纳米载体及其药物释放

通过纳米载体运输药物,并在特定的组织释放药物已经成为生物医学的热门研究之一.由于实体肿瘤的高通透性和滞留效应,纳米颗粒容易进入肿瘤细胞,并在肿瘤细胞中富集,因此以纳米粒子为载体加载药物并在目标细胞或组织释放药物可以提高靶部位的药物浓度,增加药效,降低药物对生物体全身的毒副作用.通常,载药的纳米粒子释放药物的方式有两种,即扩散型释放与侵袭型释放.而刺激纳米粒子释放药物的方式多种多样,包括pH响应、酶响应、光响应、磁响应以及超声波响应等.主要介绍了多功能纳米粒子的载药原理及其研究现状.     

磷酸钙纳米体系用于顺铂前药的运载

纳米载药体系能促进铂类广谱抗癌药物的运输和增强药效,并保护作为前药的四价铂在到达细胞前不被还原.以磷酸钙纳米颗粒为基础建立了一种生物兼容性高、制备方法简单的四价铂前药运载体系.通过动态光散射、扫描电镜和X射线衍射对颗粒粒径和形貌进行了表征,并研究其细胞摄取效率和细胞毒性.实验结果表明,该纳米载药体系的粒径分布较窄、分散性较好、细胞摄取效率较高,并具有还原响应性,可在胞内还原剂的作用下释放出顺铂,显著提高了四价铂前药对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用.     

无机纳米载体在靶向药物输送中的应用研究进展

纳米材料在生物领域的渗透形成了纳米生物材料,而纳米药物载体的研究是纳米生物材料的前沿和热点之一.常见的无机纳米药物载体包括磁性纳米粒子、介孔二氧化硅、纳米碳材料、量子点等,这些无机纳米药物载体在实现靶向性给药、控释和缓释药物以及癌症靶向治疗等方面表现出良好的应用前景.而且,集成像、靶向给药和癌症治疗功能于一身的多功能纳米药物载体比常规化疗药物载体具有明显优势.文中综述了近年来上述无机纳米材料尤其是多功能无机纳米载体在靶向药物输送中的应用及其载药释药行为的研究进展.     

磁流体联合药物缓释载体介导的肿瘤磁感应热化疗

化学共沉淀法制备磁感应热疗用纳米介质——氨基硅烷修饰的磁流体,超声乳化法制备担载多西紫杉醇的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米缓释微球,对二者进行理化表征,并将二者作为磁感应热化疗复合介质进行系统性研究。红外光谱分析磁纳米粒子表面已经成功修饰氨基硅烷,热重分析表明氨基硅烷包封率为2.5%～3%,透射电镜观察磁纳米粒子粒径约为10nm,振动样品磁强计验证磁流体为超顺磁性,体外升温实验表明该纳米颗粒在交变磁场下具有良好的升温能力。扫描电镜观察高分子载药微球具有规则的形态,Zeta电位检测微球表面呈负电性,差示扫描量热仪分析多西紫杉醇在纳米微球内以非晶体形式存在,高效液相分析载药高分子缓释微球具良好的缓释性能,细胞热化疗实验发现磁流体联合载药缓释微球具有良好的热协同效应。研究初步表明,磁流体-高分子载药微球是一种有效的磁感应热化疗复合介质。     

反式白藜芦醇纳米粒的制备及其体外评价

采用离子交联法制备反式白藜芦醇纳米粒(t-Res-NPs),通过Box-Behnken效应面法优化制备工艺.从包封率、粒径、Zeta电位、载药量、纳米粒形态、缓释作用、稳定性等方面对t-Res-NPs进行体外评价.结果表明:t-Res-NPs粒径为(85.38±1.69) nm,Zeta电位为(19.93±3.25) mV,包封率为(88.31±0.59)%,载药量为(5.96±1.60)%;纳米粒形态呈圆形;t-Res-NPs具有良好的缓释作用,释放过程较为平稳,突释现象不明显;肠内菌对t-Res-NPs及反式白藜芦醇(t-Res)几乎无代谢作用,肝脏代谢酶对t-Res具有强烈的代谢作用,而t-Res-NPs可以有效地保护药物,减慢其代谢速率;t-Res-NPs可明显改善t-Res溶解度差、生物利用度低的缺点.     

双响应脂质体纳米凝胶的构建及性能

针对抗癌药物难以在肿瘤部位精准控制释放的问题,设计了一种双重响应脂质体纳米凝胶载体.通过模板原位聚合方法,本文构建了pH和还原双敏感的脂质体纳米凝胶(pH/R-lipogels),其中包括pH敏感的脂质体膜和二硫键交联的氧化还原敏感纳米凝胶内核.通过激光粒度仪和透射电镜研究了pH/R-lipogels的粒径分布和形貌,结果证明pH/R-lipogels粒径分布较窄且呈现出规则的球形结构.体外药物释放实验结果表明,载药双敏感脂质体纳米凝胶(DOX@pH/R-lipogels)能够快速响应pH值和GSH浓度的变化,提高阿霉素盐酸盐(DOX)的释放速率.体外细胞实验显示,DOX@pH/R-lipogels在肿瘤细胞微环境的刺激下,DOX能够被有效地释放进而促进4T1细胞凋亡.这些结果表明脂质体纳米凝胶在药物递送系统中具有很大的潜力并为膜材料的研究奠定了基础.     

基于共价有机框架的仿生光动力学治疗试剂的构建

共价有机框架（COF）是一类新兴的多孔有机聚合物，因其具有较大的比表面积、有序的孔道结构以及良好的生物相容性，已成为具有潜力的纳米药物载体.制备了基于COF纳米颗粒的仿生纳米复合物，负载光敏剂孟加拉玫瑰红（RB），并包裹癌细胞膜（CMV）对该复合物进行仿生修饰.结果表明：制备的COF/RB@CMV纳米复合物具有良好的生物兼容性，能够被肿瘤细胞有效摄取，并在光照激活条件下产生对细胞具有高毒性的活性氧化物（ROS），进而起到了杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用.提出了一种新的基于COF的仿生纳米平台用作光动力学治疗（PDT）试剂.     

纳米技术在药物传递方面的应用

纳米技术在生物医药方面发挥了越来越重要的作用。在药物传递方面,纳米粒子作为药物载体,可使其具有靶向性,并可控制其缓释能力、通透性及作用时间。本文对纳米粒子作为药物载体的研究进展及其应用,包括脂质体、聚合物、磁性纳米粒子、纳米金和纳米乳剂等进行了综述。     

用纳米技术诊断与治疗恶性肿瘤的进展

利用纳米技术进行恶性肿瘤早期诊断和治疗是目前国际生物技术领域中最前沿的研究课题,迄今实验室细胞模型(in vitro)研究和临床前动物模型(in vivo)研究已取得了重大进展.纳米生物技术将成为继放疗、化疗和手术治疗后治疗基因疾病的更有效的方法.纳米生物技术涵盖纳米材料科学,构成纳米药物载体平台的纳米材料与药物或基因结合的组装技术以及随后与靶向物质结合的组装技术.目前,实现了纳米生物传感器在肿瘤细胞上的表达,纳米基因药物能够抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,但在临床治疗之前为了确保安全、有效,首先应该研制出针对癌细胞表面配位子特意性更强的靶向物质,以减少对正常组织的损害;此外,还需提高纳米材料药物的装载量和稳定性,并研制出适宜的纳米材料以及相应的制备技术.     

基于壳聚糖载体的蛋白质药物纳米颗粒制备研究

采用基于壳聚糖(CS)与聚阴离子(多聚磷酸纳)间静电作用的离子凝胶化方法,以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型,在室温下制备了包载蛋白质的亲水性壳聚糖纳米颗粒.对BSA-壳聚糖纳米颗粒的形成条件进行了考察,结果表明:在pH值为5.0,CS与TPP的质量比为4,壳聚糖分子量为40 kDa的最优化的条件下可制备粒径小于100 nm的BSA-壳聚糖纳米颗粒,对BSA的包封率达到50%以上.并将该体系初步应用于蛋白类药物丙种球蛋白-壳聚糖纳米颗粒的制备研究,这种壳聚糖纳米颗粒对丙种球蛋白具有良好的缓释作用.     

庆大霉素/水杨酸/壳聚糖复方纳米粒的制备及体外释放

通过壳聚糖与三聚磷酸钠的离子交联作用制备了具有拮抗庆大霉素耳毒性功效的庆大霉素/水杨酸复方壳聚糖纳米粒。用紫外分光光度计、纳米粒度仪和Zeta电位仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪等考察了壳聚糖纳米粒的粒径、zeta电位、形态、载药能力及体外释放行为。结果显示复方纳米粒为球形,平均粒径为40 nm;庆大霉素与水杨酸的包封率分别为(91.24±0.24)%和(80.75±0.15)%,载药量分别为(34.15±1.02)%和(38.35±0.48)%;在体外释放试验中,庆     

Dialdehyde starch nanoparticles： Preparation and application in drub carrier

Dialdehyde starch nanoparticles (DASNP) were prepared by the redox reaction of NaIO4 and starch in water-in-oil microemulsion. IR spectrum showed that DASNP had aldehyde groups, and quantitative alkali consumption showed that its dialdehyde content was about (50±5)%. The average diameter of DASNP determined by SEM was about 100 nm. TGA-DTA showed that its thermal stability was better than starch nanoparticle (StNP) and dialdehyde starch (DAS). Its low biological toxicity was detected by cell experiment. Also the best mass ratio of doxorubicin (DOX) to combined DASNP detected by UV-VIS was 15 : 1, and the product was effective for controlled release of DOX. The cell experiment showed that the drug-carrier particle (DOX-DASNP) can release DOX for a long time and strengthened the effect of the anticancer drug. This work demonstrates that the DASNP, which has good thermal stability, small particle size, low biological toxicity, and slowly anticancer drug-releasing to strengthen drug effect, is a potentially useful carrier for anticancer drug.     

Preparation of folateconjugated starch nanoparticles and its application to tumor-targeted drug delivery vector

The lower toxicity and high effect of drug are very important for clinic therapy. So more and more atten-tion has been paid to the targeted drug delivery system. Folate receptor (FR) has been reported to be vastly overexpressed in most human tumors but se…     

用于高效磁转染的鱼精蛋白修饰的铁氧磁性纳米粒研究

 功能化铁氧磁性纳米粒在生物医学中应用广泛,可用于肿瘤磁感应热疗、磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）、药物输送及磁转染等方面。为了探讨鱼精蛋白功能化修饰的铁氧磁性纳米粒的制备及其作为基因载体在体外磁转染中的可行性,采用共沉淀法制备Fe3O4磁性纳米粒,经表面氨基化修饰后在其表面偶联鱼精蛋白。利用透射电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、zeta电位与粒度分析仪等,对磁性纳米粒进行形态、粒径及zeta电位分析等表征检测。共聚焦显微镜观察磁转染方法转染报告基因绿色荧光蛋白质粒pEGFP-N1进入HepG2细胞的表达,以真核转染试剂vigofect为对照。结果显示,实验中制备的磁性纳米粒粒径10nm左右,在交变磁场下具有良好的升温性能。鱼精蛋白功能化修饰磁性纳米粒后,其zeta电位进一步增大,更利于与DNA有效结合,在HepG2细胞系,其转染pEGFP-N1质粒的效率高于vigofect。研究表明,鱼精蛋白功能化修饰的铁氧磁性纳米粒可作为磁转染的有效载体,由于其同时具备在交变磁场下升温的性能,在基因治疗联合热疗的研究领域具有一定的应用价值。     

Dialdehyde starch nanoparticles as antitumor drug delivery system: An in vitro, in vivo, and immunohistological evaluation

Sustaining the release of therapeutic nanoparticles in a cell-, tissue-, or disease-specific manner is a potentially powerful technology. A new drug carrier-dialdehyde starch nanoparticle (DASNP) that can sustain the loading and release of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) antitumor drug is reported in this study. IR spectrophotometer and 1H NMR confirmed the formation of aldehyde groups, and scan electron microscope determinations showed that the dialdehyde starch nanoparticles obtained had an average diameter of 90 nm. 5-Fu, the model drug, was conjugated into nanoparticles by aldehyde groups. These 5-Fu-binding nanoparticles significantly enhanced breast cancer cell (MCF-7) inhibition in vitro compared with free 5-Fu. After subcutaneous 0 injection in the breast tumor-loaded rats, 5-Fu-DASNP exhibited remarkable tumor-inhibitory efficacy determined by measuring tumor weight in vivo. The tumor inhibition of 5-Fu-DASNP was 61%±6%, whereas that of free 5-Fu was only 42%±4%. Bcl-2/Bax immunohistochem-istry studies indicated that 5-Fu-DASNP remarkably induced tumor tissue necrosis. These results demonstrated that the DASNP prepared in this work is a potentially effective drug carrier.     

可降解纳米氧化钇空心球载药体系的体外抗肿瘤效应

纳米氧化钇空心球在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用.以酚醛树脂微球为模板,合成出了尺寸均一、分散性好的纳米Y₂O₃空心球(HYNPs).它不仅在体外表现出显著的酸性降解行为,而且负载抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(DOX)后,载药体系HYNPs-DOX也表现出明显的pH响应药物释放特点.pH为5.0时,72 h的药物释放可达到70.46%;而pH为 7.4时,72 h的药物释放仅25.04%.进一步通过激光共聚焦显微镜监测载药体系在细胞内的DOX释放,发现随着时间的延长,细胞内DOX的荧光逐渐增加,表明DOX在细胞内释放量的增加.体外抗肿瘤细胞毒性结果显示,HYNPs对肿瘤细胞MCF-7和MDA-MB-231的活性没有影响,而HYNPs-DOX则表现出较高的体外抗肿瘤效应,与游离DOX相当.可见,该材料作为抗肿瘤药物载体具有潜在的应用价值.     

Effect of EGF1 peptides in directing nanoparticles to thrombi

In order to examine the effect of EGF1 peptides in directing nanoparticles to thrombi, the synthesized EGF1 peptide was conjugated to poly (ethyleneglycol)-poly (lactide) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles (NP) to form EGF1-NP. A lipophilic fluorescent dye, coumarin-6, was incorporated into EGF1-NP so as to detect its loading and release capacity. The binding ability of EGF1-NP with TF-expressing cells was shown to be significantly higher than that of the non-conjugated NP. Following an intravenous administration, fluorescence was distributed along the vessel wall of the thrombosis regions in the model rats injected with coumarin-6-loaded EGF1-NP. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that EGF1-NP is a promising drug delivery system for targeting cerebral thrombi.     

Preparation and cellular uptake of PLGA particles loaded with lamivudine

Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lamivudine and coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared via a double emulsion method. The influences of experiments parameters such as volume of inner aqueous phase, concentration of organic phase and ultrasonication time on the particle size and drug entrapment efficiency were investigated, obtaining PLGA particles with a diameter of ~260 nm and drug entrapment efficiency of ~35%. The particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmittance electron microscopy, showing a core-shell structure. BCA assay found that 58 mg BSA was present on/in 1 g LPB particles. The loaded lamivudine showed a burst release at beginning and sustained release until 24 h in physiological conditions. Low pH could accelerate the release of lamivudine from PLGA particles, making the PLGA particles potential intelligent intracellular drug carriers. The PLGA particles were readily internalized into the human liver cells within a short time and increased gradually with the prolongation of incubation time regardless of the loading of lamivudine. The particles either resided within lysosomes or transferred to cytoplasm, but could not enter into the cell nucleus. The cell viability was not significantly influenced in the presence of the particles regardless of lamivudine encapsulation, suggesting that this kind of particles may be a good candidate for the intracellular anti-hepatitis B drug delivery.     

A new drug carrier: Magnetite nanoparticles coated with amphiphilic block copolymer

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of 4 nm magnetite nanoparticles coated with amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PEMA- b-PHEMA) by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), which can act as new po-tential carriers for hydrophobic targeted drug delivery. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis indi-cated that the magnetite nanoparticles were superparamagnetic at room temperature. Thermogravim-etric analysis (TGA) was applied to studying the property of surface of magnetite nanoparticles, and the surface density of macromolecules was calculated. The grafting density of oleic acid, BrMPA and PEMA was 5.8, 3.9, 0.16 chain/nm2 respectively, which indicates that the initiation efficiency decreases due to the influence of large space of oleic acid molecules. In vitro progesterone and (-)-isoproterenol hy-drochloride release in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.0 and 37℃ was conducted in order to demonstrate the function of drug loading and release. The results showed that the amount of drug carried into the core-shell Fe₃O₄@PEMA-b-PHEMA depends on the length of hydrophobic segment of block copolymer. The release of progesterone (37% after 22 h in our previous work) was compared with the release of (-)-isoproterenol hydrochloride (80% after 50 min), demonstrating that the strong hy-drophobic interaction between hydrophobic segment and drug can effectively control the release of hydrophobic drugs.     

抗癌药物靶向制剂的研究现状

抗癌靶向药物制剂能使药物选择性地与靶组织在细胞或亚细胞水平上发生反应,使药物能够可控性地分布,并于靶区持续缓慢地释放药物,有效降低其对正常组织的毒副作用,从而提高化疗疗效.针对目前国内外正在研究并取得了一定进展的抗癌靶向药物制剂,进行了全面客观的综述.通过大量文献,从靶向治疗设计模式、靶向制剂的分类、抗癌靶向药物载体及影响药物靶向性的因素等方面进行探讨.发现尽管靶向制剂广泛应用于临床尚需时日,但它们对于克服肿瘤治疗中的毒副作用,从而提高疗效具有不可忽视的作用.