紫色马铃薯颗粒全粉加工关键工艺参数优化

为获得高品质紫色马铃薯颗粒全粉,以"黑美人"马铃薯为原料,通过单因素和正交试验对关键工艺参数进行优化,得出最佳工艺参数组合为:漂烫时间25 min,蒸煮温度95℃,蒸煮时间35 min,干燥温度120℃。该工艺条件下生产紫色马铃薯颗粒全粉,产品得率为22.87%,水分6.96%,蛋白质10.23%,淀粉68.9%,维生素C23.64 mg/100 g,灰分4.06%,花青素346.06 mg/100 g,花青素保持率83.72%,碘蓝值6.6786。所得颗粒全粉色泽均匀,游离淀粉含量低,花青素保持率高,感官品质良好。     

微波法提取香菇含氮物质最佳工艺条件及其营养成分研究

试验以香菇为原料,对微波法提取香菇含氮物质的工艺进行了研究。探讨了物料比、微波功率、微波作用时间等因素对香菇提取液氮收率和水解度的影响。通过正交试验,确定了最佳工艺条件为物料比1∶100、微波功率500 W、微波时间30 min。通过传统蒸煮法和微波提取法的比较试验得知,微波萃取法具有提取率高等优点。通过微波消解——原子吸收光谱法分别测定了传统蒸煮法和微波法提取的香菇提取液的Ca,Zn,Fe,Mn,Mg含量,结果发现除了Fe之外,微波提取液中Ca,Zn,Mn,Mg含量要比传统蒸煮法高。通过氨基酸自动分析仪分别测定了传统蒸煮法和微波法提取的香菇提取液氨基酸含量。结果表明,微波法比传统蒸煮法的氨基酸含量高。     

马铃薯颗粒全粉的微波干燥工艺的研究

本实验研究了微波干燥条件对马铃薯颗粒全粉水分含量、白度、VC含量的影响。结果发现，微波干燥温度与产品水分、VC含量均呈二元函数关系。微波干燥能耗与产品水含量的函数关系式为Y=88.1/1-59.4E^-0.65x。尽管干燥温度越高，产品中VC破坏率越高，白度越低，但是，微波干燥的产品品质明显优于热风干燥，全粉的VC含量和白度高于热风干燥，SO2残留量含量低于热风干燥。     

马铃薯全粉对冷冻熟面冻藏品质的影响

将15%马铃薯生全粉和15%马铃薯熟全粉分别与小麦粉混合制作冷冻熟面,探究其在冻藏期间质构品质、蒸煮品质的变化,并通过核磁共振仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等,研究两种马铃薯全粉对冷冻熟面中水分结合状态、淀粉分子短程有序性、麦谷蛋白大聚体含量和微观结构的影响。结果表明,添加15%马铃薯生全粉能够延缓冷冻熟面冻藏期间质构品质和蒸煮品质的下降,抑制紧密结合水向自由水迁移以及水分的散失,降低冷冻熟面老化速率,延缓麦谷蛋白大聚体解聚,面筋网络结构连续性较好。而添加15%马铃薯熟全粉的冷冻熟面在冻藏期间,蒸煮品质下降,拉断力和拉断距离显著降低,面筋网络结构的连续性遭到严重破坏,不适宜长期冻藏。因此,添加马铃薯生全粉有利于保持冷冻熟面冻藏期间的品质,延缓冻藏品质的劣变,延长冷冻熟面货架期。     

不同加工工艺对马铃薯颗粒全粉品质质量的影响

随着马铃薯主粮化战略的不断深入,马铃薯全粉品质质量成为影响马铃薯粮食产品质量的关键因素。颗粒全粉因加工工艺得到简化,良好地保持了马铃薯的营养成分,在马铃薯粮食产品生产中成为主要原料。研究在传统制粉工艺基础上,着重比较蒸煮与打浆环节对马铃薯全粉的质量因素即碘蓝值、淀粉含量、吸水能力、吸油能力和溶解度等的影响,从而优化马铃薯颗粒全粉的制作工艺。     

不同工艺和马铃薯品种对马铃薯颗粒全粉品质的影响

本文在提出三种不同马铃薯颗粒全粉加工工艺（制片、制泥和微波工艺）的基础上，以三个主要马铃薯品种（大西洋、紫花白、克新四号）为原料，研究了不同生产工艺和马铃薯品种特性对马铃薯颗粒全粉品质的影响。研究结果表明：相同加工工艺条件下，马铃薯颗粒全粉碘蓝值和吸水力大小顺序为紫花白〉大西洋〉克新四号；相同马铃薯品种的情况下，马铃薯颗粒全粉碘蓝值大小顺序为：制片工艺制〉微波工艺〉制泥工艺，颗粒全粉吸水力大小顺序为：制片工艺〉制泥工艺〉微波工艺；马铃薯颗粒全粉的吸油力低（0．88～1．2ml/g），冻融稳定性好；加入1％（w／w）食盐或4％（w／w）的蔗糖以后，马铃薯颗粒全粉的吸水力表现出明显的下降，冻融析水力有增加的趋势；在从室温升温到95oC过程中，在温度相同的情况下，马铃薯颗粒全粉浆料的黏度，均表现出一个同样的规律即：紫花白〉大西洋〉克新四号；在95℃保温30min后的降温过程中，制片工艺加工马铃薯颗粒全粉的黏度处于不断增加的趋势，制泥工艺和微波工艺制得的马铃薯颗粒全粉的黏度基本上处于稳定状态。     

马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质

将马铃薯全粉与碎米按不同比例混合,测定混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米的感官品质、质构特性和蒸煮损失率,探讨马铃薯全粉添加量对混合粉糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均逐渐减小;马铃薯挤压重组米的感官评分先增大后减小,在添加量为40%~50%时较高;质构特性中硬度显著(p<0.05)减小,弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性先增大后减小,在添加量为50%时最大;蒸煮损失率显著(p<0.05)增大。结合感官品质、质构特性、蒸煮损失率结果,马铃薯全粉添加量≤50%时,加工出的马铃薯挤压重组米品质较好。马铃薯全粉的添加量、马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉糊化特性与马铃薯挤压重组米品质特性存在显著(p<0.05)相关性。     

马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及面条品质的影响

通过在小麦粉中添加不同比例的马铃薯全粉,测定其面筋特性、粉质特性、热特性及面条的蒸煮、质构特性和感官评价,并用扫描电镜观察面条微观结构,来探讨马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及面条品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增大,混合粉湿面筋含量逐渐减少。面团的形成时间和稳定时间下降,稳定时间从5.1 min下降到0.8 min,弱化度增大。起始温度To、峰值温度TP变化不明显、终止温度TC呈上升趋势,热焓值H呈下降趋势,热焓值从257.56 J/g下降到179.46 J/g,面团的热稳定性下降。面条的干物质损失率、断条率逐渐增大。面条的硬度、弹性随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加而逐渐减小。扫描电镜观察结果显示,随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增大面条表面变得松散,面筋断裂,淀粉颗粒暴露在面筋网络结构之外。结果得到,当马铃薯全粉添加量在20%以下时,面条具有较好的品质。     

紫马铃薯全粉加工技术研究

目的:为完善紫马铃薯全粉的加工技术,提高产品品质。方法:对紫马铃薯全粉品质的影响因素和花青素含量的变化进行研究,并对产品品质进行评价。结果:通过正交实验优化发现,将紫马铃薯进行分拣清洗、去皮、切片护色、蒸煮、60℃下干燥10h,粉碎60~80目,紫马铃薯全粉得率为20.69%;产品为深紫色,颗粒组织均匀细腻,具有浓郁的鲜薯泥香味,有润滑的沙质口感,无其他杂质;紫马铃薯全粉中淀粉占54.50%,蛋白质占7.30%,总多酚含量为466.40mg/100g,花青素含量为348.03mg/100g,其中花青素保存较多;在紫马铃薯全粉加工过程中,蒸煮和干燥处理对花青素影响最大,是生产的关键环节。结论:采用本工艺能得到品质较优的紫马铃薯全粉产品,而高温对花青素有破坏作用,生产上尽量缩短蒸煮和干燥时间并控制干燥温度。     

不同干燥工艺对马铃薯全粉理化性质的影响

采用一种新的闪蒸干燥工艺生产马铃薯生全粉,并与传统工艺生产的雪花全粉和颗粒全粉进行了基本成分、显微形态、加工特性、糊化特性的比较。结果表明:采用闪蒸干燥工艺制备的生全粉,蛋白含量和灰分含量相比较低,分别为8.85%和2.33%,还原糖含量高于传统全粉;从电镜显微图中可见生全粉的淀粉颗粒结构更加完整;加工性能方面,生全粉的糊化度比传统全粉下降超过80%,冻融稳定性优于传统全粉,碘蓝值比雪花全粉下降了45%;此外,根据RVA和DSC实验结果,采用闪蒸干燥工艺对马铃薯全粉中淀粉的破坏程度小,说明其再加工性能好,对于一些需要蒸煮或冷冻的食品如面条,速冻食品等,生全粉的适用性大于传统雪花全粉和颗粒全粉。     

土豆颗粒全粉中的添加剂-焦磷酸钠的测定方法研究

描述了土豆颗粒全粉添加剂－焦磷酸钠的测定方法。该法将焦磷酸钠用硫酸－硫酸钠溶液提取和水解成磷酸并以光度法测定。采用不加焦磷酸钠的土豆颗粒全粉作修正样品以减少和消除测定中的干扰因素。对五种土豆颗粒全粉的加入回收率为99.0％～101.0％,变异系数为0.64。该方法是一种准确、可靠和简便的方法。     

两种熟化方式对压缩饼干粉理化性质的影响

将木薯全粉、红薯全粉、玉米粉、小米粉、燕麦粉、山楂粉按一定比例混合为原料,分别采用微波和双螺杆挤压对其进行熟化,研究不同熟化方法对混合粉糊化度、峰值黏度及含水量的影响,并检测混合粉的结晶度。结果表明,在微波熟化最适宜工艺条件下(功率640 W,时间2 min,初始含水量20%),混合粉糊化度38.92%,峰值黏度200 BU,含水量10.86%。双螺杆挤压熟化的混合粉糊化度96%,较微波熟化提升146.66%;峰值黏度165.5 BU,较微波熟化下降17.25%;含水量10.85%,与微波熟化相当。微观结构与质构特性分析表明,双螺杆挤压熟化后,面团淀粉颗粒间黏结力更强,胶黏性增大。双螺杆挤压熟化更适宜用来对压缩饼干混合粉进行熟化处理。     

不同品种甘薯的干燥特性及对全粉品质的影响

以9个甘薯品种为原料,研究不同品种甘薯在相同工艺条件下的干燥特性,分析甘薯品种与其全粉品质及得率的相关性。结果表明:鲜薯成分中影响熟化甘薯热风干燥速率的因素主要是可溶性糖含量,而影响颗粒全粉得率及品质的因素主要是水分、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗蛋白含量及多酚氧化酶、β-淀粉酶活性。鲜薯的水分含量及可溶性糖含量越低,淀粉含量越高,加工成颗粒全粉的产品得率越高。     

Effect of cooking method on carnosine and its homologues, pentosidine and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance contents in beef and turkey meat

Commercial samples of beef and turkey meat were prepared by commonly used cooking methods with standard cooking times: (1) broiled at 200 °C for 10 min, (2) broiled at a medium temperature (140 °C) for 10 min, (3) cooked by microwave (MW) for 3 min and then grilled (MW/grill) for 7 min, (4) cooked in a domestic microwave oven for 10 min, and (5) boiled in water for 10 min. The raw and cooked meats were then analysed to determine the carnosine, anserine, homocarnosine, pentosidine, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) contents. It was observed that boiling beef caused a loss of approximately 50% of the carnosine, probably because of the high water solubility of carnosine and its homologues; cooking by microwave caused a medium loss of the anti-oxidants of approximately 20%; cooking by MW/grill led to a reduction in carnosine of approximately 10%. As far as the anserine and homocarnosine contents were concerned, a greater loss was observed for the boiling method (approximately 70%) while, for the other cooking methods, the value ranged from 30% to 70%. The data oscillate more for the turkey meat: the minimum carnosine decrease was observed in the cases of MW/grill and broiling at high temperature (25%). Analogously, the anserine and homocarnosine contents decreased slightly in the case of MW/grill and broiling at a high temperature (2-7%) and by 10-30% in the other cases. No analysed meat sample showed any traces of pentosidine above the instrumental determination limits. The cooked beef showed an increased TBARS value compared to the raw meat, and the highest values were found when the beef was broiled at a high temperature, cooked by microwave or boiled in water. The TBARS value of the turkey meat decreased for all the cooking methods in comparison to the TBARS value of the fresh meat.     

紫薯熟全粉变温压差膨化干燥技术研究

采用紫薯为原料,以紫薯熟全粉的彩度指数b*值、花青素含量、碘蓝值为评价指标,探讨了膨化温度、停滞时间、抽空温度等变温压差膨化干燥因素对各评价指标的影响,运用响应面法中Box-Behnken试验设计确定了变温压差膨化干燥工艺参数：膨化温度90 ℃、停滞时间7 min、抽空温度70 ℃,结果表明：该条件下制得的紫薯熟全粉彩度指数b*值可达-6.573、花青素含量达1.51%、碘蓝值为19.06,产品为紫红色,花青素含量及紫薯气味都保留较好。     

Stability of Proteinase Inhibitors in Potato Tubers During Cooking

Three proteinase inhibitors, Inhibitor I (a chymotrypsin inhibitor), Inhibitor II (a chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibitor), and Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor were quantified immunologically in extracts of various tissues of Russet Burbank potato tubers and were monitored over various intervals during boiling (30 min), oven baking (80 min, 191°C) and microwave baking (7 min) to assess the effectiveness of cooking in denaturing the potentially toxic proteins. In cooked tubers, Inhibitor II was completely inactivated during all cooking treatments and Inhibitor I was partially inactivated, depending upon the cooking method. The Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor was extraordinarily stable during all of the cooking conditions. Overall, microwave baking was most effective for cumulatively inactivating Inhibitor I and Inhibitor II. The unusual stability of CPI to all types of cooking raises questions concerning the effect of this inhibitor on the total digestibility of cooked potato proteins.     

Morphological,thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of potato and corn starch

A comparison between the morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of corn starch and potato starches separated from five different potato cultivars was made. The granule size and shape of all starches differed significantly. Potato starch granules were comparatively larger than corn starch granules, while the transition temperatures were found to be higher for corn starch. Consistency coefficients and flow behaviour indices measured by back extrusion were higher for potato starches than for corn starch. Stickiness of cooked starch pastes was observed to depend upon their consistency coefficient. The gels made from all potato starches showed higher gel strength than those from corn starch. The gel strength of starches from both corn and potato increased during refrigerated storage. The amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance values of potato starches were significantly higher than those of corn starch. Noodles made from potato starches had higher cooked weight and cooking loss than corn starch noodles. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch noodles also had higher hardness and cohesiveness than corn starch noodles. Hardness of cooked noodles from all starches increased and cohesiveness decreased during storage. Noodles made from starches of higher viscosity exhibited higher hardness and cohesiveness. Textural differences among cooked starch noodles appeared to be associated with morphological, thermal and rheological properties of corn starch and potato starches. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Potato Starch Properties on Instant Noodle Quality in Wheat Flour and Potato Starch Blends

The properties of potato starch and their effect on the quality of Chinese‐style alkaline instant noodles made from wheat flour and potato starch blends were investigated. Starches were extracted from nine potato cultivars, and the phosphorus content of these starches was analyzed together with the median granule size and pasting and gelatinization properties. Instant noodles were manufactured using mixtures of wheat flour and these potato starches. A Rheoner instrument was used to evaluate three textural parameters, namely, the breaking force (BF), breaking energy (BE), and ratio of the breaking force to the breaking deformation (BF/BD), of instant noodles cooked by immersing into boiling water for 3 and 7 min. The phosphorus content, peak viscosity, and breakdown were significantly and positively correlated with the BF of the noodles cooked for 3 min and did not significantly correlate with that of those cooked for 7 min. Other quality parameters of potato starch did not affect the BF significantly. Other textural parameters of instant noodle quality, such as the BE and BF/BD, did not significantly correlate with any of the quality parameters of potato starch. The findings obtained with the use of wheat flour and potato starch blends suggest that phosphate, which is thought to enhance starch viscosity of potato starch, is important for making instant noodles with favorable texture in hardness.     

快速微波水分仪在测定果蔬罐头水分中的应用

目的建立用快速微波水分仪测定果蔬罐头中水分的方法。方法在微波条件下对水分含量高的果蔬罐头进行检测,寻找出测定果蔬罐头水分的最佳条件,检测结果和GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中水分的测定》直接干燥法检测结果进行比对。结果本方法检测果蔬罐头,样品搅拌均匀下,均匀涂抹到样品垫上的厚度4 mm,所测定的水分含量结果相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)值理想,结果再进行F检验计算和t检验计算,所检测结果与直接干燥法检测结果也无显著性差异,结果重现性好、耗时少,能满足快速分析的要求。结论本方法可等效标准检测方法使用,适用于果蔬罐头水分的批量检测。     

谷朊粉对马铃薯热干面品质的影响

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