土壤水解酶类催化动力学研究进展

土壤水解酶是存在于土壤中的一种重要的酶类,参与了土壤中为数众多的重要生物化学反应,与土壤中多种营养元素转化密切相关其催化反应的动力学研究常用来阐明其催化过程的特性、酶的本质属性及其对环境变化的响应等,研究土壤水解酶动力学特征对探讨其来源、性质及影响因素,对进一步调控多种营养元素参与的反应过程有着重要意义。文中概述了土壤水解酶的种类及其参与的生物化学反应;探讨了土壤水解酶动力学研究的理论基础;综述了土壤水解酶催化动力学研究的进展和影响因素,在此基础上,对今后研究提出了几点建议。     

红松阔叶混交林凋落物-土壤动物-土壤系统中N、P、K的动态特征

根据对小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区红松阔叶混交林的凋落物、土壤动物和土壤2a的连续采样及测定主要营养元素N、P、K的含量,研究凋落物-土壤动物-土壤系统中主要营养元素在各分室的动态变化,并通过比较主要营养元素在不同分室中的分异,进而分析了土壤动物在该系统营养循环中的作用。结果表明,研究区内不同凋落叶分解过程中元素含量的动态变化比较复杂,阔叶落叶中营养元素含量的变化大于针叶落叶,但不同凋落叶在分解过程中的元素损失量之间的差异不显著。在研究时段,腐殖土层各种营养元素的含量高于土壤层;蚯蚓、蜈蚣和马陆大型土壤动物体内的营养元素含量之间差别较大,其中蚯蚓体内全N含量最高,而马陆体内全P含量最高,蜈蚣则全K含量最高。土壤动物和土壤中营养元素含量的动态变化和凋落叶中的变化趋势不同。N和P在土壤动物分室中表现出一定的富集,而K的富集不明显。土壤动物可以通过其新陈代谢活动加速凋落物-土壤动物-土壤系统中营养元素的循环速率。不同凋落物分解过程中养分含量变化复杂可能是由于不同凋落物种类特性差异造成的。土壤动物在营养元素循环,尤其是N、P元素循环中具有重要意义。     

宁镇山区不同森林土壤生物学特性的研究

对宁镇山区不同森林土壤微生物、土壤酶活性,营养元素的变化及凋落物的分解等生物学特性进行了探讨,结果表明,土壤微生物数量和6种土壤酶的生化活性在不同的季节的不同的林型土壤中均呈现出一定的变化规律,土壤中营养元素的含量随森林的生长周期而发生规律性的变化,并与土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活性有显著的相关性,不同林地凋落物分解速率与其营养元素归还速率存在一定的时空差异,对次生栎林、毛竹林和杉木林土壤各生物学特性的比较表明,栎林土壤营养元素的含量最丰富,并具有较强的自肥调控能力,因此种植针阔混交林有利于防止针叶纯林的地力衰退现象。     

与高等植物吸收NO^—3／NH^＋4,PO^3—4和K^＋有关的膜转运蛋白编码？…

高等植物对土壤中营养元素的吸收是其一切生命活动过程的基础，尤其在营养元素缺乏的状态下，更与其抗营养饥饰物等特性息息相关。兼于土壤中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ元素缺元的严重性与普遍性，以及Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ对高等植物生长和发育的重要性，有关高等植物吸收营养元素的膜转运蛋白编码基因的分子生物学研究已引起有关学者的高度重视。     

长江河口九段沙互花米草湿地生态系统N、P、K的循环特征

研究了九段沙外来入侵种互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）湿地生态系统的营养元素含量、分布规律与循环特征。结果表明,九段沙的上沙、中沙和下沙互花米草湿地土壤全量养分含量差异相对较小,而速效性养分含量差异相对较大。土壤剖面中TK含量大大高于TN和TP含量,排序为:TK＞TN＞TP。各沙洲速效性养分含量排序为：速效K＞速效N＞速效P。土壤速效性养分与全量养分的空间分布规律并不一致,土壤剖面营养元素的垂直分布差异比较明显,速效性养分土壤剖面垂直分异比全量养分显著。各深度土壤营养元素含量均存在差异,不同沙洲同一深度土壤营养元素含量也存在差异。各沙洲不同深度土壤TN含量的差异明显大于TP和TK含量差异。植物中3种营养元素含量以K最高,N其次,P最低。湿地生态系统营养元素归还量远大于存留量。吸收系数排序为：N＞P＞K。不同沙洲营养元素的利用系数和循环系数存在明显差异,上沙P元素、中沙与下沙K元素利用系数最大,上沙K元素、中沙P元素与下沙N元素循环系数最大。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究 Ⅸ.主要化感物质在土壤中的转化

在田间条件下,胜红蓟挥发油能抑制花生的出苗和生长发育,进一步用高效液相色谱（HPLC）研究证实;胜红蓟挥发油中的主要化感物质胜红蓟素在土壤中的转化与土壤的有机质和营养元素水平显著相关,在高有机质和营养元素水平的土壤中,胜红蓟素先聚合形成二聚体,26d后又解聚成胜红蓟素,然后逐步降解成苯甲酸类,2-甲基丙酸和乙酸等小分子,而在低有机质和营养元素水平的土壤中,胜红蓟素不经过二聚化过程,而是直接降解成小分子,经液质（LC/MS）和核磁共振（NMR）等技术分离鉴定了胜红蓟素二聚体的结构,生物测定表明：胜红蓟素二聚体对花生和黑牧草的生长没有抑制活性。     

土壤氧化还原酶催化动力学研究进展

土壤氧化还原酶是存在于土壤中的一种重要酶类,参与土壤中为数众多的重要生物化学反应,与土壤中有机物质的转化、腐殖质的形成以及土壤肥力变化密切相关.其催化反应的动力学研究常用来阐明其催化过程的特性、酶的本质属性及其对环境变化的响应等.研究土壤氧化还原酶动力学特征对探讨其来源、性质及影响因素,对进一步调控多种营养元素参与的反应过程有重要意义.文中概述了土壤氧化还原酶动力学研究的理论基础,综述了土壤氧化还原酶催化动力学研究的进展和影响因素,并对今后的研究提出了几点建议.     

植物土壤营养与施肥(参考资料)

土壤是植物营养之本。但并不是在各地的植物都能在土壤中找到其需要量的所有必需的营养元素。植物不易获得土壤中营养元素的基本部分,其内容卽所谓游离的和在土壤中不比一般含量的百分比多很多的并易于植物接受的营养物質。营养元素转化为植物易于接受的状态主要是由于土壤微生物生命活动的結果。     

长江河口九段沙海三棱藨草湿地生态系统N、P、K的循环特征

研究了九段沙海三棱蔗草湿地生态系统的营养元素(N、P、K)的含量特征、分布规律与循环特点.结果表明:随下沙-中沙-上沙海拔高程依次缓慢上升,土壤全剖面中P、K含量逐渐下降,N含量不受海拔高程影响.土壤剖面全量养分TN平均含量排序为:中沙>下沙>上沙;TP与TK排序均为:下沙>中沙>上沙.速效性养分AN含量排序为:中沙>下沙>上沙,AP与AK排序均为:下沙>中沙>上沙.土壤全量与速效性养分排序分别为:TK>TP>TN、AK>AN>AP.随土壤剖面深度增加,营养元素含量呈减少趋势.土壤剖面营养元素分布显示N、K的表聚性比P明显.上沙、中沙与下沙海三棱蔗草湿地植物K和N的吸收量均大于P.海三棱蔗草对土壤营养元素的吸收量排序上沙和下沙均为:K>N>P;中沙为:N>K>P.上沙海三棱蔗草吸收营养元素总量最多,中沙其次,下沙最少.各沙洲海三棱蕨草湿地生态系统的营养元素吸收系数排序为:N>P>K;循环系数排序为:K>N>P.上沙海三棱蔗草湿地生态系统N的利用系数最大,中沙和下沙湿地生态系统K的利用系数最大.     

黄河三角洲不同水位梯度下芦苇植被生态特征及其与环境因子相关关系

对黄河三角洲滨海湿地不同水位条件下芦苇植被生态特征进行动态调查,并分析其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。结果表明:芦苇湿地土壤电导率随水位梯度变化差异显著,长期水淹的芦苇区土壤电导率最低;在不同水位梯度下,芦苇生态特征表现出较强的差异性,相比之下,在水位较高的条件下,芦苇株高、茎粗、盖度和生物量均为最高值,产量达到了10 t·hm-2;研究区土壤营养元素含量总体均处于较低水平,且不同水位条件下营养元素在各土层中的分布具有一定的差异;相关性分析表明,土壤粘粒、粗粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒与土壤营养元素均呈现不同程度的相关性,土壤有效磷含量与高度、茎粗、盖度、生物量均呈极显著正相关,因此土壤有效磷可能是黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇植被生长的限制性营养因子。     

Advances of organic products over conventional productions with respect to nutritional quality and food security

Organic products are derived from the organic production system, following organic agricultural cultivation standards, and processing schedules must be identified by an independent certificate authority. The main characteristic of the organic agricultural production system is that all artificial synthetic materials such as pesticides, fertilizers, growth regulators, feed additives, and gene engineering products are not allowed to use. However, there is much debate on organic production quality and health safety issues in academic circles. Some people believe that there is a “Three Cannot” problem with organic production, that is, organic products “cannot be distinguished, cannot be tasted and cannot be measured” compared to common ones. To objectively reflect the differences in nutritional quality and food safety between organic and conventional products, we combined extensive literatures with our research data and have reported some advances in the sensory quality, nutritional value, and safety of the two types of products. The results showed that organic products tasted better; the percentage of leanness was higher, and the products tasted much tender. The dry matter content of most organic crops was about 7–20% higher than that of conventional foods, and enriched vitamin C, anthocyanins, isoflavones, carotenoids, and other phenolic compounds and more elements such as P, Fe, and Mg and trace elements such as Zn, Cu, and Cr were verified in organic crops. Organic animal products contain more beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids; the nitrate content in organic fruits and vegetables was 20–50% of that in normal fruits. No pesticide residues and less heavy metals were found in the organic products. Our investigation showed that there were obvious differences in quality and safety between the products that originated from organic agriculture systems and conventional alternatives. This conclusion can provide an important theoretical basis for the healthy development of the organic industry.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the quality of agricultural products: a review

The increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 and the nutritional quality of human diets are the two important issues we are facing. At present, the atmospheric CO2 concentration is about 380 micromol mol(-1), and to be reached 550 micromol mol(-1) by 2050. A great deal of researches indicated that the quality of agricultural products is not only determined by inherited genes, but also affected by the crop growth environmental conditions. This paper summarized the common methods adopted at home and abroad for studying the effects of CO2 enrichment on the quality of agricultural products, and reviewed the research advances in evaluating the effects of elevated CO2 on the quality of rice, wheat, soybean, and vegetables. Many experimental results showed that elevated CO2 concentration causes a decrease of protein content in the grains of staple food crops and an overall decreasing trend of trace elements contents in the crops, but improves the quality of vegetable products to some extent. Some issues and future directions regarding the effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the quality of agricultural products were also discussed, based on the present status of related researches.     

大气CO2浓度升高对农产品品质影响的研究进展

大气中不断升高的CO₂浓度以及人类饮食的营养质量是目前我们面临的两个重大问题.目前,大气中CO₂浓度已达到380 μmol·mol^-1,预测到2050年大气CO₂浓度将达到550 μmol·mol^-1.农产品的品质不仅取决于遗传基因,而且受生长环境条件的影响.大量研究表明,农作物的生长发育和产量形成都对CO₂浓度升高做出了响应,而且这种变化对农产品的品质也产生了重要影响.本文对目前国内外模拟CO₂浓度升高对农产品品质影响研究中采用的常见方法进行了比较,并综述了近年来在CO₂浓度升高对水稻、小麦、大豆和其他一些蔬菜类农产品品质影响方面的研究进展.大量试验结果表明,CO₂浓度升高条件下,大宗作物籽粒中蛋白质含量下降,微量元素总体上有下降趋势,而蔬菜类农产品的品质有一定程度改善.最后,本文根据目前研究现状对一些问题进行了讨论并提出了今后的研究方向.     

Metabolomic and elemental profiling of melon fruit quality as affected by genotype and environment

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a global crop in terms of economic importance and nutritional quality. The aim of this study was to explore the variability in metabolite and elemental composition of several commercial varieties of melon in various environmental conditions. Volatile and non-volatile metabolites as well as mineral elements were profiled in the flesh of mature fruit, employing a range of complementary analytical technologies. More than 1,000 metabolite signatures and 19 mineral elements were determined. Data analyses revealed variations related to factors such as variety, growing season, contrasting agricultural management practices (greenhouse vs. field with or without fruit thinning) and planting date. Two hundred and ninety-one analytes discriminated two contrasting varieties, one from the var. inodorous group and the other from the var. cantaloupensis group. Two hundred and eighty analytes discriminated a short shelf-life from a mid-shelf-life variety within the var. cantaloupensis group. Three hundred and twenty-seven analytes discriminated two seasons, and two hundred and fifty-two analytes discriminated two contrasting agricultural management practices. The affected compound families greatly depended on the factor studied. The compositional variability of identified or partially identified compounds was used to study metabolite and mineral element co-regulation using correlation networks. The results confirm that metabolome and mineral element profiling are useful diagnostic tools to characterize the quality of fruits cultivated under commercial conditions. They can also provide knowledge on fruit metabolism and the mechanisms of plant response to environmental modifications, thereby paving the way for metabolomics-guided improvement of cultural practices for better fruit quality.     

太湖地区水稻土的健康质量问题及调控对策

从可持续生产安全、营养农产品角度 ,比较系统地阐述了土壤健康质量的概念和内涵 .同时根据土壤健康质量的概念 ,对太湖地区 13个省市级水稻丰产示范方及其灌溉河流淤泥进行了调查 .结果表明 ,太湖地区水稻土N、P含量相对较高 ,但引起面源污染的可能性较小 ,同样水稻土中的重金属含量基本上在环境背景值范围内 ,但点源污染不可忽视 .DDT和六六六的残留也在标准允许范围内 ,生命有益元素Se处于相对缺乏程度 .然而 ,由于乡镇企业的发展 ,三废的肆意排放 ,灌溉河流的富营养化及重金属污染极为严重 .部分河流淤泥中重金属Cu和Zn的含量分别高达 5 4和 7 2mg·kg-1.针对上述情况及发展趋势 ,提出了一些相应的主要控制措施 .     

Plant functional group composition and large‐scale species richness in European agricultural landscapes

Question: Which are the plant functional groups responding most clearly to agricultural disturbances? Which are the relative roles of habitat availability, landscape configuration and agricultural land use intensity in affecting the functional composition and diversity of vascular plants in agricultural landscapes? Location: 25 agricultural landscape areas in seven European countries. Methods: We examined the plant species richness and abundance in 4 km × 4 km landscape study sites. The plant functional group classification was derived from the BIOLFLOR database. Factorial decomposition of functional groups was applied. Results: Natural habitat availability and low land use intensity supported the abundance and richness of perennials, sedges, pteridophytes and high nature quality indicator species. The abundance of clonal species, C and S strategists was also correlated with habitat area. An increasing density of field edges explained a decrease in richness of high nature quality species and an increase in richness of annual graminoids. Intensive agriculture enhanced the richness of annuals and low nature quality species. Conclusions: Habitat patch availability and habitat quality are the main drivers of functional group composition and plant species richness in European agricultural landscapes. Linear elements do not compensate for the loss of habitats, as they mostly support disturbance tolerant generalist species. In order to conserve vascular plant species diversity in agricultural landscapes, the protection and enlargement of existing patches of (semi‐) natural habitats appears to be more effective than relying on the rescue effect of linear elements. This should be done in combination with appropriate agricultural management techniques to limit the effect of agrochemicals to the fields.     

Autarchy, market disintegration, and health: the mortality and nutritional crisis in Nazi Germany, 1933-1937.

Trends in mortality, nutritional status and food supply are compared to other living standard indicators for the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and for the early years of the Nazi regime (1933-1937). The results imply that Germany experienced a substantial increase in mortality rates in most age groups in the mid-1930s, even relative to those of 1932, the worst year of the Great Depression. Moreover, children's heights--an indicator of the quality of nutrition and health--were generally stagnating between 1933 and 1938, but had increased significantly during the 1920s. Persecution, by itself, does not explain such an adverse development in biological welfare; the non-persecuted segments of the German population were affected as well. The reason for this adverse development was caused by the fact that military expenditures increased at the expense of public health measures. In addition, food imports were curtailed, and prices of many agricultural products were controlled. There is ample evidence that this set of economic policies had an adverse effect on the health and nutritional status of the population. The highly developed areas of Germany with large urban sectors and the coastal regions of the Northwest were affected most from the policy of restricting imports of protein-rich agricultural products.     

农业生态产品及其价值实现路径

农业生态产品价值实现对我国粮食安全、生态保护、重要战略布局意义重大。本研究梳理了农业生产系统和农业生态产品(农产品、其他生态系统服务与负服务)的概念与边界,基于能值分析构建了农业生产系统所提供的服务核算方法体系,核算了我国单位面积典型农产品生态系统服务与负服务,并进一步提出分类化的农业生态产品价值实现路径: 1)已经通过市场化价值实现的农业生态产品需要通过提升绿色度、特殊度和建立农业产业链等实现溢价增值;2)尚未通过市场化价值实现的农业生态产品需要进行价值补偿途径,或通过生态产品赋能及区域共用品牌质量承诺实现价值变现;3)通过多途径减少温室气体排放、通过土地养分管理策略减少氮磷、农药、杀虫剂对生态系统和人群健康的损害,以及通过合理的景观结构减少农业生态系统负服务的产生,以此实现农业生态产品的价值保值;4)还可通过取消二次农业补贴、建立生态交易平台和生态产品认证等推动相关的金融方案。本研究有助于提出农业生态产品价值实现路径,促进绿色金融发展,推动自然资源管理能力现代化。     

农产品质量安全的生态观认识

可持续农业概念提出30多年,世界各地区都有不同的认识.我国类似的概念被称作生态农业,历经几十年的实践,在理论、模式及配套技术上都有了认识总结,但迄今仍然缺乏明确界定的应用指导.欧盟提出的有机农业模式现在被广为接受,但其受益群体和承担的社会责任、生态责任均有一定的局限性.针对以上问题,本文从生态学角度出发,分析了生态失衡弊端对农产品质量安全的负面影响,提出了可持续安全农产品概念.支持该概念的农业生产模式追求两方面的价值,一是拥有一个健康的生态圈环境作为农业产业平台,二是能从这个产业平台可持续地获取安全农产品.围绕该概念的核心价值,设计了生产可持续安全农产品的农业构建模式,同时提出了对不可逆、不可控、难修复的农艺措施在改良之前放弃使用的原则.最后通过与有机农业在承担责任、受益群体、农艺措施选用以及对转基因技术的认识等方面进行对比,反证可持续安全农业模式下生产的农产品在数量安全、质量安全上的先进性.     

论立体农业气候生态

开发立体农业,可以充分发挥土地、光能、热量、水源等自然资源的潜力;可以充分利用空间和时间,通过间套混、铺挂架等立体种植和层养、混养等立体养殖,较大幅度提高单