The Scientific Attack on Brown v. Board of Education, 1954-1964.

Psychologists' work was cited in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). One criticism of the citation was that psychology could be used to overturn the Brown decision and return the country to segregation. A historical examination of such an attempt to overturn Brown in the early 1960s on the basis of new psychological knowledge shows that psychology was not persuasive in the face of the civil rights movement. The failure of segregationists to overturn Brown with psychological experts underscores how psychology is ineluctably bound to the larger society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Power of the Brown v. Board of Education Decision: Theorizing Threats to Sustainability.

Interviews with African American and White American elders capture the immediate power of the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision and the biography of its impact over time. This article reviews the lived experience of the decision and theorizes 3 threats to sustainability that ruthlessly undermined the decision over time: (a) the unacknowledged and enormous sacrifice endured by the African American community in the name of desegregation; b) the violent and relentless resistance to the decision by government officials, educators, and many White community members; and (c) the dramatic shrinkage of the vision of Brown from the dismantling of White supremacy to a technical matter of busing. Implications are drawn for the study of desegregation and for the study of sustainability of social justice more broadly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education: The case of Kenneth B. Clark.

In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896) that was the foundation of school segregation in 17 states and the District of Columbia. Brown is arguably the most important Supreme Court decision of the 20th century in terms of its influence on American history. Moreover, it has a special significance for psychology because it marked the first time that psychological research was cited in a Supreme Court decision and because social science data were seen as paramount in the Court's decision to end school segregation. This article describes psychologist Kenneth B. Clark's role in that case and the response of the American Psychological Association to scientific psychology's moment in a great spotlight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intractable Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Fifty Years After Brown v. Board of Education.

The civil rights struggle for equal educational opportunity has yet to be achieved at the start of the 21st century. Inequality persists but problem and remedy are refrained from integrating schools, to ensuring equal access in resegregated settings, to closing the performance gap. As seen through ecological theory (R. S. Weinstein, 2002b), complex, multilayered, and interactive negative self-fulfilling prophecies create or perpetuate educational inequities and unequal outcomes. Society has failed to grapple with its entrenched roots in the achievement culture of schools. If this insidious dynamic is to be changed, an educational system that sorts for differentiated pathways must be replaced with one that develops the talents of all. Psychology has a critical role to play in promoting a new understanding of malleable human capabilities and optimal conditions for their nurturance in schooling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Justice Deferred A Half Century After Brown v. Board of Education.

The road to Brown v. Board of Education (1954) was a slow and circuitous climb, whereas the retreat down from Brown has been swift and direct. This article reviews 4 distinct U.S. Supreme Court eras of racial decisions: the segregation, preparatory, desegregation, and resegregation eras. It notes both the strengths and weaknesses of Brown and discusses the effects of school desegregation. Did racial diversity improve the life chances of African American children as intended? The results of longitudinal research demonstrate that the effects have been positive, although these results are not widely known by the American public. The article challenges this and other misconceptions about school desegregation that have become entrenched in the public's thinking and addresses ways to rekindle the spirit of Brown. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Effects of Segregation and the Consequences of Desegregation A (September 1952) Social Science Statement in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court Case.

This statement was an appendix to the appellants' briefs in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Briggs v. Elliott, and Davis v. Prince Edward County, Virginia, cases. The statement offers definitions of segregation and discusses the implications and potential effects of segregation on children both in minority and majority groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, Incorporated: 1964 annual report.

A table summarizes the status of candidacies received under provision of mandatory examination. 768 diplomas have been awarded, 256 candidacies are in process and 199 candidacies were terminated. In 1963, 108 candidates registered for the written examination and 100 were judged to have performed satisfactorily. In 1964, 146 candidates registered for oral examinations; 87 passed, 50 failed and 9 were referred for further review. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The work of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology.

ABEPP presents "… a cumulative record of its work to July 15, 1955, in the certification of advanced specialists in fields of professional psychology." Candidacies received, written and oral examinations, policies and procedures concerning candidacy, candidacy fees, directory of diplomates, and personnel changes are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Kenneth B. Clark in the patterns of American culture.

Kenneth B. Clark is most well-remembered as the social scientist cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in footnote 11 of its decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. His presence in that decision came to symbolize the role that social science could play in changing social policy and public attitudes. As an African American social scientist who was prominent during a time of great turmoil over racial issues in the United States, Clark also became a "participant-symbol" in America's discussion of race. Clark contributed to this discussion in the three books he wrote for the general public: Prejudice and Your Child (Clark, 1955), Dark Ghetto (Clark, 1965), and Pathos of Power (Clark, 1974). In this article, the author discusses how these works document Clark's growing pessimism about the prospects for improving race relations. In addition, Clark's place in contemporary American debates about Brown v. Board of Education and the persistence of racial equality is considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

School Desegregation and Social Science Research.

Research on the effects of school desegregation, once quite common in psychology and related fields, has declined considerably since the mid-1980s. Factors contributing to changes in the quantity and focus of such research since the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision are discussed, with an emphasis on those related to the decline of this research in the last 2 decades. These factors include the nation's retreat from the policy of school desegregation and the associated decline in research funding. Changing perspectives regarding desegregation, the outcomes of desegregation that merit study, and the desirable composition of research teams studying desegregation have also played a role. Demographic changes in our society and its schools that have made salient other research topics and the development of effective research paradigms for studying intergroup relations in the laboratory have also contributed to this decline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Psychological Thought from Pythagoras to Freud: An Informal Introduction.

Reviews the book, Psychological Thought from Pythagoras to Freud: An Informal Introduction by Gardner Murphy (1968). Those individuals who look on Gardner Murphy as one of the (alas) few really literate psychologists of the twentieth century will have their admiration of him reinforced by this volume of essays. They were originally presented as a series of lectures at the Menninger School of Psychiatry in 1966-67. One of them, on "The Mathematical View of Life and Mind: Pythagoras", has already been published in the American Psychologist while another, "Evolution: Charles Darwin", has appeared in the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. Whether the topic is the place (and misplace) of quantification in psychology, materialist and functionalist views of psychology, the role of divine grace in the evolution of the concept of the will, nationalistic differences in the handling of common psychological problems, psychology's post evolutionary theory concerns, the stream of William James' thought, Gestalt psychology or Freudian psychoanalysis, Murphy remains erudite, informative and, occasionally, provocative. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, Incorporated: 1965 Annual Report.

Presents the 1965 Annual Report of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, Incorporated. The following sub-headings are listed: Candidacies Received; Candidacies Received under the Provision of Mandatory Examination; 1964 Written Examinations; 1965 Oral Examinations; Second Candidacies; Continuing Review of Policies and Procedures; ABEPP Officers and Trustees; and Information on Procedures for Candidacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology: 1958 annual report.

The American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP) has now completed its eleventh year of service to American psychology. This article is its eleventh Annual Report to the American Psychological Association and to the membership of the Canadian Psychological Association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Nature of Social and Personality Psychology as Reflected in JPSP, 1965-2000.

A bibliometric analysis of the first 36 years (1965-2000) of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP) is presented. The authors analyzed the structure of JPSP on the basis of contents and other aspects related to productivity, such as growth in the number of articles and authors, and "invisible colleges." In 2001, JPSP articles were cited over 23,000 times. An increasing number of older, classic articles are cited, suggesting that there are an accumulating number of citations whose influence endures over time. JPSP articles have grown in length, number of studies included, number of references, and number of authors and have become more international with an increasing proportion of authors from outside the United States. The pattern of findings suggests an increasingly complex and mature science. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, Incorporated: 1966 Annual Report.

Presents the nineteenth Annual Report of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP) relating to candidacies, examinations conducted, and Diplomates. A listing of ABEPP Officers and Trustees is also included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, Inc., after twenty years: 1967 Annual Report.

Presents the 1967 Annual Report of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, Inc. Topics covered in the report include the autonomy of the agency, social responsibility, the utilization of research findings, psychologist evaluation criteria, ABEPP certificate categories, and evolving examination procedures. A salute is offered to the Executive Officer and other ABEPP-linked psychologists, and statistical summaries are provided, as is a listing of ABEPP officers and trustees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Schools of Psychology: A Symposium.

Reviews the book, Schools of Psychology: A Symposium edited by David L. Krantz (1969). This volume contains five papers which were delivered at a symposium held on September 4, 1967 at the seventy-fifth anniversary meetings of the American Psychological Association. The participants and their topics were E. G. Boring (Titchener, Meaning and Behaviorism), Edna Heidbreder (Functionalism), R. J. Herrnstein (Behaviorism), Wolfgang Kohler (Gestalt psychology), and David Shakow (Psychoanalysis). In addition there is a discussion by Gardner Murphy and an additional paper, by the editor, on the Baldwin-Titchener controversy. An index is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Introducing the Student Editorial Board: Strengthening the future of school psychology and School Psychology Quarterly.

Introduces the new Student Editorial Board for School Psychology Quarterly. Along with the Research Design and Methodology Section and the Book Review Section, which made their inaugural appearance in the Winter 1998 issue, the Student Editorial Board is intended to strengthen both our journal and our field as we move into the next century. It is expected that the Student Editorial Board will result in symbiotic benefits for both our field and the board members themselves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology 2004/2005 Edition.

This article reviews the "Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology 2004/2005 Edition." The purpose of this book is to help students prepare for admission into clinical or counseling psychology graduate programs and to assist with the corresponding application process. Including several web resources, updated profiles and contact information for North American programs, data outlining admissions criteria, and sample letters, CVs and a personal statement, this book is designed to help both current and future applicants prepare for and apply strategically to graduate school. Well written and using straightforward language and information presented in text, table, and list formats, the authors draw on research data and personal anecdotes to outline the application process and its various considerations. The book covers all steps of the process from the initial decision to pursue graduate work in clinical or counseling psychology to the final decision one makes upon offers of admission. Moreover, one of its greatest features is a timeline for preparing for graduate work in these fields. The timeline breaks the application process into manageable steps and could, for many readers, decrease the stresses that arise from preparing for and applying to graduate school. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A journal of interest: Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry.

The Review was founded in 1961 to bring an existential and phenomenological approach to the understanding of human experience. With a primary focus on the psychotherapeutic endeavor, the Review publishes original essays and first translations from the fields of literature and philosophy, as well as from psychology and psychiatry proper. The Review has published essays by nearly every major figure in the world, including Viktor Frankl, Eugene Gendlin, Jacques Lacan, R.D. Laing, RolloMay, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jacob Needleman, Carl Rogers, and Jean-Paul Sartre. In addition to continuing to publish original essays on a wide variety of general topics, in recent years the Review has published a series of special issues devoted to major figures in the field of existential psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)