利用航测数据反推福岛核事故137Cs的释放量

日本福岛第一核电站发生事故后,造成大量的放射性物质释放。为准确评估事故的释放量,本文根据美国公布的航测¹³⁷Cs地面沉积浓度图和日本福岛第一核电站事故发生后观测的气象数据,利用拉格朗日烟团模式反推¹³⁷Cs的释放量,并通过计算估算日本福岛第一核电站核事故向大气释放的¹³¹I当量,约为1.07×10¹⁸Bq,估算结果与日本政府公布的估算结果接近。     

福岛第一核电厂事故源项估算及方法比较

本文参考日本福岛第一核电厂的部分资料,利用美国核管会发布的《轻水堆核电厂事故源项》（NUREG-1465）以及国际原子能机构发布的《为轻水堆设计估算参考源项所提供的简化方法》（IAEA-TECDOC-1127）两份技术文件中的假设条件,分别计算出事故后由堆芯释放到安全壳内的放射性源项。同时通过对堆芯积存量、抑压水池净化...     

日本福岛第一核电厂注水作业工作人员的剂量计算

根据日本政府核事故应急指挥部公布的数据,对参与日本福岛第一核电厂乏燃料水池注水作业工作人员分别受圆柱形、链形、锥形、扇形、漫烟形、屋脊形6种典型烟羽模型照射的吸收剂量率进行了计算.结果表明:身着含铅防护服工作人员受圆柱形和漫烟形烟羽照射的吸收剂量率分别为最小值0.14×102 μGy/h和最大值5.35×102 μGy/h;在同种放射性烟羽模型照射下,工作人员身着含铅防护服时吸收剂量率值小于未着气衣时值.计算结果将为核事故应急受照工作人员的剂量评估和医学治疗提供参考.     

福岛核事故后核电厂安全改进行动分析

介绍了福岛核事故后世界上主要核电国家相继开展的核电厂安全检查、再评价行动,并得出相应的检查和测试结论。法国、美国和中国等国家分别提出了福岛核事故后改进核电厂安全的建议、要求和行动,并制定了具体工程措施：在极端外部事件的设防,严重事故预防和缓解,水、电、通风实体改进,限制严重事故下的放射性释放和应急准备等主要方面开展的安全改进行动,将会提高核电厂的安全水平并提升缓解严重事故的能力。反思福岛核事故,总结福岛核事故对核电安全技术改进的促进作用,对未来核电安全技术的发展进行了展望。     

日本福岛核电站事故后的海洋放射化学

由于对环境影响的关注,日本福岛核电站事故后,人们进行了大气、陆地和海洋环境人工放射性核素变化监测与研究,研究的主要核素是131I、137 Cs、134 Cs和129I。除了关注浓度水平的变化外,还进行了通过大气和海流对事故释放的放射性核素运行路径的模拟研究。研究表明,受气候条件的控制,事故释放进入大气的放射性核素先经过太平洋到达北美,然后越过大西洋到达欧洲,最后绕北半球一周后到达中国。除事故核电站周边外,全球大气中131I活度浓度在mBq/m3量级,137 Cs活度浓度在0.1~1mBq/m3量级。事故释放进入海洋的放射性核素将随海流向东输运,然后在北太平洋随环流输运。研究也发现在离开源地不远的海区,由于混合进入200m水深以下的次表层水,在远离事故核电站海区水体的137 Cs活度浓度可达100Bq/m3,但大部分水体137 Cs活度浓度在Bq/m3量级,仅稍高于本底水平。     

Formation of radioactive cesium microparticles originating from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: characteristics and perspectives

ABSTRACT

Following identification of radioactive Cs microparticles (CsMPs) in aerosol samples from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), numerous reports on CsMPs have been published. This paper reviews recent progress in the measurement and characterization of CsMPs by advanced analytical techniques, including advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron X-ray analysis. These analyses revealed that the CsMPs contained Si, Fe, Zn, Cs, and minor quantities of U together with some fission products. Uranium in the CsMPs was identified as being in the form of uraninite and (U,Zr)O₂. Detailed advanced TEM analysis has clarified some of the processes resulting in the alteration of constituents of the nuclear fuels and containment vessel materials during this severe accident. In addition, a detailed report on the elemental compositions and structures of the fuel debris fragments collected inside and outside of the primary containment vessel²⁵ highlighted the fact that the fuel debris fragments contained nanoparticles with the U and Zr components having similar structures to that of the CsMPs. This similarity in structures has stimulated further research on the structure and elemental constituents, especially for U and Zr in the CsMPs, and has opened up new avenues for studying the chemical characteristics of the fuel debris.     

日本福岛核电站事故泄漏放射性核素漂移扩散状况分析

利用自主研发的放射性核素大气扩散模拟计算软件RADCES模拟计算了日本福岛第一核电站事故泄漏放射性核素的漂移扩散情况,给出了放射性核素云团的漂移扩散路径及到达CTBT国际监测系统部分核素监测台站的时间。结果表明,理论预测放射性核素云团到达时间与台站监测到异常样品的时间基本一致。     

Chemical states of fallout radioactive Cs in the soils deposited at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

The chemical states of radioactive Cs (caused by Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident) in the contaminated soils have been characterized by the desorption experiments using appropriate reagent solutions and size fractionation of the contaminated soils. More than 65% of radioactive Cs remained in the residual fraction of the soil samples after treatment of 1 mole L^?1 NH₄Cl solution and 1 mole L^?1 CH₃COOH solution. Approximately 70% of radioactive Cs in the residual fraction were associated with the size fractions larger than the elutriated one, even though mica-like minerals were present in the elutriated one. These results strongly suggest that radioactive Cs was irreversibly associated with soil components other than mica-like minerals in the contaminated soil.     

Estimation of release rate of iodine-131 and cesium-137 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

The atmospheric release rates of I-131 and Cs-137 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011 were estimated by comparing environmental monitoring data of air concentration and deposition rate on a regional scale with calculated values from an atmospheric dispersion model. Although the release rates were not estimated for all days after 11 March, because of lack of monitoring data, temporal changes in the release rates were reasonably estimated with estimated uncertainties in a factor of 3.3 and 2.9 for I-131 and Cs-137, respectively. A large release was estimated from the night of 14 March to at least the afternoon of 15 March, with maximum values of 7.2 × 10¹⁵ Bq h^?1 for I-131 and 1.5 × 10¹⁴ Bq h^?1 for Cs-137. The release rates during other periods were estimated at one- to two-orders of magnitude smaller than the largest release rate on 15 March. Uncertainty in the estimated release rate for 15 and 20 March was larger than for other periods. The significant release during 14 and 15 March and the trend of the release rate by the end of March were consistent with previous reports. This agreement, despite using different datasets, shows robustness of the temporal changes estimated in the studies.     

Source term estimation of atmospheric release due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident by atmospheric and oceanic dispersion simulations

The source term of the atmospheric release of ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident estimated by previous studies was validated and refined by coupling atmospheric and oceanic dispersion simulations with observed ¹³⁴Cs in seawater collected from the Pacific Ocean. By assuming the same release rate for ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs, the sea surface concentration of ¹³⁴Cs was calculated using the previously estimated source term and was compared with measurement data. The release rate of ¹³⁷Cs was refined to reduce underestimation of measurements, which resulted in a larger value than that previously estimated. In addition, the release rate of ¹³¹I was refined to follow the radioactivity ratio of ¹³⁷Cs. As a result, the total amounts of ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs discharged into the atmosphere from 5 JST on March 12 to 0 JST on March 20 were estimated to be approximately 2.0 × 10¹⁷ and 1.3 × 10¹⁶ Bq, respectively.     

Measurements of 131I in the thyroids of employees involved in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station accident

The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster on 11 March 2011 caused an unprecedented accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories of Japan Atomic Energy Agency performed internal dose measurements of 560 employees involved in the accident during the period from 20 April to 5 August in 2011 at the request of TEPCO. The present paper describes our measurements of ¹³¹I in the thyroid that is the predominant contributor to the internal dose. These measurements were carried out using an HPGe detector installed in a low-background shielded chamber made of 20-cm-thick steel and the detector was placed adjacent to the subject's neck. The typical minimum detectable activity of this technique was 10 Bq for a counting time of 10 min; however, this sensitivity made it difficult to identify a residual thyroid content of ¹³¹I corresponding to a committed effective dose of 20 mSv for late subjects. This paper discussed technical issues experienced through the measurements such as the influence of ¹³¹I in the rest of the body, the calibration phantom of use, and so on.