活动的特征。大型的北西向青东4断裂带和北北东向郯庐断裂带,虽处于不利的拉张方位,但由于其较低的强度仍表现为持续强烈的活动,分别在平面上出现了右阶状和左阶状雁列式断层组合,剖面上出现了似花状构造现象,显示了大型基底断裂的复活特征。通过对青东凹陷基底断裂复活方式的分析,可以将其分为直接复活的断层,派生雁列式断层、扩展和连接断层3类。由此可见,基底断裂对断陷盆地内断裂系统分布和演化以及沉积充填格局都具有十分重要的影响。     

裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例

Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。     

Fluoride enrichment mechanism and geospatial distribution in the volcanic aquifers of the Middle Awash basin,Northern Main Ethiopian Rift

Considering the anomalous concentration of fluoride in the ground waters of the Middle Awash basin, a comprehensive survey of the enrichment mechanism as well as its association with common hydrochemical variables was conducted using multivariate statistical methods, Hierarchal Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The HCA results indicate a marked heterogeneous spatial distribution of the fluoride concentration, the magnitude of which varies more gradually in the SSW–NNE direction along the Wonji Fault Belt (WFB) than it does in the E-W direction away from this belt. This is strongly associated with the geothermal anomaly that is prominent in the basin interior area. Furthermore, the PCA results show that the magnitude of the fluoride concentration is higher in the groundwater derived from non-calcium bearing aquifers, which are widely distributed in the rift floor. Hydrochemical processes involving a cation exchange reaction cause a systematic Ca²⁺ removal from solution from highland towards the rift floor. This geochemical reaction enhances the fluoride enrichment of groundwater along the same flow direction. In this regard, the geothermal belt of the basin interior area is a hydrogeological block marked by high loads of fluoride whereas the plateau areas are low-fluoride zones. The geospatial distribution of fluoride at the basin scale was estimated using the kriging procedure. Appropriate discrimination between local and regional aquifers is important in order to secure low-fluoride water supply for the community in the basin.     

松辽盆地十屋断陷反转构造样式及其油气勘探意义

利用三维高精度地震资料,通过对松辽盆地十屋断陷典型剖面进行精细解释和研究,剖析了四个反转构造带各具特色的反转构造特征及样式。孤家子后五家户反转构造带以“欺压式断层”为特色,小五家子四家子反转构造带中、浅层表现为箱形背斜,深层发育有“欺压式逆断层”,秦家屯反转构造带为发育在早期半地堑之上的“尖棱状”背斜,皮家毛北张家屯反转构造带表现为小型背斜或向斜。这些反转构造发育在深层生烃凹陷附近,生、运、聚、储的配置关系极佳,是重要的油气圈闭。     

先存断层产状及其组合关系对反转构造变形影响的离散元数值模拟研究

反转构造在我国含油气盆地中广泛发育,对于油气勘探具有重要意义.本文采用离散元颗粒流方法研究了先存正断层的陡缓程度、倾向组合关系和距离挤压端的远近等因素对断层的反转构造发育及其反转量的影响.模拟结果显示,先存断层的产状及其距离挤压端的远近会影响先存断层的反转次序、反转量,进而影响盖层内反转构造的发育.当先存正断层倾向指向...     

Structural Traces of Secondary Faults (Fractures) along the Main Faults and Their Reliability as Kinematic Indicators

Secondary/minor structures occurring along the main fault surfaces are important indicators for judging the kinematic characteristics of faults. However, many factors can lead to the formation of these structures, which results in the difficulty for rapid judgment and application in the fields. A series of secondary faults/fractures developed due to the movement of main faults are the most important and widespread phenomena in the scope of brittle deformation. The morphology of the main fault surfaces is various, and former researchers mainly discussed the structures on the main even fault surfaces. However, the fluctuation of fault surfaces is the intrinsic character of the faults, and the intersection between the main fault and secondary faults/fractures can produce a series of kinematic indicators on the main fault surfaces. Based on previous studies and our observations, i.e. the structural traces of the P, R, R’, T and X shears/faults along the main faults, some indicators which are rarely reported previously, are described in the paper. Furthermore, their reliabilities are also discussed, and more practical and reliable criteria are brought forward. We suggest that the simple application of congruous and incongruous steps without knowing their exact origins should be abandoned in the fields, and several types of indicators along one fault surface should be checked with each other as much as possible. Meanwhile, the origins of some other arcuate indicators on the fault surfaces are also discussed, and new models are brought forward.