优秀女子体操运动员月经状况调查分析

本研究测量了180名国家体操集训女运动员以及176名同年龄段中小学女生的身高、体重、体脂百分比,调查了这些被试的初潮年龄、月经周期等,并随访了35名退役已婚的运动员。结果显示:体操运动员身高、体重、体脂均明显低于同年龄段中小学女生;初潮年龄比中小学女生推迟;月经紊乱发生率高于中小学生;退役体操运动员婚后生育与月经基本正常。提示:体操运动员经期应注意合理安排训练和比赛、调整饮食。     

优秀体操运动员足踝骨关节损伤调查分析

对2003～2007年间211名体操运动员足踝骨关节损伤的X线片、病历、专家诊断并结合多年临床观察进行总结分析,统计发病率。对损伤因素进行了针对性分析。结果显示:体操运动员足踝骨关节损伤主要有距骨前缘增生、外踝撕脱性骨折、距后三角骨损伤、距骨后缘骨折、内踝疲劳性骨折、副舟骨损伤、副腓骨损伤等;女运动员的发病率高于男运动员;男子成年组的发病率高于男子少年组。     

中国体操运动员足踝关节损伤的X线分析

本文对60名中国体操运动员的足踝关节损伤进行了X线学检查。结果发现:每个足踝关节平均有2处以上的骨性和软组织损伤,其中最为常见的为足踝部骨关节病和腱末端病。研究显示:年小运动员以骨骺损伤为主,而成年运动员则以骨关节病为多。本文还对运动创伤中较为少见的足舟状骨疲劳性骨折和跟骨前上突骨折进行了报导和讨论,为今后防治体操运动员的足踝关节运动损伤提供一定的理论依据。     

体操引起腹腔脏器损伤二例报告

<正> 体操运动引起头、颈、腰椎及肢体损伤已有不少报告。近年来,随着体操动作难度的提高,体操引起的内脏脏器损伤增多了。本文报告体操引起腹腔脏器损伤二例,以便引起注意。例1 ××,男,17岁,体操运动员。病历号     

骨骺慢性损伤实验病理研究

<正> 随着体育运动的发展,骨骺慢性损伤发病率有所增高。1972年曲绵域报导102名20岁以下的体操运动员患椎体缘离断症者32名,占31.3%。1980年邱励慎报告男体操运动员桡骨远端骨骺损伤发病率高达80%。该病不仅影响运动员的训练及比赛成绩,甚至影响青少     

关于运动员的前庭和视动反射

<正> 为了鉴定运动员的前庭并揭示其机能状态,作者对从事运动3年以上、具有高度技能、身体健康的358名运动员进行了检查。这些运动员中有从事复杂技术运动(花样溜冰、跳水、体操)的运动员92人,非周期性运动(篮球、冰球、足球)的运动员84人,周期性运动(滑冰、滑雪、田径)的运动员85人,拳     

儿童体操、少年田径运动员补充营养品期间的营养研究

在1981年11月毛子亭等对沈阳体院附设竞技体校儿童体操、少年田径运动员营养调查的基础上,根据其营养缺乏的现状,本文作者进行了补充营养品的实验研究。实验时期于82年5—7月。实验对象系从81年前入校经1年半以上训练期的正式学员包括原有的儿童体操运动员13人(其中男6人,女7人,年龄8～13岁)和少年田径运动员(其中男女各7人,年龄14～18岁)。实验方式在保持通常进     

提携角与体操运动员肘关节骨骺损伤

调查与研究表明,体操运动员肘关节骨骺损伤发病率与提携角大小密切有关,提携角越大,肘部组合应力值越大,导致骨骺损伤的可能性也越大。作者指出,提携角可作为体操运动员选材的一项指标,提携角超过18°,以不入选为好。     

IGFBP-3基因多态性与青春期女子体操运动员骨生长代谢的关联

目的:探讨胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3(IGFBP-3)基因多态性和青春期女子体操运动员骨生长代谢的关联性。方法:对62名青春期汉族女子体操运动员进行观察研究,测试其2013年3月25日的骨量、骨密度、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)、IGFBP-3、骨钙蛋白、骨碱性磷酸酶、25-羟维生素D。采用haploview软件及hapmap、NCBI数据库选取IGFBP-3基因多态位点,应用SNa Pshot SNP分型方法进行基因分型。结果:IGFBP-3基因多态位点rs2854744、rs2270628、rs2854746、rs3110697、rs2453839均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传定律。女子体操运动员IGFBP-3基因rs2270628位点与各位点骨量及骨密度关联。rs2270628CC基因型大腿骨矿含量、全身骨矿含量、上肢骨密度、大腿骨密度、脊柱骨密度、全身骨密度显著高于CT+TT基因型。IGFBP-3水平与rs2453839多态性关联,TT基因型的IGFBP-3水平显著高于CT+CC型。结论:IGFBP-3基因多态位点rs2270628可作为青春期女子体操运动员骨生长代谢的分子遗传学标记。     

浅析蛙跳所致梨状肌综合征的发病机理

浅析蛙跳所致梨状肌综合征的发病机理南京体育学院医务科（２１００１４）王永明蛙跳，就是模仿青蛙跳跃动作的运动方式，是运动员进行身体素质训练常用的方法之一，在田径、排球、举重、体操、足球等要求下肢肌肉力量较强的运动项目中广泛应用。近年来，笔者发现进行蛙跳...     

Nutritional status and body composition of juvenile elite female gymnasts

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine body composition, dietary intake and energy expenditure in 12 young female elite gymnasts aged 10.1 +/- 0.3 years, doing a physical exercise of 15 hrs x week-1. The results were compared with a control group consisting of nine volunteer school girls age matched doing less than 4 hrs x wk-1 of physical exercise. METHODS: Assessments included dietary intake for 7 days, anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, arm circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, body mass index). Body fat percentage was estimated using the Slaughter equation. Anthropometric measurements and nutritional intake were recorded in autumn. RESULTS: The gymnasts were shorter and had lower body weight compared with controls (p<0.05). Percentage of body fat was significantly lower in gymnasts versus controls (p<0.01). Gymnasts had higher percentage of fat free mass (p<0.01) than the reference group. Daily energy intake met daily energy requirement in both groups. Distribution of energy for both groups was almost identical, with approximately 14% from protein, 48% from carbohydrate, and 37% from fat. The average intakes of polyunsaturated fat were low in the two groups. The main daily intake of most nutrients in both groups were in accordance with recommendations; exceptions were dietary fibre, E and B6 vitamins. CONCLUSIONS: The primary finding of this investigation is that in both groups, the mean daily energy intake met the energy requirement. Thus, the gymnasts did not restrict total energy. The overall nutrient intake of the two groups may appear adequate. Prepubertal gymnasts have higher percentage of fat free mass and daily energy expenditure and dietary intakes, but lower percent body fat than age matched controls.     

Epidemiology of injuries in gymnastics

A prospective one-year epidemiological study was carried out to determine the injury incidence and the injury mechanisms in different groups of gymnasts and to identify possible risk factors. A total of 115 gymnasts with a median age of 16 (8-25) were followed through a whole season of median 48 weeks (ranges 40–51). The overall injury incidence was 85 per 100 gymnasts per season, ranging from 27 in subelite males to 157 in subelite females. This high incidence is partly explained by the use of a sensitive injury definition, the high exposure time, and the large proportion of highly competitive gymnasts in the population. Considering the exposure time, however, the incidence is lower than in most other sports, 1.6 per 1000 h of gymnastic activity. Subelite female gymnasts were more commonly injured than other artistic gymnasts, in particular in relation to balance beam exercises and inadequate spotting. Injuries were predominantly localized to the lower extremities (64%) for the whole population of gymnasts. A siwcantly large proportion of the male artistic gymnasts, nevertheless, sustained upper extremity injuries corresponding to their apparatus performance. Most injuries were of mild or moderate severity, the recovery time was, however, considerable (median 30 days, ranges 1–365), and the injuries sustained during competition had a median recovery period of 180 days (7-270). Twenty-two per cent of the injuries resulted in a recovery period of more than 6 months. Re-evaluation of the criteria of the score system for dismount as well as an increased use of spotters during practice and high-risk events are possible measures to prevent serious injuries.     

Growth and pubertal development of young female gymnasts and swimmers: a correlation with parental data

Whereas intensive and regular physical training is known to alter female reproductive function, its potential role in growth is still controversial. At the beginning of a longitudinal growth study of young elite female gymnasts (n = 34, 15-25 h/wk training) and moderately trained swimmers (n = 19, 5-15 h/wk), patterns of recalled parental growth and pubertal maturation were compared with those of parents of 25 sedentary school girls. These data were also correlated to the height, weight, pubertal development as well as adult height prognosis of their daughters. Bone age was estimated using the methods of Greulich-Pyle and Tanner (RUS score) and adult height prognosis using the methods of Bayley-Pinneau (BP), Roche-Wainer-Thissen (RWT), and Tanner et al. (TW2). Parents of gymnasts were significantly lighter (fathers: P = 0.027; mothers: P = 0.038) and shorter (fathers: P = 0.034; mothers: P less than 0.001) than those of swimmers and controls. Consequently, target heights of gymnasts were also significantly shorter (P less than 0.001). Recalled menarche occurred significantly later (P = 0.030) in mothers of gymnasts who, in turn, grow much alike their mothers. At the first visit, the gymnasts were shorter and lighter for age than swimmers and controls. Their bone age (11.0 +/- 1.3 years, mean +/- SD) was retarded (P less than 0.001) when compared with chronological age (12.6 +/- 1.2 years). Adult height prognosis was lower for gymnasts than for other girls (BP: P less than 0.001; RWT: P = 0.023, TW2: P less than 0.001), but adequate for target height range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dietary status and anthropometric assessment of child gymnasts.

This study on gymnasts found the subjects' body fat to be 5-8% higher than that found in comparable studies on the subject. With the exception of protein, vitamin C, and riboflavin, the subjects' dietary intake of energy and other nutrients, i.e., calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin and niacin, was found to be inadequate. The athletes were recommended to observe a proper diet and training program which could enable them to reduce the amount of body fat and compensate for dietary inadequacies.     

Factors discriminating gymnasts by competitive level

This study examined the relationship between the performance level as evaluated by expert coaches and the results on a multidimensional test battery in female gymnastics. 4 coaches assigned 168 female gymnasts aged 6-8 years into 2 groups (Elite-level potential, n=103 and Sub-elite-level potential, n=65) based upon their technical evaluation of the gymnastics abilities on the 4 apparatus. Moreover, anthropometric, physical and coordinative characteristics were assessed. ANOVA with age as fixed factor revealed that results on all aforementioned characteristics, except body fat%, sit-and-reach, rope climbing and a motor coordination test, significantly improved with increasing age. MANCOVA with competitive level as fixed factor and age and maturity as covariates indicated that all gymnasts portrayed a similar athletic built (Wilks' lambda=0.95, F=2.20, p=0.071), but the elite-level potential gymnasts outperformed the less gifted gymnasts on all physical (Wilks' lambda=0.65, F=8.00, p<0.001) and coordinative variables (Wilks' lambda=0.79, F=22.10, p<0.001). Discriminant analysis revealed motor coordination to be the most important factor in discriminating between young female elite and sub-elite gymnasts. A test battery measuring multidimensional performance characteristics is valuable in addition to the coaches' technical judgment in the search of young gifted female gymnasts.     

Epidemiology of injury in elite and subelite female gymnasts: a comparison of retrospective and prospective findings

OBJECTIVES: An 18 month prospective injury survey was conducted on 64 Australian elite and subelite female gymnasts. The aims were to determine the rate of injury, anatomical location, and types of injury incurred by female competitive gymnasts, and to compare the findings with data collected retrospectively from the same sample of gymnasts. METHODS: The gymnasts recorded (weekly) in an injury record booklet the number of hours trained and information on any injuries suffered over that week. RESULTS: The sample reported 349 injuries, a rate of 5.45 per person (6.29 for the elite and 4.95 for subelite gymnasts) over the 18 month survey. Injuries to the ankle and foot (31.2%) were the most commonly reported, followed by the lower back (14.9%). The most prevalent type of injury were sprains (29.7%), followed by strains (23.2%), and growth plate injuries (12.3%). The elite gymnasts reported that, for each injury, they missed fewer training sessions (p = 0.01), but modified more sessions (p = 0.0001) than their subelite counterparts. Further, the elite gymnasts spent 21.0% of the year training at less than full capacity because of injury. Although a significantly higher number of injuries were recorded in the prospective study (p = 0.0004), no differences were found between the distribution of injury by anatomical location or type between the two methods of data collection. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have important implications in terms of training procedures and periodic screening of gymnasts.     

Peripubertal perturbations in elite gymnasts caused by sport specific training regimes and inadequate nutritional intake

Low body fat masses of elite female gymnasts are favoured for the current aesthetic appeal required for complex movements performed by the gymnasts. Optimal nutritional intake relative to physical training regimes is essential for pubertal development. Here we evaluate how high intensity training in combination with nutritional intake affects pubertal development. Twenty-two female (13.6 +/- 1.0 years) and 18 male (12.4 +/- 1.6 years) elite gymnasts from national cadres were enlisted in this study. Skeletal maturation and hormonal levels of the hypophyseal, gonadal, and adrenal axes were estimated. Prepubertal and pubertal stages were determined, and body composition was measured using two indirect methods. Whereas female gymnasts showed bone retardation (1.7 years), reduced height potential, minimal fat mass (4.3 +/- 1.3 kg), no significant increase in pubertal oestradiol levels (17.6 +/- 4.2 pg/ml vs. 23.9 +/- 13.4 pg/ml), and delayed menarche (2.3 years), male gymnasts displayed virtually unaltered pubertal development due to different training regimes. Nutritional intake was insufficient in all gymnasts although to a lesser extent for male gymnasts. Intensive physical training of elite female gymnasts combined with inadequate nutritional intake can alter the normal pattern of pubertal development. In female gymnasts the onset of menarche can be influenced by keeping the amount of fat mass low. There is a peripubertal change favouring fat mass over muscle mass in females while there is a net gain of muscle mass during pubertal development in males.     

Low back pain in elite rhythmic gymnasts

BACKGROUND: Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that blends the athleticism of a gymnast with the grace of a ballerina. The sport demands both the coordination of handling various apparatus and the flexibility to attain positions not seen in any other sport. To attain perfection and reproducibility of their routines, the athletes must practice and repeat the basic elements of their routines thousands of times. In so doing, the athlete places herself at risk of a myriad of overuse injuries, the most common being low back pain. METHODS: To document the presence and severity of low back pain in elite rhythmic gymnasts, a prospective study of seven national team members was undertaken that documented injuries and complaints with daily medical reports over a 7-wk period. These findings were correlated with a retrospective review of 11 elite level gymnasts followed over a 10-month period whose complaints ultimately required evaluation by a physician. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of the gymnasts in the prospective study complained of back pain at some point over the course of the study. The only injury recorded that required a time loss from sport was a low back injury. The most common complaint requiring a physician's evaluation was low back pain with the diagnoses varying from muscle strains to bony stress reaction or complete fracture of the pars inter-articularis (spondylolysis). No athlete had a spondylolisthesis or ruptured disk. Two had mild scolioses which did not appear to be associated with their low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: It would appear that rhythmic gymnasts are at relative increased risk of suffering low back complaints secondary to their sport.     

Growth and menarcheal status of elite female gymnasts.

The growth and maturity status of 201 elite female gymnasts was considered. The subjects were participants at the 24 World Championship Artistic Gymnastics in 1987. In addition to age at menarche, weight, stature, biacromial, and bicristal breadths, the sitting height/stature ratio, and the Health-Carter anthropometric somatotype of gymnasts 13-20 yr of age were compared with reference data for a nationally representative sample of Flemish girls. Median age at menarche (probit analysis) in gymnasts is 15.6 +/- 2.1 yr compared with 13.2 +/- 1.2 yr in Flemish girls. Anthropometric dimensions increase with age until about 16 yr and then tend to plateau. In contrast to body size, there is little variation in somatotype with age. Compared with adolescent girls, elite gymnasts are considerably shorter and lighter with narrower shoulders and hips, but the differences are more apparent after 17 yr. Elite gymnasts do not differ from nonathletes in relative leg length, but they have proportionally broader shoulders relative to hips. Differences in somatotype occur primarily in endomorphy (especially lower in gymnasts) and to a lesser extent in mesomorphy (higher in gymnasts).     

Maturity offset in gymnasts: application of a prediction equation

PURPOSE: To verify the applicability of the prediction equation for maturity offset in a sample of female gymnasts followed longitudinally through adolescence. METHODS: Fifteen gymnasts were followed longitudinally for 6-7 yr across adolescence. Weight, height, and sitting height were measured at annual intervals. The Preece-Baines Model I was fitted to longitudinal height data for individual gymnasts to derive age at peak height velocity (PHV). The curve-fitting protocol was successfully fit to the height records of 13 of the 15 gymnasts with standard errors of estimate between 0.02 and 0.28 cm. Maturity offset was calculated from measurements taken at each observation for the 13 gymnasts and also added to chronological age at each observation point to provide an estimated age at PHV. Age at PHV derived with the Preece-Baines model was used as the criterion. Differences between the criterion age at PHV and predicted age at PHV were calculated. RESULTS: Maturity offset overestimates age at PHV in gymnasts. Mean predicted ages at PHV deviate linearly from the criterion age at PHV, but the difference is significant only at 9 yr. Correlations between maturity offset predicted ages at PHV and criterion age at PHV range from -0.13 to +0.76. The Bland-Altman plot of criterion and predicted ages at PHV suggest a systematic bias in the predictions. CONCLUSION: Maturity offset appears to have limitations when applied to female gymnasts. Care is warranted in utilizing maturity offset per se and predicted age at PHV based on maturity offset as an indicator of maturity timing in female gymnasts and perhaps other short females.